Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 118 in total

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  1. Fulltext Chemical compounds from anthropogenic environment and immune evasion mechanisms: potential interactions
    Kravchenko J, Corsini E, Williams MA, Decker W, Manjili MH, Otsuki T, et al.
    Carcinogenesis, 2015 Jun;36 Suppl 1:S111-27.
    PMID: 26002081 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv033
    An increasing number of studies suggest an important role of host immunity as a barrier to tumor formation and progression. Complex mechanisms and multiple pathways are involved in evading innate and adaptive immune responses, with a broad spectrum of chemicals displaying the potential to adversely influence immunosurveillance. The evaluation of the cumulative effects of low-dose exposures from the occupational and natural environment, especially if multiple chemicals target the same gene(s) or pathway(s), is a challenge. We reviewed common environmental chemicals and discussed their potential effects on immunosurveillance. Our overarching objective was to review related signaling pathways influencing immune surveillance such as the pathways involving PI3K/Akt, chemokines, TGF-β, FAK, IGF-1, HIF-1α, IL-6, IL-1α, CTLA-4 and PD-1/PDL-1 could individually or collectively impact immunosurveillance. A number of chemicals that are common in the anthropogenic environment such as fungicides (maneb, fluoxastrobin and pyroclostrobin), herbicides (atrazine), insecticides (pyridaben and azamethiphos), the components of personal care products (triclosan and bisphenol A) and diethylhexylphthalate with pathways critical to tumor immunosurveillance. At this time, these chemicals are not recognized as human carcinogens; however, it is known that they these chemicalscan simultaneously persist in the environment and appear to have some potential interfere with the host immune response, therefore potentially contributing to promotion interacting with of immune evasion mechanisms, and promoting subsequent tumor growth and progression.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neoplasms/immunology*
  2. Effect of palm oil carotene on breast cancer tumorigenicity in nude mice
    Nesaretnam K, Radhakrishnan A, Selvaduray KR, Reimann K, Pailoor J, Razak G, et al.
    Lipids, 2002 Jun;37(6):557-60.
    PMID: 12120953
    Biological therapies are new additions to breast cancer treatment. Among biological compounds, beta-carotene has been reported to have immune modulatory effects, in particular, enhancement of natural killer cell activity and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by macrophages. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of palm carotene supplementation on the tumorigenicity of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells injected into athymic nude mice and to explore the mechanism by which palm carotenes suppress tumorigenesis. Forty-eight 4-wk-old mice were injected with 1 x 10(6) MCF-7 cells into their mammary fat pad. The experimental group was supplemented with palm carotene whereas the control group was not. Significant differences were observed in tumor incidence (P< 0.001) and tumor surface area and metastasis to lung (P< 0.005) between the two groups. Natural killer (NK) cells and B-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of carotene-supplemented mice were significantly increased (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively) compared with controls. These results suggest that palm oil carotene is able to modulate the immune system by increasing peripheral blood NK cells and B-lymphocytes and suppress the growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/immunology
  3. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in Malaysian upper-aerodigestive-tract lymphoma: incidence and sub-type
    Peh SC, Sandvej K, Pallesen G
    Int J Cancer, 1995 May 4;61(3):327-32.
    PMID: 7729943
    Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) type B, a less potent transformer of B lymphocytes than type A, has rarely been detected in EBV-associated neoplasms except in AIDS-related lymphomas, in which about 50% of the cases contained this sub-type. In this study we analyzed the association of EBV and the distribution of virus sub-types in Asian non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) of the upper aerodigestive tract. We studied archival material of 29 NHL cases from Malaysia. B- and T-cell associated antigens were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry, and EBV early RNA EBER-1 was demonstrated using the RNA in situ hybridization technique. EBV was detected in the majority of tumour cells in 11/13 T-NHL but in only 1/16 B-NHL. EBV was sub-typed by single-step polymerase chain reaction of the EBNA-2 gene. This was successful in 9/10 cases of EBER-1-positive tumours and all contained type-A virus only. Our results showed a preponderance of T-cell lymphoma of the upper aerodigestive tract in the ethnic Chinese group of Malaysian patients, and EBV was strongly associated with T-NHL but not with B-NHL. Our results suggest that type-A EBV is the prevalent sub-type in Asian NHL of the upper aerodigestive tract, similarly to findings in Asian nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/immunology; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms/immunology; Palatal Neoplasms/immunology; Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms/immunology
  4. IgA/VCA as a follow-up marker in the monitoring of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
    Sam CK, Abu-Samah AJ, Prasad U
    Eur J Surg Oncol, 1994 Oct;20(5):561-4.
    PMID: 7926060
    Titers of IgA/VCA from 92 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients were monitored for 3 to 11 years from the time of diagnosis. The fluctuations in the IgA/VCA titers during follow-up did not correlate with the clinical status of the patients, suggesting that IgA/VCA is of marginal significance in the monitoring of NPC patients during follow-up. In addition, the frequency of recurrence of NPC was independent of presence or absence of elevated IgA/VCA at diagnosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/immunology*
  5. Squamous cell carcinoma related antigen in uterine cervical carcinoma
    Cheah PL, Yap SF, Looi LM, Sivanesaratnam V
    Malays J Pathol, 1991 Jun;13(1):37-41.
    PMID: 1795560
    Squamous cell carcinoma-related antigen (SCC-Ag), first described by Kato and Torigoe in 1977, has been cited by various workers as a serological marker for some epithelial neoplasms. The most well-studied is its association with carcinoma of the uterine cervix. In January 1989, we embarked on a prospective, multivariate study at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur to assess the usefulness of serologically assaying SCC-Ag (using the Abbott RIA diagnostic kit) in our patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix. We were also interested to ascertain whether SCC-Ag is a 'general' marker for all histological types of cervical carcinoma or specific for squamous carcinoma. From the time of commencement to June 1990, 35 newly-diagnosed and histologically-proven cases were entered into the study. Of these, 4 were keratinising squamous carcinoma, 18 large cell non-keratinising carcinoma, 3 adenosquamous carcinoma, 7 adenocarcinoma and 3 carcinoma-in-situ. Our preliminary results show that all keratinising squamous carcinoma and 1/3 each of large cell non-keratinising carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma and carcinoma-in-situ had positive pre-therapy serum SCC-Ag levels (i.e greater than 2 ng/ml, 2 ng/ml being an arbitrarily selected 'cut-off' value). In contrast, no adenocarcinoma was serologically positive. In addition, keratinising squamous carcinoma had the highest mean pre-therapy serum SCC-Ag level. The results imply that serum SCC-Ag is related to the (1) presence of squamous and not glandular differentiation and (2) degree of squamous differentiation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/immunology*
  6. HLA and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Malays
    Chan SH, Chew CT, Prasad U, Wee GB, Srinivasan N, Kunaratnam N
    Br. J. Cancer, 1985 Mar;51(3):389-92.
    PMID: 3855643
    HLA associations were observed in unrelated Malay patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). HLA-B18 was observed in 18/45 (40%) Malay NPC patients compared to 22/167 (13%) Malay normals (P = 0.0001; Pc = 0.0027, RR = 4.4). The frequency of HLA-B17, one of the antigens associated with Chinese NPC, was also increased among Malay NPC (13/45 29%) compared to controls (18/167 11%; P = 0.003, Pc = 0.07 RR = 3.4). Similar to the findings among Chinese NPC, the frequency of B17 was higher in early onset (less than or equal to 30 years) Malay NPC resulting in a higher relative risk (RR = 5.0).
    Matched MeSH terms: Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/immunology*
  7. Influence of recombinant interferon-gamma QN the expression of MHC class I and class II antigens on four human colonic carcinoma cell lines
    Norazmi MN, Hohmann AW, Bradley J
    Malays J Pathol, 1990 Dec;12(2):89-95.
    PMID: 2129402
    The occurrence of MHC class I and class II antigens on four human colonic carcinoma cell lines and the effect of recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFNg) on the expression of these antigens was investigated by immunofluorescent flow cytometry. The concentration of rIFNg which resulted in the largest increase in expression of class I and class II antigens was determined. Changes in the amount of MHC antigen on the membrane were indicated by a shift in the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the cell population. Without addition of rIFNg, the COLO 206, COLO 320F and COLO 397 cell lines were class I positive although the COLO 206 cell line expressed less class I antigen than the other two lines. The HT-29 cell line expressed only a minimal level of class I antigen. Treatment with rIFNg increased the amount of class I antigen on these cell lines 5, 1.4, 2.5 and 20 times respectively. Maximum levels of class I antigen were found two days after treatment. Class I antigen expression returned to pre-treatment levels by day 8 in all but the HT-29 cell line, which maintained its increased level following a single dose of rIFNg. All four cell lines had little or no class II antigens. Following treatment with rIFNg, DR antigen appeared on all four lines whereas DP and DQ antigens could be induced only on the 320F and 397 lines. The amount of class II antigen reached its peak two days after treatment and gradually decreased over the next 6 days of culture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
    Matched MeSH terms: Colonic Neoplasms/immunology*
  8. Immunogenetic aspects of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: I. Differences in HL-A antigen profiles between patients and control groups
    Simons MJ, Wee GB, Day NE, Morris PJ, Shanmugaratnam K, De-Thé GB
    Int J Cancer, 1974 Jan 15;13(1):122-34.
    PMID: 4131857
    Matched MeSH terms: Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/immunology*
  9. Overview of Current Immunotherapies Targeting Mutated KRAS Cancers
    Hoo WPY, Siak PY, In LLA
    Curr Top Med Chem, 2019;19(23):2158-2175.
    PMID: 31483231 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190904163524
    The occurrence of somatic substitution mutations of the KRAS proto-oncogene is highly prevalent in certain cancer types, which often leads to constant activation of proliferative pathways and subsequent neoplastic transformation. It is often seen as a gateway mutation in carcinogenesis and has been commonly deemed as a predictive biomarker for poor prognosis and relapse when conventional chemotherapeutics are employed. Additionally, its mutational status also renders EGFR targeted therapies ineffective owing to its downstream location. Efforts to discover new approaches targeting this menacing culprit have been ongoing for years without much success, and with incidences of KRAS positive cancer patients being on the rise, researchers are now turning towards immunotherapies as the way forward. In this scoping review, recent immunotherapeutic developments and advances in both preclinical and clinical studies targeting K-ras directly or indirectly via its downstream signal transduction machinery will be discussed. Additionally, some of the challenges and limitations of various K-ras targeting immunotherapeutic approaches such as vaccines, adoptive T cell therapies, and checkpoint inhibitors against KRAS positive cancers will be deliberated.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neoplasms/immunology
  10. Antiphospholipid antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome in cancer: Uninvited guests in troubled times
    Islam MA
    Semin Cancer Biol, 2020 08;64:108-113.
    PMID: 31351197 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.019
    Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs) are autoantibodies with laboratory significance in developing thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). High prevalence of aPLs namely - anticardiolipin, anti-β2-glycoprotein I, lupus anticoagulant, antiphosphatidylcholine, antiphosphatidylserine, antiphosphatidylinositol, antiphosphatidylethanolamine and antiprothrombin antibodies have been observed in patients with different types of haematological malignancies and solid tumours. Although cancer patients have high risk of developing thrombosis, the risk becomes even higher in aPLs carriers. Although the relationship between aPLs and cancer has to be further investigated, however, the presence of aPLs in neoplastic patients can possibly increase the risk of developing thrombosis. As the pathogenic role of aPLs in cancer is still a matter of debate, more researches should be conducted on the association between the aPLs and malignancies towards the potential impact on understanding the pathogenicity and treatment when cancer and APS coexists.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neoplasms/immunology*
  11. In Silico-Guided Sequence Modification of Epitopes in Cancer Vaccine Development
    Hoo WPY, Siak PY, In LLA
    Methods Mol Biol, 2020;2131:213-228.
    PMID: 32162256 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0389-5_10
    Discovery of tumor antigenic epitopes is important for cancer vaccine development. Such epitopes can be designed and modified to become more antigenic and immunogenic in order to overcome immunosuppression towards the native tumor antigen. In silico-guided modification of epitope sequences allows predictive discrimination of those that may be potentially immunogenic. Therefore, only candidates predicted with high antigenicity will be selected, constructed, and tested in the lab. Here, we described the employment of in silico tools using a multiparametric approach to assess both potential T-cell epitopes (MHC class I/II binding) and B-cell epitopes (hydrophilicity, surface accessibility, antigenicity, and linear epitope). A scoring and ranking system based on these parameters was developed to shortlist potential mimotope candidates for further development as peptide cancer vaccines.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neoplasms/immunology*
  12. Recent progress in small molecule agents for the targeted therapy of triple-negative breast cancer
    Islam R, Lam KW
    Eur J Med Chem, 2020 Dec 01;207:112812.
    PMID: 32937283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112812
    Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive type of cancer, with a high risk of death on recurrence. To date, there is a lack of approved targeted agents for the treatment of the disease. Patients with TNBC continue to depend on surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, all of which have a wide side effect profile. In the present review, we highlight the current progress and exciting developments in the small-molecule targeted therapy for the treatment of TNBC. Finally, we also discuss the prospect of combining targeted therapy and immunotherapy for the effective treatment of TNBC.
    Matched MeSH terms: Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms/immunology
  13. Human T-cell receptor V gene segment of alpha and beta families: A revised primer design strategy
    Ch'ng ACW, Chan SK, Ignatius J, Lim TS
    Eur J Immunol, 2019 08;49(8):1186-1199.
    PMID: 30919413 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747328
    The application of human TCR in cancer immunotherapy has gained momentum with developments in tumor killing strategies using endogenous adaptive immune responses. The successful coverage of a diverse TCR repertoire is mainly attributed to the primer design of the human TCR V genes. Here, we present a refined primer design strategy of the human TCR V gene by clustering V gene sequence homolog for degenerate primer design based on the data from IMGT. The primers designed were analyzed and the PCR efficiency of each primer set was optimized. A total of 112 alpha and 160 beta sequences were aligned and clustered using a phylogram yielding 32 and 27 V gene primers for the alpha and beta family. The new primer set was able to provide 93.75% and 95.63% coverage for the alpha and beta family, respectively. A semi-qualitative approach using the designed primer set was able to provide a relative view of the TCR V gene diversity in different populations. Taken together, the new primers provide a more comprehensive coverage of the TCR gene diversity for improved TCR library generation and TCR V gene analysis studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neoplasms/immunology
  14. Fulltext Metaplastic breast cancers frequently express immune checkpoint markers FOXP3 and PD-L1
    Kalaw E, Lim M, Kutasovic JR, Sokolova A, Taege L, Johnstone K, et al.
    Br J Cancer, 2020 11;123(11):1665-1672.
    PMID: 32939056 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01065-3
    BACKGROUND: Metaplastic breast carcinoma encompasses a heterogeneous group of tumours with differentiation into squamous and/or spindle, chondroid, osseous or rhabdoid mesenchymal-looking elements. Emerging immunotherapies targeting Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) and immune-suppressing T cells (Tregs) may benefit metaplastic breast cancer patients, which are typically chemo-resistant and do not express hormone therapy targets.

    METHODS: We evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 and FOXP3, and the extent of tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in a large cohort of metaplastic breast cancers, with survival data.

    RESULTS: Metaplastic breast cancers were significantly enriched for PD-L1 positive tumour cells, compared to triple-negative ductal breast cancers (P 

    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/immunology
  15. The Immunomodulatory Potential of Selected Bioactive Plant-Based Compounds in Breast Cancer: A Review
    Baraya YS, Wong KK, Yaacob NS
    Anticancer Agents Med Chem, 2017;17(6):770-783.
    PMID: 27539316 DOI: 10.2174/1871520616666160817111242
    Breast cancer has continued to cause high cancer death rates among women worldwide. The use of plants' natural products in breast cancer treatment has received more attention in recent years due to their potentially wider safety margin and the potential to complement conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. Plantbased products have demonstrated anticancer potential through different biological pathways including modulation of the immune system. Immunomodulatory properties of medicinal plants have been shown to mitigate breast cancer cell growth. Different immune cell types participate in this process especially cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells, and cytokines including chemokines and tumor necrosis factor-α. Medicinal plants such as Glycyrrhiza glabra, Uncaria tomentosa, Camellia sinensis, Panax ginseng, Prunus armenaica (apricot), Allium sativum, Arctium lappa and Curcuma longa were reported to hold strong potential in breast cancer treatment in various parts of the world. Interestingly, research findings have shown that these plants possess bioactive immunomodulators as their main constituents producing the anticancer effects. These immunomodulatory compounds include ajoene, arctigenin, β-carotene, curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, ginsan, glabridin and quinic acid. In this review, we discussed the ability of these eight immunomodulators in regulating the immune system potentially applicable in breast cancer treatment via anti-inflammatory (curcumin, arctigenin, glabridin and ajoene) and lymphocytes activation (β-carotene, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, quinic acid and ginsan) properties, as well as future research direction in their use for breast cancer treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms/immunology
  16. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma and histocompatibility antigens
    Simons MJ, Chan SH, Wee GB, Shanmugaratnam K, Goh EH, Ho JH, et al.
    IARC Sci Publ, 1978.
    PMID: 730194
    New data are presented concerning the relationship between NPC and HLA antigens among Chinese. When attention is confined to newly diagnosed cases, it can be shown that, apart from the increased risk associated with the joint occurrence of A2 and B-Sin 2, there is also an increased risk associated with BW17 and a decrease in risk associated with A11. Among long-term survivors, however, BW17 is appreciably decreased, whereas A2 in the absence of B-Sin 2 or BW17 is increased. Among Malays, a non-Chinese group, there is an excess among NPC patients of a locus A blank, a blank which is probably associated with the AW19 complex.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/immunology*
  17. Immunogenetic aspects of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. V. Confirmation of a Chinese-related HLA profile (A2, Singapore 2) associated with an increased risk in Chinese for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
    Simons MJ, Wee GB, Singh D, Dharmalingham S, Yong NK, Chau JC, et al.
    Natl Cancer Inst Monogr, 1977 Dec;47:147-51.
    PMID: 613233
    Histocompatibility locus A typing of 43 Malaysian Chinese and 51 Hong Kong Chinese patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) confirmed the association between the occurrence of A2-Sin 2 and the increased risk for NPC that was previously demonstrated in Singapore Chinese. The results support the previous interpretation that the histocompatibility locus A genotype of importance in NPC predisposition is the A2-Sin 2 haplotype. The histocompatibility locus A-linked, genetically determined NPC risk is common to Asian Chinese from at least three geographic locations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/immunology*
  18. Histocompatibility leukocyte antigen patterns and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
    Simons MJ, Day NE
    Natl Cancer Inst Monogr, 1977 Dec;47:143-6.
    PMID: 613232
    Incidence patterns indicated the prominent role of genetic factors in this type of cancer. A histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) profile of A2 and B-locus antigen, Singapore 2 (Sin 2), was identified. An association between these genes and increased risk for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), was confirmed. The risk was restricted to the "co-occurrence" of A2, B-Sin 2, suggesting that the genotype predisposing to the development of NPC was the A, B-Sin 2 haplotype. Similar associations were found to exist in Malaysian and Hong Kong Chinese so the A2, B-Sin 2 phenotype is a feature common to Asian Chinese in at least three locations. Preliminary HLA studies of medium NPC incidence in Tunisians and Malays indicated that patients with NPC of both ethnic types have altered HLA antigen profiles. If the findings of a locus-B antigen deficit in Tunisians and the role of A9 with B-locus antigens in Malays can be confirmed and clarified, the histocompatibility genetic hypothesis of NPC predisposition would be substantially strengthened.
    Matched MeSH terms: Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/immunology*
  19. Some current trends in immunology
    Nelson DS
    Med J Malaya, 1969 Sep;24(1):3-11.
    PMID: 4243841
    Matched MeSH terms: Neoplasms/immunology
  20. Molecular targeted therapy: Treating cancer with specificity
    Lee YT, Tan YJ, Oon CE
    Eur J Pharmacol, 2018 Sep 05;834:188-196.
    PMID: 30031797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.07.034
    Molecular targeted therapies are revolutionized therapeutics which interfere with specific molecules to block cancer growth, progression, and metastasis. Many molecular targeted therapies approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), have demonstrated remarkable clinical success in the treatment of a myriad of cancer types including breast, leukemia, colorectal, lung, and ovarian cancers. This review provides an update on the different types of molecular targeted therapies used in the treatment of cancer, focusing on the fundamentals of molecular targeted therapy, its mode of action in cancer treatment, as well as its advantages and limitations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neoplasms/immunology
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