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  1. Fulltext Does It Matter Who Exhibits More Green Purchase Behavior of Cosmetic Products in Asian Culture? A Multi-Group Analysis Approach
    Quoquab F, Jaini A, Mohammad J
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020 07 21;17(14).
    PMID: 32708199 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145258
    This study attempts to investigate the moderating effect of gender on value-belief-norm relationships. In addition, this study aims to investigate the factors that affect green purchase behavior of cosmetics products. Particularly, this study investigates the causal relationships between values and pro-environmental beliefs, pro-environmental beliefs and personal norms and personal norms and green purchase behavior. An online survey was carried out which yielded 240 usable responses among which 79 responses were obtained from males and 161 from females. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, partial least square (PLS-SEM) approach and multi-group analysis (MGA) technique. Results revealed that all direct relationships were supported by the data. It was also found that gender moderates the relationships between altruistic values and pro-environmental beliefs, pro-environmental beliefs and personal norms and personal norms and green purchase behavior. Nevertheless, gender did not moderate the link between hedonic value and pro-environmental beliefs. This study contributes to the existing literature by considering gender as a moderator, which is comparatively new in the green purchase behavior literature. In addition, this study examines few new linkages: more specifically, incorporating hedonic value in value-belief link and adapting value-belief-norm (VBN) theory in measuring consumers' green purchase behavior.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Values
  2. OPTIMIZATION OF RADIATION DOSE IN CT IMAGING: ESTABLISHING THE INSTITUTIONAL DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE LEVELS AND PATIENT DOSE AUDITING
    Razali MASM, Ahmad MZ, Shuaib IL, Osman ND
    Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2020 Jun 13;188(2):213-221.
    PMID: 31885043 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncz278
    The aim of this study was to propose local diagnostic reference levels (LDRLs) for the most common computed tomography (CT) examinations (including contrast and non-contrast scan phase) performed at Advanced Medical and Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Malaysia. A retrospective CT dose survey of 1488 subjects from January 2015 until December 2018 was performed at AMDI USM, Malaysia. The proposed DRLs were established at 50th and 75th percentile of dose distribution for all dose metrics (CT dose index [CTDI]; CTDIvol, CTDIw and dose-length product). The proposed LDRLs were compared with national DRLs and other established DRLs. The 10 most common CT examinations at AMDI were thorax-abdomen-pelvis (TAP) CT (46%), followed by pelvis CT (17%), abdomen-pelvis CT (10%), brain/head CT (9%) and other CT protocols. The local DRLs were established using the third quartile values of dose distribution and were categorized based on CT region protocols. Most of the proposed DRLs were exceeded the national DRLs (63%) and other international DRLs (67%). From the dose auditing, almost half of the recent dose data (for year 2018) exceeded the proposed local DRLs and the unusual dose were observed in TAP, brain/head and pelvis CT examinations. The unusual higher dose could be due to higher mAs settings, higher number of scan phase for contrast study and higher pitch factor. The local DRLs should be established for dose optimization and reduction of the occurrence of excessive radiation exposure to the patients. The establishment of the Ads and LDRLs should also consider all the factors that affect the variation in DRLs such as CT technology, scanning protocols and population characteristics. The local dose distribution should always be revised for improvement of the current local practice.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Values
  3. Fulltext The use of blood lead and delta aminolevulinic as indicators of lead exposure in primary school children in southern Malaysia
    Zailina, H., Junidah, R., Jamal Hisham, H.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2004;4(1):47-54.
    MyJurnal
    Blood lead concentration and 6»aminolevulinic acid in urine were used as indicator for lead exposure among school children in an industrial area south of the peninsular Malaysia. A group of 1 00 Malay children which consist of 48 boys and 52 girb with the age range of 61/2 to 81/2 years from a primary school were selected as chiMren. Blood samples were collected and analyzed with Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The urine 6-aminolevulinic acid concentrations were measured with UV/VIS Spectrophotometer. The mean blood lead was 3.75ug/dl. Based on the biological index, 76% of the children are in the “normal range" (
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Values
  4. Fulltext Application of computer vision in the detection of chilling injury in bananas
    Norhashila Hashim, Rimfiel B. Janius, Russly Abdul Rahman, Azizah Osman, Zude, Manuela, Shitan, Mahendran
    Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2013;21(1):111-118.
    MyJurnal
    Bananas were chilled at 6oC and the appearance of brown spots when exposed to ambient air, a
    phenomenon known as chilling injury (CI), was detected using computer vision. The system consisted of a digital colour camera for acquiring images, an illumination set-up for uniform lighting, a computer for receiving, storing and displaying of images and software for analyzing the images. The RGB colour space values of the images were transformed into that of HSI colour space which is intuitive to human vision. Visual assessment of CI by means of a browning scale was used as a reference and correlation between this reference values and hue was investigated. Results of the computer vision study successfully demonstrate the potential of the system in substituting visual assessment in the evaluation of CI in bananas. The results indicate significant influence, at α=0.05, of treatment days and temperature on hue. A strong correlation was also found between hue and visual assessment with R>0.85.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Values
  5. Fulltext Shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with different curing methods
    Faisal Ismail Bahnasi, Nagham Mohammed Abdullah, Mohamed Ibrahim Abu-Hassan
    Compendium of Oral Science, 2014;1(1):24-29.
    MyJurnal
    Objectives: To evaluate the effect of light-cure devices and curing times on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets.

    Material and Methods: 60-extracted human premolars were divided into 6-groups of 10-teeth each and bonded with stainless-steel brackets by using 3M Unitek Transbond XT composite. Specimens were cured with halogen, LED and plasma arc lights with two different times for each. The specimens were subjected to shear force till debond with a crosshead speed of 1mm/min and tested after 5min. The stress was calculated and data were subjected to statistical analysis.

    Results: one-way ANOVA and Dunnett T3 post hoc comparison test were used. There were no significant differences between the 6 groups (p < 0.05).

    Conclusions: all curing light methods with loading force after 5 min achieved SBS more than the normal range; therefore, arch wire can be inserted at the same visit using any of tested curing light device or curing time.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Values
  6. Longitudinal study on physical growth of primary school children in Malaysia
    Chen ST
    Med J Malaysia, 1977 Sep;32(1):17-21.
    PMID: 609337
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Values
  7. Fulltext Relationship between isokinetic leg strength and knee frontal plane projection angle during single leg squat among male junior athletes
    Mail, M.S.Z., Mohd Azhar, N., Affandi, N.F., Shaharudin, S., Agrawal, S., Chee, L.M.
    JUMMEC, 2019;22(2):43-48.
    MyJurnal
    Background: Those with increased dynamic knee valgus are vulnerable to increased risk of non-contact knee
    injuries. However, studies on the top down kinetic chain of lower limb mechanics during dynamic motions
    such as single leg squat (SLS) among trained males were scarce.

    Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the relationship between isokinetic hip and knee strength
    and frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) of the knee joint during SLS.

    Methods: Thirty-two male junior athletes (twelve cyclists, ten runners and ten squash players) were screened
    for excessive dynamic knee valgus (DKV) prior to participation. Only those within the normal value of DKV were
    included. Their hip and knee isokinetic strength in sagittal plane were evaluated at 60º/s of angular velocity
    for both legs using dynamometer. Two dimensional knee FPPA was evaluated during SLS at 60º of knee flexion.
    Pearson correlation was evaluated between knee FPPA during SLS and isokinetic leg strength.

    Results: Correlations between knee FPPA and hip and knee isokinetic strength were not statistically significant
    except between knee flexion peak torque/body weight (r = -0.35, p = 0.05) and hamstring to quadriceps ratio
    (r = -0.39, p = 0.03) of non-dominant leg.

    Conclusions: Isokinetic hip and knee strength and knee FPPA during SLS was correlated only for non-dominant
    leg during SLS among male junior athletes. DKV during SLS may be reduced through strengthening the muscles
    around hip and knee joints.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Values
  8. Paediatric effective radiation doses during brain computed tomography angiography procedure
    Salah H, Rabbaa M, Abuljoud M, Babikir E, Alkhorayef M, Tamam N, et al.
    Appl Radiat Isot, 2023 Feb;192:110610.
    PMID: 36525913 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110610
    In comparison to adults and paediatric are more sensitive to ionizing radiation exposure. Computed tomography (CT) is now the dominant source of medical radiologic tests for patients, accounting for more than 70% of total doses to the general public. Paediatric CT brain scans (with and without contrast) are routinely performed for a variety of clinical reasons. As a result, this parameter must be calculated in order to determine relative radiation risk. The goal of this study is to assess the radiation risk to children during CT brain diagnostic procedures. Three hundred fifty three child patients' radiation risk doses were assessed over the course of a year. The mean and ranged of the children's radiation doses were 40.6 ± 8.8 (27.8-45.8) CTDIvol (mGy) and 850 ± 230 (568.1-1126.4) DLP (mGy.cm) for the brain with contrast medium. For CT brain without contrast, the patients' doses were 40.9 ± 9.4 (14.27-64.07) CTDIvol (mGy), and 866.1 ± 289.3 (203.6-2484.9) DLP (mGy.cm). The characteristics related to the radiation dose were retrieved from the scan protocol generated by the CT system by the participating physicians after each procedure. Furthermore, optimizing the CT acquisition parameter is critical for increasing the benefit while lowering the procedure's radiogenic risk. The patients' radiation dose is comparable with the most previously published studies and international diagnostic reference levels (DRLs). Radiation dose optimization is recommended due to high sensitivity of the paediatric patients to ionizing radiation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Values
  9. Fulltext The Use of Different International References to Assess Child Anthropometric Status in a Malaysian Population
    Partap U, Young EH, Allotey P, Sandhu MS, Reidpath DD
    J Pediatr, 2017 Nov;190:63-68.e1.
    PMID: 29144273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.07.049
    OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of child underweight, overweight, and obesity in a Malaysian population according to 3 international references because classification of anthropometric status may differ according to the reference used to express body mass index (BMI).

    STUDY DESIGN: We assessed data from 6414 children aged 6-18 years, collected by the South East Asia Community Observatory. Child underweight, overweight, and obesity were expressed according to 3 internationally used BMI references: World Health Organization 2007, International Obesity Task Force 2012, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000. We assessed agreement in classification of anthropometric status among the references using Cohen's kappa statistic and estimated underweight, overweight, and obesity prevalence according to each reference using mixed effects Poisson regression.

    RESULTS: There was poor to moderate agreement between references when classifying underweight, but generally good agreement when classifying overweight and obesity. Underweight, overweight, and obesity prevalence estimates generated using the 3 references were notably inconsistent. Overweight and obesity prevalence estimates were higher using the World Health Organization reference vs the other 2, and underweight prevalence was up to 8.5% higher and obesity prevalence was about 4% lower when using the International Obesity Task Force reference.

    CONCLUSIONS: The choice of reference to express BMI may influence conclusions about child anthropometric status and malnutrition prevalence. This has implications regarding strategies for clinical management and public health interventions.

    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Values*
  10. Vocal fold vibratory characteristics in normal female speakers from high-speed digital imaging
    Ahmad K, Yan Y, Bless DM
    J Voice, 2012 Mar;26(2):239-53.
    PMID: 21621975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2011.02.001
    The purpose of the study was to investigate relationships between vocal fold vibrations and voice quality. Laryngeal images obtained from high-speed digital imaging (HSDI) were examined for their open-closed timing characteristics and perturbation values. A customized software delineated the glottal edges and used the Hilbert transform-based method of analysis to provide objective quantification of glottal perturbation. Overlay tracings of the transformed glottal cycles provided visual patterns on the overall vibratory dynamics. In this paper, we described the use of this method in looking at vibratory characteristics of a group of young female speakers (N=23). We found that, females with no voice complaints and who had been perceived to have normal voices were not a homogeneous group in terms of their glottal vibratory patterns during phonation. Their vibratory patterns showed characteristics similar to exemplar voices targeted to be clear (50%), pressed (27%), breathy (15%), or a mixed quality (8%). Perturbation range in terms of cycle-to-cycle frequency and amplitude was small and did not discriminate patterns. All these patterns yielded perceptually normal voices suggesting that in normal young speakers, the level of perturbation may be more important to the judgment than the actual pattern of closure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Values
  11. Fulltext Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in Malay children
    Heidary F, Gharebaghi R, Wan Hitam WH, Naing NN, Wan-Arfah N, Shatriah I
    PLoS One, 2011;6(10):e25208.
    PMID: 21998644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025208
    To determine the mean values for central corneal thickness (CCT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) and the relationship between these values, in healthy Malay children to serve as reference values in diagnosis and treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Values
  12. Hematological reference values of healthy Malaysian population
    Roshan TM, Rosline H, Ahmed SA, Rapiaah M, Wan Zaidah A, Khattak MN
    Int J Lab Hematol, 2009 Oct;31(5):505-12.
    PMID: 18498389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-553X.2008.01068.x
    Health and disease can only be distinguished by accurate and reliable reference values of a particular laboratory test. It is now a proven fact that there is considerable variation in hematology reference intervals depending on the demographic and preanalytical variables. There are evidences that values provided by manufacturers do not have appropriate application for all populations. Moreover, reference ranges provided by different laboratory manuals and books also do not solve this problem. We are presenting here normal reference ranges of Malaysian population. These values were determined by using Sysmex XE-2100 and ACL 9000 hematology and coagulation analyzers. Results from this study showed that there were considerable differences in the reference values from manufacturers, western population or laboratory manuals compared with those from the local population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Values
  13. The Malay hearing in noise test
    Quar TK, Mukari SZ, Abdul Wahab NA, Abdul Razak R, Omar M, Maamor N
    Int J Audiol, 2008 Jun;47(6):379-80.
    PMID: 18569117 DOI: 10.1080/14992020801886796
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Values
  14. Environmental 238U and 232Th concentration measurements in an area of high level natural background radiation at Palong, Johor, Malaysia
    Ramli AT, Hussein AW, Wood AK
    J Environ Radioact, 2005;80(3):287-304.
    PMID: 15725504
    Concentrations of uranium-238 and thorium-232 in soil, water, grass, moss and oil-palm fruit samples collected from an area of high background radiation were determined using neutron activation analysis (NAA). U-238 concentration in soil ranged from 4.9 mg kg(-1) (58.8 Bq kg(-1)) to 40.4 mg kg(-1) (484.8 Bq kg(-1)), Th-232 concentration ranged from 14.9 mg kg(-1) (59.6 Bq kg(-1)) to 301.0 mg kg(-1) (1204 Bq kg(-1)). The concentration of U-238 in grass samples ranged from below the detection limit to 0.076 mg kg(-1) (912 mBq kg(-1)), and Th-232 ranged from 0.008 mg kg(-1) (32 mBq kg(-1)) to 0.343 mg kg(-1) (1.372 Bq kg(-1)). U-238 content in water samples ranged from 0.33 mg kg(-1) (4.0 Bq L(-1)) to 1.40 mg kg(-1) (16.8 Bq L(-1)), and Th-232 ranged from 0.19 mg kg(-1) (0.76 Bq L(-1)) to 0.66 mg kg(-1) (2.64 Bq L(-1)). It can be said that the concentrations of environmental U-238 and Th-232 in grass and water samples in the study area are insignificant. Mosses were found to be possible bio-radiological indicators due to their high absorption of the heavy radioelements from the environment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Values
  15. Reference ranges of handgrip strength from 125,462 healthy adults in 21 countries: a prospective urban rural epidemiologic (PURE) study
    Leong DP, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, Kutty VR, Lanas F, Hui C, et al.
    J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2016 12;7(5):535-546.
    PMID: 27104109
    BACKGROUND: The measurement of handgrip strength (HGS) has prognostic value with respect to all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular disease, and is an important part of the evaluation of frailty. Published reference ranges for HGS are mostly derived from Caucasian populations in high-income countries. There is a paucity of information on normative HGS values in non-Caucasian populations from low- or middle-income countries. The objective of this study was to develop reference HGS ranges for healthy adults from a broad range of ethnicities and socioeconomically diverse geographic regions.

    METHODS: HGS was measured using a Jamar dynamometer in 125,462 healthy adults aged 35-70 years from 21 countries in the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study.

    RESULTS: HGS values differed among individuals from different geographic regions. HGS values were highest among those from Europe/North America, lowest among those from South Asia, South East Asia and Africa, and intermediate among those from China, South America, and the Middle East. Reference ranges stratified by geographic region, age, and sex are presented. These ranges varied from a median (25th-75th percentile) 50 kg (43-56 kg) in men <40 years from Europe/North America to 18 kg (14-20 kg) in women >60 years from South East Asia. Reference ranges by ethnicity and body-mass index are also reported.

    CONCLUSIONS: Individual HGS measurements should be interpreted using region/ethnic-specific reference ranges.

    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Values
  16. Ear lobe crease: incidence in a healthy Malay population
    Dharap AS, Sharma HS, Than M
    Anthropol Anz, 2000 Sep;58(3):309-15.
    PMID: 11082788
    The incidence of ear lobe crease (ELC) was studied in 1576 healthy Malay subjects (566 males and 1010 females), randomly selected from the residents of Kota Bharu, Malaysia. ELC was present in 31.1% of males and in 3.6% of females; this difference in incidence between the two sexes is statistically significant (p > 0.05). In males the incidence of Type I crease was highest (10.1%) while that of Type III crease was lowest (2.3%). In females Type II crease showed the highest incidence (1.9%) and Type III the lowest. The incidence of bilateral presence of all three types of ELC showed an age-related increase in males. The ELC often starts unilaterally and later develops bilaterally and earlier in males than in females.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Values
  17. Background concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the green-lipped mussel Perna viridis (Linnaeus) from Peninsular Malaysia
    Yap CK, Ismail A, Tan SG
    Mar Pollut Bull, 2003 Aug;46(8):1044-8.
    PMID: 12907200
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Values
  18. A cross-country comparative overview of the asbestos situation in ten Asian countries
    Takahashi K, Karjalainen A
    Int J Occup Environ Health, 2003 Jul-Sep;9(3):244-8.
    PMID: 12967160
    Information about asbestos issues at the national level was compiled for ten Asian countries (China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam) regarding 1) bans and consumption levels; 2) occupational exposure limits (OELs) and medical follow-up schemes; and 3) statistics and compensation status of asbestosis and mesothelioma victims. Only Singapore and recently Japan have adopted a total ban an asbestos. China, a major producer of chrysotile, showed an increasing consumption trend, which was typical of the less industrialized countries. Considerable differences between countries existed in OELs (0.1 to 5.0 fibers/mL) and medical follow-up of exposed workers. National statistics for asbestosis and mesothelioma were available for only the industrialized countries, where reported cases as well as compensated cases were relatively few. There is need to improve the quality and quantity of information, but the available information attests to unfavorable conditions in the less industrialized countries. Hence the experience of industrialized countries regarding asbestos and its use should be utilized to the fullest to improve the situation worldwide.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Values
  19. Does the use of mean or median Z-score of the thyroid volume indices provide a more precise description of the iodine deficiency disorder status of a population?
    Foo LC, Mafauzy M
    Eur. J. Endocrinol., 1999 Dec;141(6):557-60.
    PMID: 10601955
    Endemic iodine deficiency is largely an environmental problem affecting whole populations. Currently, thyroid volume data from a population are analyzed with the sole objective of obtaining an estimate of goitre prevalence using +97th percentile or +2 standard deviations of an appropriate reference as cut-off. This paper proposes an alternative approach to the analysis and presentation of thyroid volume data using Z-scores (standard deviation scores) of the thyroid volume indices such as thyroid volume-for-age or thyroid volume-for-body surface area. The calculation of the summary statistics of the Z-scores, such as mean or median, provides an alternative to the prevalence-based approach for expressing severity of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). An advantage of the mean or median Z-score is that it describes the thyroid volume profile (and therefore the IDD status) of the entire population directly, unlike goitre prevalence which gives information only about the extremes of distribution. The frequency curve or histogram of the Z-scores provides a complete picture of the whole distribution. Although qualitatively similar conclusions on IDD severity can be drawn from both analytical approaches, only the Z-score system is able to capture adequately the trends or changes in thyroid size over time, and to establish whether a previously iodine-deficient community's thyroid volume profile has returned to 'normal' (as indicated by a distribution that is not significantly different from that of the reference) following intervention. As a continuous variable, Z-scores are particularly useful for the analysis of data from populations where the sample size is relatively small, or where many individuals lie outside the extreme percentiles of the reference population. In view of its advantages in the context of activities based on single and multiple measurements, the Z-score system is to be preferred for the reporting and use of thyroid volume indices. A desirable consequence of this preference is that national goals will be oriented towards an improvement of the overall thyroid volume profile of the population, rather than just a reduction of the number of individuals at the extremes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Values
  20. Hydrocarbons in seawater and sediment from the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia
    Abdullah AR, Tahir NM, Wei LK
    Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 1994 Oct;53(4):618-26.
    PMID: 8000192
    Matched MeSH terms: Reference Values
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