Displaying publications 21 - 40 of 47 in total

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  1. Asim AM, Noor Fadzilah R, Rukmanikanthan S, Saw A
    Med J Malaysia, 2012 Oct;67(5):483-6.
    PMID: 23770863 MyJurnal
    INTRODUCTION: The distal radius is the most common fracture site in children, but local information on the fracture pattern, mechanism of injury and socio-demographic characteristics of the fracture is lacking.

    MATERIAL METHODS: We interviewed 126 children and their family members who were under follow up for this fracture in a single institution over a period of 2 years. Radiological images were reviewed to ensure that only those with fracture in the distal one third of the forearm were included.

    RESULTS: The overall incidence of this fracture increased with age, and male dominance was noted starting from schooling age. Most fractures occurred at home (38.8%), and 52.3% of all fractures were due to low energy falls. Sports injuries were mainly due to playing football, and road accidents due to riding bicycles. There were 49 (38.8%) children with incomplete fractures, and 19 (15.0%) with physeal plate fractures.

    CONCLUSION: Male dominance for distal radius fracture occurred at a comparatively younger age in our population. Preventive measures should focus on home environment since this is the most common place for fracture to occur. Special attention should be paid to boys after the school going age.
    Matched MeSH terms: Soccer
  2. Norlen Mohame, Lokman Hakim, S., Thahirahtul Asma Zakaria, Anis Salwa Kamarudin, Ahmad Riadz Mazeli, Sirajuddin Hashim
    Int J Public Health Res, 2017;7(2):814-828.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Most health advisories related to outdoor physical activity during haze are general in nature. The advisories normally advise everyone to reduce or limit prolonged exertion or heavy exertion without mentioning the acceptable duration for performing outdoor physical activity causing difficulty for public to decide to stop or cancel a particular outdoor or sport event. The aim of this paper is to determine the acceptable duration for performing outdoor physical activity pattern during haze based on API level.

    Methods: Health risk assessment approach that comprises of hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose-response, and risk characterization steps was used to determine the potential inhaled dose and risk associated with performing the physical activity during haze. We have considered many factors that include time spent for physical activity patterns for Malaysian adult, age and physical intensity-specific inhalation rate (m3/min), and the indoor/outdoor ratio of PM10. A hypothetical exposure scenario of PM10 was created using the breakpoints of PM10 concentration for the calculation of respective API levels during haze.

    Results: The association between physical activity pattern, API level and risk quotient were presented in the form of risk radar diagram. Based on the 50th percentile inhalation rate, all prolonged exertion and heavy exertion should be avoided when API reach >201 (very unhealthy) and >175 (unhealthy) respectively. Below the said API, the duration for performing prolonged exertion and heavy exertion should be reduced according to the API level. When API reaches 140, high intensity physical activity should be limited to < 90 minutes. A football match which requires 90 minutes, should be postponed of cancelled if API > 140. Whereas, for the same API level, prolonged exertion (moderate intensity physical activity) should be limited to 4 hours.

    Conclusions: Reducing the physical activity is an effective strategy to lower the dose of inhaled pollutants and reduce the health risk during poor air quality. Based on the assessment, taking into account the uncertainty of risk assessment methodology, we proposed all prolonged exertion should be avoided when API reach very unhealthy status (>201). Below the said API level, outdoor physical activity should be reduced according to the level of API respectively. The recommendation is not applicable for the sensitive groups. The computed risk radar provide a valuable guide for the public to organize or considering postponing an outdoor event during haze.
    Matched MeSH terms: Soccer
  3. Safa’a Ahmad Al Masri, Siti Musliha Mat Rasid
    MyJurnal
    In the current study, a total of 86 soccer’s players with mean age of 14 years drawn from Terengganu soccer academy were tested in performing 10 parameters aiming at determining the performance of those players based on assessing the contribution of each activity and its corresponding significant level. The 10 performance related parameters involved anthropometry (BMI), fitness test (agility, coordination, muscular endurance (push and sit up), power, YoYo level), and football skill test (dribbling with ball, dribbling without ball and juggling). All the parameters testing is carried out based on international standard and performed by well-trained staff. The Pearson correlation analysis was used to achieve the objective in this study. Result shows a positive correlation between the two types of muscular parameters; the power is influenced by BMI and coordination; the specific football tests are highly impacted by the power and agility. The coefficient of determination R^2 and the significance level p-values show that the parameters that can be significantly considered are the anthropometric BMI (0.020), agility (0.025), muscular endurance (0.039 and 0.043), power (0.039), special football test without the ball (0.041), and juggling (0.046). The coordination, YoYo, football special test with the ball were not found to be significantly accounted for preparing the young players to achieve the required performance. Based on the results of the coefficient of determination and the significance p-values of the parameters, a model was proposed to determine the highest and lowest parameters that play important roles in the selection of young players.
    Matched MeSH terms: Soccer
  4. Tabben M, Eirale C, Singh G, Al-Kuwari A, Ekstrand J, Chalabi H, et al.
    Br J Sports Med, 2021 Jan 05.
    PMID: 33402346 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102945
    BACKGROUND: While football injury and illness epidemiology surveillance at professional club level in Europe is available, epidemiological data from other continents are lacking.

    PURPOSE: Investigating injury and illness epidemiology in professional Asian football.

    STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive prospective study.

    METHODS: Professional teams from the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) league were followed prospectively for three consecutive AFC seasons (2017 through 2019, 13 teams per season, 322 team months). Time-loss injuries and illnesses in addition to individual match and training exposure were recorded using standardised digital tools in accordance with international consensus procedures.

    RESULTS: In total, 232 665 hours of exposure (88.6% training and 11.4% matches) and 1159 injuries were recorded; 496 (42.8%) occurred during matches, 610 (52.6%) during training; 32 (2.8%) were reported as 'not applicable' and for 21 injuries (1.8%) information was missing. Injury incidence was significantly greater during match play (19.2±8.6 injuries per 1000 hours) than training (2.8±1.4, p<0.0001), resulting in a low overall incidence of 5.1±2.2.The injury burden for match injuries was greater than from training injuries (456±336 days per 1000 hours vs 54±34 days, p<0.0001). The two specific injuries causing the greatest burden were complete ACL ruptures (0.14 injuries (95% CI 0.9 to 0.19) and 29.8 days lost (29.1 to 30.5) per 1000 hours) and hamstring strains (0.86 injuries (0.74 to 0.99) and 17.5 days (17.0 to 18.1) lost per 1000 hours).Reinjuries constituted 9.9% of all injuries. Index injuries caused 22.6±40.8 days of absence compared with 25.1±39 for reinjuries (p=0.62). The 175 illnesses recorded resulted in 1.4±2.9 days of time loss per team per month.

    CONCLUSION: Professional Asian football is characterised by an overall injury incidence similar to that reported from Europe, but with a high rate of ACL ruptures and hamstring injury, warranting further investigations.

    Matched MeSH terms: Soccer
  5. Pathmanathan K. Suppiah, Jeffrey Low Fook Lee, Abdul Muiz Nor Azmi, Hasnol Noordin, Rabiu Muazu Musa
    MyJurnal
    Athletes born at the beginning of the year may present advantages in terms of physical characteristics, motor ability or cognitive knowledge that could increase their chances for selection against their peers. This circumstance could lead to the over-representation of older athletes in an age-defined competition, a phenomenon commonly referred to as relative age effect (RAE). Although, a number of studies have demonstrated that RAE is apparent in youth soccer, such studies rarely investigate the performance advantage that likely exists across the birth month of the athletes. The current study aims to determine the presence of RAE in the under 16 Asian Football Confederation Championship (AFC); investigate the effect of RAE on the team qualification success; as well as ascertain the existence of RAE in choice of playing position amongst the soccer players. Data for the 2018 AFC under 16 qualifications matches were obtained from the AFC. A total of 719 players from 32 countries participated in the qualification competitions. Chi-square for goodness fit is used to determine the existence of the RAE across the players’ month of birth while logistic regression is applied to analyze the differences of the quartiles’ distribution with respect to the quartile, qualification status (qualifier or non-qualifier) as well as the playing position of the players. The results demonstrate the presence of RAE in the AFC under 16 soccer tournaments [χ2(4) = 21.53; p < 0.001] with the largest number of older players dominating the qualified team. Likewise, a substantial difference is observed with regards to the quartile and various playing positions of the players at p < 0.05.
    Matched MeSH terms: Soccer
  6. Srilekha Saha, Nurfarrah Ezzaty Mohd Zahir, Foujia Huda, Soumendra Saha
    Movement Health & Exercise, 2015;4(1):27-38.
    MyJurnal
    The beneficial impact of the differential biofeedback intervention technique on modification in autonomic competence, as well as the ultimate impact on bilateral shooting ability, were studied on young and competitive male soccer players. A total of 45 young high-performing soccer players in the age range of 18 to 24 years were recruited. At first, the players were subjected to baseline evaluation of psychomotor (i.e., reaction time - RT), physiological (viz. resting heart-rate; VO2Max, electrical muscle potentiality, etc.), and psychobiological indices (such as skin conductance components - latency, amplitude and recovery time). Thereafter, they were equally categorized into: Control Group, Experimental Group I [who received skin conductance (Sc) biofeedback training], and Experimental Group II [who received electromyography (EMG) biofeedback intervention training]. Participants of the experimental groups were subjected to their respective interventions (Sc & EMG biofeedback intervention training), which were imparted for 24 sessions (15 mins/day; 2 days/week for 12 weeks). After six weeks of intervention, mid-term evaluation of all of the aforementioned parameters (assessed during baseline evaluation) was performed. Thereafter, intervention sessions continued following the identical protocol for six weeks. At the end of the 12th week, a post-intervention assessment on all of the psychological, psychomotor and psychobiological variables was carried out on all of the participants to verify the effect of training on dependent measures. Post-intervention analyses revealed improvements in physiological, psychobiological and performance parameters, which could be rationally attributed to the differential biofeedback therapeutic interventions introduced to the experimental groups. The outcome suggested that both interventions facilitated improvement in bilateral shooting ability, while indepth analyses clarified that a higher extent of autonomic recovery emerged as the most significant factor facilitating shooting ability in the experimental groups.
    Matched MeSH terms: Soccer
  7. Nur Hafizah Yusof
    MyJurnal
    Issues related on misbehavior among football fans in Malaysia are not a new issue. Among the misbehavior is often done by the supporters of football in this country are verbal and physical. The FAM has imposed fines and penalties not only in cash but also to punish the team played in an empty stadium. However, all that of this seem not able to control the fans from compliance with the rules and adopting a professional attitude while in the stadium. The objective of this article is to discuss about the internal and external of social control to prevent misbehavior among football fans. This is a quantitative research that involved 600 respondents that were football fans from the state of Kelantan, Johor, Perak and Selangor. All respondents were involved in a questionnaire session to obtain data and information. The main findings of this study showed the majority of respondents agreed that every fan must have social control internally by focusing on emotion regulation, be professional, need to be more disciplined and need to have the sportsmanship spirit. However, the importance of external social control such as fined and punishment by FAM cannot be denied and the arrest and sentenced of misbehavior individual by the courts also need to be enforced more thoroughly.
    Matched MeSH terms: Soccer
  8. Siti Aida Lamat, Tajul Arifin Muhamad, Shahlan Surat, Mohamad Firdaus Ahmad
    MyJurnal
    Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education 5(1): 22-34, 2016 - This study aims to
    provide information to the team manager, especially at the university level to understand the
    relationship between coaching style and mental toughness among athletes. The sample had
    been selected from four Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) football team consisting of 88
    players (n = 88: 22 players per team). The study used two instruments that had been modified
    namely "Leadership Scale for Sports Questionnaire" (LSS-40), (Chelladurai & Salleh, 1980)
    and "The Mental Toughness Questionnaire" (MTQ-48), (Clough, Earle & Sewell, 2002).
    Research findings had identified UiTM’s football team scores has a moderately high level of
    mental toughness for each dimension known as challenge, commitments, control assurance
    and confidence. The study also found that the leadership style of training and instruction was
    favored by UiTM’s footballer compared to the autocratic leadership style. Overall, the study
    found a significant relationship between the leadership style with mental toughness especially
    for dimension training and instruction. The findings also showed that there is a moderately
    relationship between leadership style of democratic, social support and positive response to
    the mental toughness dimension of confidence. As for the coaching style of training and
    instruction also has a moderately relationship to the mental toughness dimensions of
    challenge. Results of this study showed that the leadership style affects the level of mental
    toughness UiTM’s football teams. Furthermore, the coaches need to figure out the best
    coaching style in order to improve mental toughness among football team.
    Matched MeSH terms: Soccer
  9. Zulkifli Mohd Yusof, Syed Ahmad Ezahar Syed Ambon, Junaidy Mohamad Hashim
    MyJurnal
    Journal of Sports Science and Physical Education 5(1): 49-64, 2016 - The aim of this study is
    to assess health related physical fitness of MSKPPM soccer players (Veteran Category).
    Besides that, this study also aims to see whether there is any differences based on the health
    related components of physical fitness according to age group. The samples of this study were
    40 soccer players who were involved in a selection, aged between 40 to 49 years. Test battery
    used in this study is Prudential FITNESSGRAM® by Cooper Institute for Aerobic Research
    (1992) which includes PACER 20 meter Multistage run, push up, curl up, trunk lift and body
    mass index (BMI). Data analysis showed that there is significant difference on the different
    components of health related physical fitness for the different age groups. Age 40-41, Pacer
    [min: 24.66; SD: 2.88], curl up [min:33.33; SD: 5.20], push up [min: 46.83; SD: 3.65], trunk
    lift [min: 43.16;SD: 13.58] and BMI [min:42.46; SD: 5.99]. Age 42-43, Pacer [min: 24.38; SD:
    2.29], curl up [min:41.08; SD: 9.26], push up [min: 48.41; SD: 6.12], trunk lift [min: 47.16;SD:
    9.35] and BMI [min:42.66; SD: 5.40]. Age 44-45, Pacer [min: 24.36; SD: 2.66], curl up
    [min:39.75; SD: 9.69], push up [min: 48.00; SD: 5.81], trunk lift [min: 45.92;SD: 9.51] and
    BMI [min:41.69; SD: 5.62]. Age 46-47, Pacer [min: 20.65; SD: 3.51], curl up [min: 19.40; SD:
    1.67], push up [min: 44.20; SD: 1.78], trunk lift [min: 30.60;SD: 8.50] and BMI [min: 33.92;
    SD: 4.13]. Age 48-49, Pacer [min: 27.26; SD: 0.55], curl up [min: 17.00; SD: 3.60], push up
    [min: 47.33; SD: 2.88], trunk lift [min: 29.00;SD: 8.18] and BMI [min: 30.23; SD: 3.45]. The
    results of this study can be used by the coaches in Malaysia to ensure that players involved in
    any tournaments has excellent fitness level and to avoid from making aggressive actions which
    may cause tense situation among players. The results of this study is hope to convince all
    players and coaches on the importance of good physical fitness as it will positively affect the level of playing to be more effective and high quality.
    Matched MeSH terms: Soccer
  10. Ahmad-Shushami AH, Abdul-Karim S
    Malays Orthop J, 2020 Mar;14(1):28-33.
    PMID: 32296479 DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.2003.005
    Introduction: Football and futsal were the main sports in the Malaysian Games. However, they were associated with a risk of injury. The purpose of the study was to analyse the incidence, circumstances, and characteristics of football and futsal injuries during the Malaysian Games of 2018.

    Materials and method: During the tournament, 14 teams participated in men's football, 12 teams in men's futsal and 11 teams in women's futsal. The biannual event involved athletes aged under 21 years. A medical report form used by FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-Marc), was provided to the physiotherapists and team doctors of all the teams to report all injuries after each match.

    Results: The response rate was 84.62% in football and 59.76% in futsal. A total of 48 injuries were reported from 26 football matches, equivalent to 64.64 injuries per 1000 match hours (95%CI 46.35 to 82.93). In futsal, a total of 48 injuries from 41 matches were reported, equivalent to 292.42 injuries per 1000 match hours (95% CI 209.7 to 375.14). The rate of injury in women futsal players was higher compared to men: 358.21 versus 247.04 injuries per 1000 match hours (p=0.224). Futsal recorded higher injuries per 1000 match hours than football (p<0.001).

    Conclusion: The rate of severe injury in futsal and football recorded in the study as compared to previous studies gave rise to serious concerns. Hence, there was an urgent need to pay more attention to injury prevention strategies.

    Matched MeSH terms: Soccer
  11. Konter E, Kueh YC, Kuan G
    Malays J Med Sci, 2020 Jul;27(4):85-96.
    PMID: 32863748 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/mjms2020.27.4.8
    Background: The nature of the relationship between passion and courage and its influence on soccer performance has yet to be revealed. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine passion attributes (i.e. harmonious and obsessive inclinations) among male soccer players in relation to the level of courageous characteristics (i.e. mastery, determination, assertiveness, venturesome and sacrificial behaviour), other demographic and player characteristics.

    Methods: Data were collected from 278 male soccer players aged 13-38 years (mean [M] = 17.42 ± 4.36) with the number of competitive soccer experiences ranging from 1-28 years (M = 7.51 ± 4.23 years). Participants had at least a year of experience in the sport of soccer completed the validated passion scale, sports courage scale and demographic form.

    Results: Analyses revealed that soccer players with higher levels of total courage (P < 0.001), have more experience in soccer (P = 0.011), and their soccer level being professional (P < 0.001) had a significantly higher score in harmonious passion. There was no significant difference in obsessive passion among different level of total courage (P = 0.154). However, soccer players with more experience (P = 0.011) and higher soccer level being professional (P < 0.001) demonstrated a significant higher score in obsessive passion.

    Conclusion: In conclusion, soccer players with higher harmonious and obsessive passionate attributes had higher courage (except for mastery). In addition, the courageous and passionate traits of the soccer players played meaningful roles in indicating individual and performance variables.

    Matched MeSH terms: Soccer
  12. Amiri-Khorasani M, Abu Osman NA, Yusof A
    J Strength Cond Res, 2011 Jun;25(6):1647-52.
    PMID: 21358428 DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181db9f41
    The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of static and dynamic stretching within a pre-exercise warm-up on hip dynamic range of motion (DROM) during instep kicking in professional soccer players. The kicking motions of dominant legs were captured from 18 professional adult male soccer players (height: 180.38 ± 7.34 cm; mass: 69.77 ± 9.73 kg; age: 19.22 ± 1.83 years) using 4 3-dimensional digital video cameras at 50 Hz. Hip DROM at backward, forward, and follow-through phases (instep kick phases) after different warm-up protocols consisting of static, dynamic, and no-stretching on 3 nonconsecutive test days were captured for analysis. During the backswing phase, there was no difference in DROM after the dynamic stretching compared with the static stretching relative to the no-stretching method. There was a significant difference in DROM after the dynamic stretching compared with the static stretching relative to the no-stretching method during (a) the forward phase with p < 0.03, (b) the follow-through phase with p < 0.01, and (c) all phases with p < 0.01. We concluded that professional soccer players can perform a higher DROM of the hip joint during the instep kick after dynamic stretching incorporated in warm-ups, hence increasing the chances of scoring and injury prevention during soccer games.
    Matched MeSH terms: Soccer/physiology*
  13. George J, Nagendran J, Azmi K
    Br J Sports Med, 2012 Mar;46(4):273-8.
    PMID: 21173009 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2010.074948
    MRI of distal radius fusion is currently being used in the U17 World Cup to exclude overaged players. Developing countries that cannot afford to perform MRI on their players are using plain radiographs based on the same MRI criteria of fusion.
    Matched MeSH terms: Soccer*
  14. Amiri-Khorasani M, Abu Osman NA, Yusof A
    J Strength Cond Res, 2011 Apr;25(4):1177-81.
    PMID: 20838249 DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d6508c
    This study investigated the number of trials necessary to obtain optimal biomechanical responses in 10 consecutive soccer instep kicks. The kicking motions of dominant legs were captured from 5 experienced and skilled adult male soccer players (height: 184.60 ± 4.49 cm; mass: 80 ± 4.24 kg; and age: 25.60 ± 1.14 years) using a 3D infrared high-speed camera at 200 Hz. Some of the important kinematics and kinetics parameters are maximum thigh angular velocity, maximum lower leg angular velocity, maximum of thigh moment, maximum lower leg moment at forward and impact phases, and finally maximum ball velocity after impact selected to be analyzed. There was a significant decrease of ball velocity between the first and the fifth kick and the subsequent kicks. Similarly, the lower leg angular velocity showed a significant decrease after the fifth kick and thereafter. Compared with the first kick, the thigh angular velocity has been shown to decrease after the sixth kick and thereafter, and the thigh moment result of the sixth kick was significantly lower when compared with the first kick. Moreover, the lower leg moment result of the fourth kick was significantly lower in comparison with the first kick. In conclusion, it seems that 5 consecutive kicks are adequate to achieve high kinematics and kinetics responses and selecting more than 5 kicks does not result in any high biomechanical responses for analysis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Soccer/physiology*
  15. Dvorak J, George J, Junge A, Hodler J
    Br J Sports Med, 2007 Jan;41(1):45-52.
    PMID: 17021001
    In football there are established age-related tournaments for males and females to guarantee equal chances within the game for all the different age groups. To prevent participation in the incorrect age group, and owing to the fact that in some Asian and African countries registration at birth is not compulsory, other methods of age determination need to be available. Standard radiographs of the left wrist have been used for assessment of skeletal age for many years. This is, however, not ethical in the sporting environment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Soccer*
  16. Daneshjoo A, Mokhtar AH, Rahnama N, Yusof A
    PLoS One, 2012;7(12):e51568.
    PMID: 23251579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051568
    The study investigated the effects of FIFA 11+ and HarmoKnee, both being popular warm-up programs, on proprioception, and on the static and dynamic balance of professional male soccer players.
    Matched MeSH terms: Soccer/physiology*
  17. Vijayakumar P, Nagarajan M, Ramli A
    J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil, 2012;25(4):225-30.
    PMID: 23220803 DOI: 10.3233/BMR-2012-0337
    Osteitis pubis among soccer athletes is a disabling painful condition and it is difficult to manage without integrating a multimodal treatment approach. There is limited scientific evidence on the effectiveness of exercise in treating Osteitis pubis especially when it progress to a chronic painful condition. The purpose of this case report is to discuss the successful multimodal physiotherapeutic management for a 15-year old soccer athlete diagnosed with stage-IV Osteitis pubis. Land and water based active core muscle strengthening exercises, Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques (PNF) and Manual Therapy are some of the essential components incorporated in multimodal intervention approach with emphasis to water based strength and endurance training exercises. The athlete was able to make progress to a successful recovery from his chronic painful condition and accomplished the clearly established clinical outcomes during each phase of rehabilitation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Soccer*
  18. William JL, Radu S, Aziz SA, Rahim RA, Cheah YK, Liwan A, et al.
    Br J Sports Med, 2004 Feb;38(1):12-4.
    PMID: 14751938
    BACKGROUND: Research has shown that athletes are carriers of Staphylococcus aureus during physical activity.
    OBJECTIVE: To estimate the mean total plate count of S aureus carried by footballers before and after training at an indoor venue.
    METHODS: Forty Malay and 20 Indian students volunteered to participate. There was also a control group consisting of 40 Malay and 20 Indian students who were not active. The experimental group were active footballers who had played at school or club level. The subjects were healthy and free of skin infection. The experiment was divided into three sessions, with 20 subjects present at each. At each session, the subjects trained for one hour. Swabs were taken from the skin, nose, and ear before and after training. For the control group, swabs were taken only once from the skin, nose, and ear. The swabs were subjected to biochemical tests and then streaked and cultured aerobically in Baird Parker agar plates for 24 hours at 37 degrees C. Black colonies with a clear zone were presumed to be S aureus, and the mean total plate count of the colonies was estimated. Gram staining, catalase, coagulase slide, coagulase tube, acetoin production, o-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG), and mannitol fermentation tests were used to confirm the colonies as S aureus. A haemolysin test was conducted with human blood to confirm haemolytic activity.
    RESULTS: All subjects in the experimental group were carrying S aureus both before and after training. The estimated mean total counts of colonies from the skin, ear, and nose for the Malays before training were 33, 71, and 312 respectively. Counts after training were 21, 44, and 452 respectively. The results for the Indians were 72, 80, and 309 respectively before training and 55, 200, and 466 respectively after training. The positive results for Gram staining, catalase, coagulase slide, coagulase tube, acetoin production, ONPG, and mannitol fermentation tests were 100%, 96%, 95%, 95%, 93%, 93%, and 90% respectively. All subjects in the control group were also carrying S aureus.
    CONCLUSIONS: All of the players were carriers of S aureus during training. The decrease in total count from the skin for both races may be due to lysozyme activity lysing the bacterial cells. Contamination of the environment with these bacteria may have increased the estimated total plate count in the nose. The experimental group face a higher risk of infection because of lower immunity during training and higher rate of injuries compared with the control group.
    Matched MeSH terms: Soccer*
  19. Hasan H, Davids K, Chow JY, Kerr G
    Eur J Sport Sci, 2017 Apr;17(3):294-302.
    PMID: 27739339 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1241829
    This study investigated effects of wearing compression garments and textured insoles on modes of movement organisation emerging during performance of lower limb interceptive actions in association football. Participants were six skilled (age = 15.67 ± 0.74 years) and six less-skilled (age = 15.17 ± 1.1 years) football players. All participants performed 20 instep kicks with maximum velocity in four randomly organised insoles and socks conditions, (a) Smooth Socks with Smooth Insoles (SSSI); (b) Smooth Socks with Textured Insoles (SSTI); (c) Compression Socks with Smooth Insoles (CSSI); and (d), Compression Socks with Textured Insoles (CSTI). Results showed that, when wearing textured and compression materials (CSSI condition), less-skilled participants displayed significantly greater hip extension and flexion towards the ball contact phase, indicating larger ranges of motion in the kicking limb than in other conditions. Less-skilled participants also demonstrated greater variability in knee-ankle intralimb (angle-angle plots) coordination modes in the CSTI condition. Findings suggested that use of textured and compression materials increased attunement to somatosensory information from lower limb movement, to regulate performance of dynamic interceptive actions like kicking, especially in less-skilled individuals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Soccer/physiology*
  20. Daneshjoo A, Mokhtar AH, Rahnama N, Yusof A
    PLoS One, 2012;7(12):e50979.
    PMID: 23226553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050979
    PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the effect of FIFA 11+ (11+) and HarmoKnee injury preventive warm-up programs on conventional strength ratio (CSR), dynamic control ratio (DCR) and fast/slow speed ratio (FSR) in young male professional soccer players. These ratios are related to the risk of injury to the knee in soccer players.

    METHODS: Thirty-six players were divided into 3 groups; FIFA 11+, HarmoKnee and control (n = 12 per group). These exercises were performed 3 times per week for 2 months (24 sessions). The CSR, DCR and FSR were measured before and after the intervention.

    RESULTS: After training, the CSR and DCR of knee muscles in both groups were found to be lower than the published normal values (0.61, 0.72, and 0.78 during 60°.s(-1), 180°.s(-1) and 300°.s(-1), respectively). The CSR (60°.s(-1)) increased by 8% and FSR in the quadriceps of the non-dominant leg by 8% in the 11+. Meanwhile, the DCR in the dominant and non-dominant legs were reduced by 40% and 30% respectively in the 11+. The CSR (60°.s(-1)) in the non-dominant leg showed significant differences between the 11+, HarmoKnee and control groups (p = 0.02). As for the DCR analysis between groups, there were significant differences in the non-dominant leg between both programs with the control group (p = 0.04). For FSR no significant changes were found between groups.

    CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that the 11+ improved CSR and FSR, but the HarmoKnee program did not demonstrate improvement. We suggest adding more training elements to the HarmoKnee program that aimed to enhance hamstring strength (CSR, DCR and FSR). Professional soccer players have higher predisposition of getting knee injuries because hamstring to quadriceps ratio were found to be lower than the average values. It seems that the 11+ have potentials to improve CSR and FSR as well as prevent knee injuries in soccer players.

    Matched MeSH terms: Soccer/injuries*
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