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Radiation dose assessment at amang processing plants in Malaysia

Omar M, Sulaiman I, Hassan A, Wood AK

Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2007;124(4):400-6.
PMID: 17510205

Measurements of external radiation level, radon/thoron daughters concentrations in air and uranium/thorium concentrations in airborne mineral dust at 16 amang plants in Malaysia were carried out for three consecutive months to assess radiation dose to workers. Estimated occupational dose was within the range of 1.7-10.9 mSv y(-1). The mean total dose at the amang plants was 4.1 mSv y(-1). Overall, it was found that the major dose contribution of 80% came from external radiation. Radon/thoron daughters and airborne mineral dust contributed to only 11 and 9% of the total dose, respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Dosage*
Managing complications of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer patients: Part III. Provision of dentures

Rahman RA, Ngeow WC, Chai WL, Ramli R

Singapore Dent J, 2006 Dec;28(1):7-10.
PMID: 17378335

Head and neck cancer is becoming a more recognizable pathology to the general population and dentists. The modes of treatment include surgery and/or radiation therapy. Pretreatment dental assessment should be provided for these patients before they undergo radiation therapy. There are occasions, however, whereby head and neck cancer patients are not prepared optimally and, as a result, they succumb to complicated oral adverse effects after radiation therapy. The management of radiation-induced caries, a sequelae of xerostomia has been reviewed in Part II of this series. In this article, the management of difficulty with dentures, another sequelae of xerostomia following radiation therapy is reviewed.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Injuries/rehabilitation*
Managing complications of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer patients: Part V. Management of mucositis

Ngeow WC, Chai WL, Rahman RA, Ramli R

Singapore Dent J, 2006 Dec;28(1):16-8.
PMID: 17378337

Head and neck cancer is becoming a more recognizable pathology to the general population and dentists. The modes of treatment include surgery and/or radiation therapy. Where possible, pretreatment dental assessment shall be provided for these patients before they undergo radiation therapy. There are occasions, however, whereby head and neck cancer patients are not prepared optimally for radiation therapy. Because of this, they succumb to complicated oral adverse effects after radiation therapy. The second last part of this series reviews and discusses the management of complication that commonly occur to the oral mucosa, i.e. mucositis.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Injuries/therapy*
Utilization of oil palm biodiesel solid residue as renewable sources for preparation of granular activated carbon by microwave induced KOH activation

Foo KY, Hameed BH

Bioresour Technol, 2013 Feb;130:696-702.
PMID: 23334029 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.146

In this work, preparation of granular activated carbon from oil palm biodiesel solid residue, oil palm shell (PSAC) by microwave assisted KOH activation has been attempted. The physical and chemical properties of PSAC were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, volumetric adsorption analyzer and elemental analysis. The adsorption behavior was examined by performing batch adsorption experiments using methylene blue as dye model compound. Equilibrium data were simulated using the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. Kinetic modeling was fitted to the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and Elovich kinetic models, while the adsorption mechanism was determined using the intraparticle diffusion and Boyd equations. The result was satisfactory fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model with a monolayer adsorption capacity of 343.94mg/g at 30°C. The findings support the potential of oil palm shell for preparation of high surface area activated carbon by microwave assisted KOH activation.

Matched MeSH terms: Arecaceae/radiation effects
Fulltext Extra-corporeal shock-wave therapy in the treatment of non-unions

Chooi YS, Penafort R

Med J Malaysia, 2004 Dec;59(5):674-7.
PMID: 15889572

It has been at least a decade since the introduction of extra-corporeal shock-wave treatment (ESWT) for the treatment of non-unions. Despite conflicting opinions in the literature, it is recently experiencing a revival. This paper reports our experience with Ossa Tron, which produces shock-waves electro-hydraulically, on 5 patients. The two successful cases experienced remarkable results of union at an average of 22 weeks after ESWT. The remaining three had disappointing results. A description of the study and a note on the essential issues are presented.

Matched MeSH terms: Fracture Healing/radiation effects
Fulltext Oropharyngeal flora changes in patients with head and neck malignancy post radiotherapy

Muthu K, Raman R, Gopalakrishnan G

Med J Malaysia, 2004 Dec;59(5):585-90.
PMID: 15889559

Radiotherapy has been recognized as a valuable modality of treatment in the management of head and neck cancers. It can have a direct bactericidal effect on the normal flora of the oropharynx. The objective of this study is to determine the changes in the oropharyngeal flora after external beam radiation. This prospective non randomized control study was performed to aid in identification of organisms involved in sepsis, as well as aid in choosing appropriate antibiotics for surgical procedures in irradiated patient. Forty patients with various head and neck malignancy and thirty control patients were selected. Oropharyngeal swabs were taken prior to radiotherapy, at the end and one month after radiotherapy. A single swab was taken from the control group. A full bacteriological analysis was performed. There was a statistically significant decrease in Alpha Hemolytic Streptococci and Neisseria species post radiotherapy. B Proteus and Candida Albicans showed a statistical significant increase in patients with head and neck cancer post radiotherapy. These changes remained even one month after radiotherapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Oropharynx/radiation effects*
Tissue-Engineered Skin Substitute Enhances Wound Healing after Radiation Therapy

Busra MF, Chowdhury SR, bin Ismail F, bin Saim A, Idrus RB

Adv Skin Wound Care, 2016 Mar;29(3):120-9.
PMID: 26866868 DOI: 10.1097/01.ASW.0000480556.78111.e4

OBJECTIVE: When given in conjunction with surgery for treating cancer, radiation therapy may result in impaired wound healing, which, in turn, could cause skin ulcers. In this study, bilayer and monolayer autologous skin substitutes were used to treat an irradiated wound.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single dose of 30 Gy of linear electron beam radiation was applied to the hind limb of nude mice before creating the skin lesion (area of 78.6 mm). Monolayer tissue-engineered skin substitutes (MTESSs) were prepared by entrapping cultured keratinocytes in fibrin matrix, and bilayer tissue-engineered skin substitutes (BTESSs) were prepared by entrapping keratinocytes and fibroblasts in separate layers. Bilayer tissue-engineered skin substitute and MTESS were implanted to the wound area. Gross appearance and wound area were analyzed to evaluate wound healing efficiency. Skin regeneration and morphological appearance were observed via histological and electron microscopy. Protein expressions of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in skin regeneration were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC).
RESULTS: Macroscopic observation revealed that at day 13, treatments with BTESS completely healed the irradiated wound, whereas wound sizes of 1.1 ± 0.05 and 6.8 ± 0.14 mm were measured in the MTESS-treated and untreated control groups, respectively. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) analysis showed formation of compact and organized epidermal and dermal layers in the BTESS-treated group, as compared with MTESS-treated and untreated control groups. Ultrastructural analysis indicates maturation of skin in BTESS-treated wound evidenced by formation of intermediate filament bundles in the dermal layer and low intercellular space in the epidermal layer. Expressions of TGF-β1, PDGF-BB, and VEGF were also higher in BTESS-treated wounds, compared with MTESS-treated wounds.
CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that BTESS is the preferred treatment for irradiated wound ulcers.

Matched MeSH terms: Wound Healing/radiation effects
Optimization of cell disruption methods for efficient recovery of bioactive metabolites via NMR of three freshwater microalgae (chlorophyta)

Ma NL, Teh KY, Lam SS, Kaben AM, Cha TS

Bioresour Technol, 2015 Aug;190:536-42.
PMID: 25812996 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.03.036

This study demonstrates the use of NMR techniques coupled with chemometric analysis as a high throughput data mining method to identify and examine the efficiency of different disruption techniques tested on microalgae (Chlorella variabilis, Scenedesmus regularis and Ankistrodesmus gracilis). The yield and chemical diversity from the disruptions together with the effects of pre-oven and pre-freeze drying prior to disruption techniques were discussed. HCl extraction showed the highest recovery of oil compounds from the disrupted microalgae (up to 90%). In contrast, NMR analysis showed the highest intensity of bioactive metabolites obtained for homogenized extracts pre-treated with freeze-drying, indicating that homogenizing is a more favorable approach to recover bioactive substances from the disrupted microalgae. The results show the potential of NMR as a useful metabolic fingerprinting tool for assessing compound diversity in complex microalgae extracts.

Matched MeSH terms: Chlorophyta/radiation effects
H(2)O(2)/UV degradation kinetics of isoprene in aqueous solution

Elkanzi EM, Bee Kheng G

J Hazard Mater, 2000 Mar 13;73(1):55-62.
PMID: 10686378

Hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation have been used in the photochemical degradation of isoprene in aqueous solutions. A kinetic study is carried out taking into account the contribution of the UV radiation reaction and the combined reaction with hydrogen peroxide. An empirical reaction rate expression, which considers the two reactions taking place in parallel, is suggested. Pseudo-first order rate constants are obtained from batch reactor data. As the molar ratio of H(2)O(2):isoprene increases, the rate of reaction increases linearly while the concentration of H(2)O(2) is observed to be nearly constant throughout the reaction; suggesting that the H(2)O(2) acts as a pseudo-catalyst. Nearly complete oxidation of isoprene is achieved. These results indicate that the H(2)O(2)/UV process appears to be a competitive alternative destructive treatment for removing isoprene from water present at low levels.

Matched MeSH terms: Butadienes/radiation effects
The specific absorbed dose constant: comparison of values published for 60Co photons

Samat SB, Evans CJ

Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2003;103(4):341-7.
PMID: 12797557

For the specific absorbed dose constant for 60Co photons, three values quoted directly in the literature and two derived indirectly from published information are reported. The three publications giving the direct values mentioned no medium of absorption, whereas the other two specify tissue. A database of the specific absorbed dose constant is generated for each of 14 media namely air, water, bone and 11 types of soft tissue. These values are consistent with the three directly quoted values plus one of the indirectly obtained values. Air is found to be unlikely as the medium for the first three; and appropriate media for these are suggested. For the other two values, the generated database suggests that one is too small to be accurate; while the other is correct for tissue (as stated in the publication). An apparent error of 10(3) is identified in one of the values directly quoted.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Dosage*
Effectiveness of ultrasonic files in the disruption of root canal bacteria

Ahmad M, Pitt Ford TR, Crum LA, Wilson RF

Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol., 1990 Sep;70(3):328-32.
PMID: 2216361

The physical mechanisms of ultrasound, namely cavitation and acoustic streaming, generated by the Enac-Osada ultrasonic unit were investigated for effectiveness in disrupting Streptococcus mitis. In addition, the bactericidal effect of ultrasound in the presence of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite was examined. Bacterial suspensions were irradiated directly with ultrasound in simulated root canals, and the viability of bacteria was examined after growth on a blood agar medium under anaerobic conditions at 37 degrees C for 5 days. The results indicated that ultrasound per se failed to disrupt bacteria but resulted in increases in the viable counts; the former was considered to be because of the lack of cavitation and the latter because of the dispersal effects of acoustic streaming. The 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution demonstrated powerful bactericidal activity.

Matched MeSH terms: Streptococcus/radiation effects*
Effects of short-term VDT usage on visual functions

Yeow PT, Taylor SP

Optom Vis Sci, 1989 Jul;66(7):459-66.
PMID: 2771333

An on-site comparative study was carried out on the effects of video display terminal (VDT) and non-VDT work on visual functions in two working populations in the same office environment. Both continuous VDT usage in a training situation over a few days and intermittent VDT usage in a normal working situation were assessed and particular attention paid to their effects on the refractive error of different refractive groups and for different age populations. Other visual functions measured were visual acuity (VA), accommodation, and convergence. Results show that VDT work does not have a significantly greater effect on visual function than non-VDT work.

Matched MeSH terms: Vision, Ocular/radiation effects
Ethical aspects in the use of radiation in medicine: update from ICRP Task Group 109

Bochud F, Cantone MC, Applegate K, Coffey M, Damilakis J, Del Rosario Perez M, et al.

Ann ICRP, 2020 Dec;49(1_suppl):143-153.
PMID: 32777956 DOI: 10.1177/0146645320929630

Whereas scientific evidence is the basis for recommendations and guidance on radiological protection, professional ethics is critically important and should always guide professional behaviour. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) established Task Group 109 to advise medical professionals, patients, families, carers, the public, and authorities about the ethical aspects of radiological protection of patients in the diagnostic and therapeutic use of radiation in medicine. Occupational exposures and research-related exposures are not within the scope of this task group. Task Group 109 will produce a report that will be available to the different interested parties for consultation before publication. Presently, the report is at the stage of a working document that has benefitted from an international workshop organised on the topic by the World Health Organization. It presents the history of ethics in medicine in ICRP, and explains why this subject is important, and the benefits it can bring to the standard biomedical ethics. As risk is an essential part in decision-making and communication, a summary is included on what is known about the dose-effect relationship, with emphasis on the associated uncertainties. Once this theoretical framework has been presented, the report becomes resolutely more practical. First, it proposes an evaluation method to analyse specific situations from an ethical point of view. This method allows stakeholders to review a set of six ethical values and provides hints on how they could be balanced. Next, various situations (e.g. pregnancy, elderly, paediatric, end of life) are considered in two steps: first within a realistic, ethically challenging scenario on which the evaluation method is applied; and second within a more general context. Scenarios are presented and discussed with attention to specific patient circumstances, and on how and which reflections on ethical values can be of help in the decision-making process. Finally, two important related aspects are considered: how should we communicate with patients, family, and other stakeholders; and how should we incorporate ethics into the education and training of medical professionals?

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation; Radiation Protection
A Rhythmic Gene Entrained to Midnight May Regulate Photoperiod-Controlled Flowering in Arabidopsis

Yeang HY

Yale J Biol Med, 2019 06;92(2):213-223.
PMID: 31249482

The widely held explanation for photoperiod-controlled flowering in long-day plants is largely embodied in the External Coincidence Hypothesis which posits that flowering is induced when activity of a rhythmic gene that regulates it (a putative "flowering gene") occurs in the presence of light. Nevertheless, re-examination of the Arabidopsis flowering data from non 24-hour cycles of Roden et al. suggests that External Coincidence is not tenable if the circadian rhythm of the "flowering gene" were entrained to sunrise as commonly accepted. On the other hand, the hypothesis is supported if circadian cycling of the gene conforms to a solar rhythm, and its entrainment is to midnight on the solar clock. Data available point to flowering being induced by the gene which peaks in its expression between 16 to 19 h after midnight. In the normal 24 h cycle, that would be between 4 p.m. and 7 p.m., regardless of the photoperiod. Such timing of the "flowering gene" expression allows for variable coincidence between gene activity and light, depending on the photoperiod and cycle period. A correlation is found between earliness of flowering and the degree of coincidence of "flowering gene" expression with light (r = 0.88, p<0.01).

Matched MeSH terms: Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/radiation effects
A comparative study of radiation doses between phantom and patients via CT angiography of the intra-/extra-cranial, pulmonary, and abdominal/pelvic arteries

Karim MKA, Sabarudin A, Muhammad NA, Ng KH

Radiol Phys Technol, 2019 Dec;12(4):374-381.
PMID: 31468370 DOI: 10.1007/s12194-019-00532-8

This study aimed to evaluate effective dose and size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) of computed tomography angiography (CTA) examination using an anthropomorphic phantom. We included three CTA examination protocols to evaluate the intra- and extra-cranial arteries, pulmonary artery (CTPA), and abdominal vessels. Patient SSDEs were measured retrospectively to estimate patient dose, relative to the bodyweight of the patient and volume CT dose index (CTDIvol). Our findings revealed that the highest dose was absorbed by the left lobe of the thyroid gland during intra-/extra-cranial CTA and CTPA, that is, 14.11 ± 0.24 mGy and 16.20 ± 3.95 mGy, respectively. However, the highest absorbed dose in abdominal/pelvic CTA was the gonads (8.98 ± 0.30 mGy), while other radiosensitive organs in intra- and extra-cranial CTA, CTPA, and abdominal/pelvic CTA did not demonstrate significant differences between organs/structures with p value 0.88, 0.11, and 0.54, respectively. The estimated effective dose in intra-/extra-cranial CTA was lower in patients (0.80 ± 0.60 mSv) than in the phantom (0.83 mSv), but it was the opposite for CTPA, with the effective dose being higher in patients (7.54 ± 3.09 mSv) than in the phantom (6.68 mSv). Similar to the effective dose, only CTPA SSDEs were significantly higher in men than in women (19.74 ± 4.79 mGy versus 7.9 mGy). Effective dose and SSDE are clinically relevant parameters that can help estimate a more accurate patient dose based on a patient's size.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Dosage*
NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES IN SOIL AND ROOT VEGETABLES IN MALAYSIA: TRANSFER FACTORS AND DOSE ESTIMATES

Al Mutairi AMM, Kabir NA

Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2020 Jun 12;188(1):47-55.
PMID: 31711202 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncz256

Tapioca and sweet potato are the fourth and fifth most consumed crops in Malaysia. The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in these vegetables were assessed from two regions in Malaysia (Kedah and Penang) along with soil samples using gamma ray spectroscopy. The transfer factors of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K from soil to vegetables were calculated, and a dose assessment was performed. The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in soil samples did not show a significant variation with the regions investigated, and the average values obtained, in Bq/kg, (±SD) were as follows: 80 ± 41, 56 ± 12, 516 ± 119, respectively. The respective average activity concentrations in vegetables were as follows, in Bq/kg: (±SD) 2.0 ± 0.5, 6 ± 2, 153 ± 49. The corresponding transfer factors were calculated to be 0.03, 0.11 and 0.31 for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, respectively. The average annual effective doses due to the exposure from soil and ingestion of vegetables were found to lie within the worldwide ranges.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Dosage*
Evaluation of Ge-doped silica fibre TLDs for in vivo dosimetry during intraoperative radiotherapy

Moradi F, Ung NM, Mahdiraji GA, Khandaker MU, See MH, Taib NA, et al.

Phys Med Biol, 2019 04 12;64(8):08NT04.
PMID: 30840946 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab0d4e

Ge-doped silica fibre (GDSF) thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD) are non-hygroscopic spatially high-resolution radiation sensors with demonstrated potential for radiotherapy dosimetry applications. The INTRABEAM® system with spherical applicators, one of a number of recent electronic brachytherapy sources designed for intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT), presents a representative challenging dosimetry situation, with a low keV photon beam and a desired rapid dose-rate fall-off close-up to the applicator surface. In this study, using the INTRABEAM® system, investigations were made into the potential application of GDSF TLDs for in vivo IORT dosimetry. The GDSFs were calibrated over the respective dose- and depth-range 1 to 20 Gy and 3 to 45 mm from the x-ray probe. The effect of different sizes of spherical applicator on TL response of the fibres was also investigated. The results show the GDSF TLDs to be applicable for IORT dose assessment, with the important incorporated correction for beam quality effects using different spherical applicator sizes. The total uncertainty in use of this type of GDSF for dosimetry has been found to range between 9.5% to 12.4%. Subsequent in vivo measurement of skin dose for three breast patients undergoing IORT were performed, the measured doses being below the tolerance level for acute radiation toxicity.

Matched MeSH terms: Radiation Dosimeters/standards*
Fulltext Modelling the effect of temperature change on the extrinsic incubation period and reproductive number of Plasmodium falciparum in Malaysia

Chua TH

Trop Biomed, 2012 Mar;29(1):121-8.
PMID: 22543612 MyJurnal

According to the report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Malaysia will experience an increase of 3-5°C in the future. As the development of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, is sensitive to temperature, we investigated, using computer models, the effect of increase of 3º and 5ºC on the possible changes in the epidemiology of malaria transmission of P. falciparum in Malaysia. Four environmentally different locations were selected: Kuala Lumpur (KL), Cameron Highlands (CH), Kota Kinabalu (KK) and Kinabalu Park (KP). The extrinsic incubation period (EIP) was estimated using hourly temperatures and the mean daily temperatures. The EIP values estimated using the mean daily temperature were lower than those computed from hourly temperatures in warmer areas (KL, KK), but higher in the cooler areas (CH, KP). The computer simulations also indicated that the EIP will be decreased if the temperature was raised by 3º or 5ºC, with the effect more pronounced for the greater temperature increase, and for the cooler places. The vector cohort that is still alive at a time to transmit malaria (s(EIP)) also increased when the temperature was raised, with the increase more pronounced in the cooler areas. This study indicates an increase in temperature will have more significant effect in shortening the EIP in a cooler place (eg CH, KP), resulting in a greater s(EIP), and consequently increasing the transmission intensity and malaria risk. A temperature increase arising from the global climate change will likely affect the epidemiology of malaria in Malaysia, especially in the cooler areas.

Matched MeSH terms: Plasmodium falciparum/radiation effects*
Fulltext Sterilisation of Lucilia cuprina Wiedemann maggots used in therapy of intractable wounds

Mohd Masri S, Nazni WA, Lee HL, T Rogayah TA, Subramaniam S

Trop Biomed, 2005 Dec;22(2):185-9.
PMID: 16883286 MyJurnal

Three new techniques of sterilising maggots of Lucilia cuprina for the purpose of debriding intractable wounds were studied. These techniques were utilisation of ultra-violet C (UVC) and maggot sterilisation with disinfectants. The status of sterility was checked on nutrient agar and blood agar and confirmed with staining. The indicators for the effectiveness of the methods were sterility and survival rate of the eggs or larvae. Egg sterilisation with UVC had the lowest hatching rate (16+/-0.00%) while egg sterilisation with disinfectants showed high hatching rate (36.67+/-4.41%) but low maggot survival rate (31.67+/-1.67%). Sterilisation of the maggots was the most suitable, since the survival rate was the highest (88.67+/-0.88%). Complete sterility was achieved in all cases, except that Proteus mirabilis was consistently found. However, the presence of this microorganism was considered beneficial.

Matched MeSH terms: Larva/radiation effects
Fulltext Effect of Nd:YAG, Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Irradiation, and Adjunctive Photodynamic Therapy on Push-Out Bond Strength of Zirconia Posts to Radicular Dentin

Alshammary F, Karobari MI, Assiry AA, Marya A, Shaikh GM, Siddiqui AA, et al.

Biomed Res Int, 2021;2021:5523242.
PMID: 34036099 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5523242

This study is aimed at assessing the influence of Nd:YAG, Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation, and adjunctive photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on the bond strength of zirconia posts to radicular dentin. Eighty extracted anterior teeth were randomly categorized into 4 groups (n = 20) based on varying laser irradiation treatments, i.e., conventional cleaning and shaping (CCS), Nd:YAG, Er,Cr:YSGG, and aPDT group, respectively. Using a cutting machine, the samples were prepared for push-out bond strength analysis; 4 sections (2 on each apical and cervical) of around 1 mm thickness were sectioned for all roots at a right angle to the long axis of the post. After making the space for the post, they were incorporated into the root system and were subjected to different laser treatments. The universal testing machine was utilized to assess the push-out bond strength, which had a defined 1 mm/minute crosshead speed until the failure was encountered. Specimens in the aPDT group (8.20 ± 2.14 MPa) demonstrated the highest mean push-out bond strength, whereas the lowest was shown by samples in the CCS group (7.08 ± 1.11 MPa). According to the independent t-test, the mean push-out bond strength scores of the cervical segments were higher as compared to the apical segments in research groups (p < 0.05). Overall, the adhesive type was the most frequently encountered failure mode in all of the experimental groups, with the least number of failures observed in aPDT treated teeth samples. In conclusion, the push-out bond strength to radicular dentin was not much influenced by Nd:YAG, Er,Cr:YSGG laser, and aPDT in comparison with CCS. Although statistically not significant, however, the application of aPDT provided better outcomes as compared to other research groups.

Matched MeSH terms: Dentin/radiation effects*

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