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  1. Fulltext Body mass status of school children and adolescents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Moy FM, Gan CY, Zaleha MK
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2004;13(4):324-9.
    PMID: 15563435
    Lifestyle and disease patterns in Malaysia have changed following rapid economic development. It is important to find out how these changes have affected the nutritional status and health behaviour of the population, especially school children and adolescents. Therefore a survey on school children's and adolescents' health behaviours and perception in Kuala Lumpur was initiated. This paper only reports the observed body mass status of the school children. A total of 3620 school children were selected in this survey using the method of multi-stage sampling. The students were surveyed using pre-tested questionnaires while weight and height were measured by the research team in the field. Using the cut-off of BMI-for-age >or= 95th percentile and <5th percentile for overweight and underweight respectively, there were a total of 7.3% of overweight students and 14.8% of underweight students. When analysed by gender; 7.5% of boys and 7.1% girls were overweight, while 16.2% of the boys and 13.3% of the girls were underweight. The youngest age group (11 years old) had the highest prevalence of underweight as well as overweight. With increasing age, the prevalence of underweight and overweight decreased and more children were in the normal weight range. The overall prevalence of overweight among the three ethnic groups was similar. However the prevalence of underweight was highest among the Indian students (24.9%), followed by Malays (18.9%) and Chinese (9.5%) (P <0.001). The results showed that both the problems of under- and over-nutrition co-exist in the capital city of Malaysia. The promotion of healthy eating and physical activities is required to address the problems of under- and over-nutrition in order to build up a strong and healthy nation in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
  2. A preliminary study of the psychological differences in infertile couples and their relation to the coping styles
    Musa R, Ramli R, Yazmie AW, Khadijah MB, Hayati MY, Midin M, et al.
    Compr Psychiatry, 2014 Jan;55 Suppl 1:S65-9.
    PMID: 23433218 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.01.001
    Studies from Western countries have observed that couples undergoing infertility treatment suffer various physical and psychological difficulties at a higher frequency than the comparable general population. These relate to treatment challenges and other psychosocial stressors, often influenced by coping style, personality factors and available support systems. There is paucity of studies in non-Western populations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
  3. The prevalence and intensity of Amblyomma javanense infestation on Malayan pangolins (Manis javanica Desmarest) from Peninsular Malaysia
    Hassan M, Sulaiman MH, Lian CJ
    Acta Trop, 2013 May;126(2):142-5.
    PMID: 23416121 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.02.001
    A parasitological survey of 16 pangolins, confiscated from the Department of Wildlife and Nature Park Peninsular Malaysia (DWNP) at Kelantan and Pulau Pinang, Malaysia was conducted in 2011. Amblyomma javanense (family: Ixodidae) was the only ectoparasite found on the pangolins. The prevalence, intensity and life cycle of A. javanense were observed together with the respective pangolins' age and sex. It was found that 68.8% of the pangolins were infected, and significant difference, χ(2)(1, N=16)=4.02, p=0.05 were observed with males higher in infestation (88.9%) as compared to the females (42.9%). However, the mean intensity was higher on females (72) as compared to males (31.6). In addition, significant difference, χ(2) (2, N=16)=6.73, p=0.05 was recorded between adults and juveniles with juveniles found to be 100% infected as compared to adult (63.6%). Nevertheless, the mean intensity was slightly higher on adults (47) than juveniles (35). Adult ticks were found in higher numbers as compared to the nymph and larvae with number of male ticks higher (236) as compared to the females (53). Similarly, a high significant difference χ(2)(2, N=469)=203.47, p=0.05 was recorded in the composition of the tick's life stages with a higher number of adult ticks (61.6%) followed by nymph (30.3%) and larvae (8.1%). As such, the results of this study revealed a picture of the A. javanense life cycle which is related to the age and gender of the Malayan Pangolin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
  4. Gender classification in children based on speech characteristics: using fundamental and formant frequencies of Malay vowels
    Zourmand A, Ting HN, Mirhassani SM
    J Voice, 2013 Mar;27(2):201-9.
    PMID: 23473455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2012.12.006
    Speech is one of the prevalent communication mediums for humans. Identifying the gender of a child speaker based on his/her speech is crucial in telecommunication and speech therapy. This article investigates the use of fundamental and formant frequencies from sustained vowel phonation to distinguish the gender of Malay children aged between 7 and 12 years. The Euclidean minimum distance and multilayer perceptron were used to classify the gender of 360 Malay children based on different combinations of fundamental and formant frequencies (F0, F1, F2, and F3). The Euclidean minimum distance with normalized frequency data achieved a classification accuracy of 79.44%, which was higher than that of the nonnormalized frequency data. Age-dependent modeling was used to improve the accuracy of gender classification. The Euclidean distance method obtained 84.17% based on the optimal classification accuracy for all age groups. The accuracy was further increased to 99.81% using multilayer perceptron based on mel-frequency cepstral coefficients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
  5. Socioeconomic consequences of the 2004 tsunami: policy implications for natural disaster management
    Su TT, Saimy BI, Bulgiba AM
    Prev Med, 2013;57 Suppl:S74-6.
    PMID: 23313790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.12.024
    The objective of the study is to assess the socioeconomic status of the households affected by the tsunami of 2004 & to determine the factors associated with the recovery of household economic status.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
  6. Stroke incidence in the South West District of the Penang Island, Malaysia: PEARLs: Penang Acute Stroke Research Longitudinal Study
    Neelamegam M, Looi I, Cheah WK, Narayanan P, Hamid AM, Ong LM
    Prev Med, 2013;57 Suppl:S77-9.
    PMID: 23295169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.12.022
    This community based incidence study aims to report the stroke incidence in the south-west region of the Penang Island.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
  7. Cord IgE and ECP levels of Malay neonates
    Yadav A, Naidu R
    Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 2013 Nov-Dec;41(6):364-8.
    PMID: 23276420 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2012.08.007
    Cord IgE and ECP levels are major atopic markers implicated in early childhood allergy development. Most epidemiological studies to date have not utilised current technology to establish baseline cord IgE levels, further aggravated by lack of data in this region. This study also attempts to identify a relationship between cord IgE and ECP levels as a mean to improve sensitivity for early prediction of atopy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
  8. Effects of 17beta-estradiol on the reproduction of Java-medaka (Oryzias javanicus), a new test fish species
    Imai S, Koyama J, Fujii K
    Mar Pollut Bull, 2005;51(8-12):708-14.
    PMID: 16291186
    17beta-estradiol (E2) is a female hormone which is known to be one of the strongest estrogenic chemicals in the environment. The present study investigated the effects of E2 on the reproduction of the estuarine fish, Java-medaka (Oryzias javanicus). Starting from the embryonic stages, Java-medaka was exposed for 6 months to 9.5, 16, 68, 159 and 243 ng/l of E2. The fecundity of Java-medaka exposed to E2 levels >16 ng/l was significantly lower than that of the control. The appearance of secondary sexual characteristics seemed to be inhibited by exposure to 159 and 243 ng/l E2. Vitellogenin concentrations in the liver of male fish exposed to 68, 159 and 243 ng/l were significantly higher than that of the control. Thirty-three and sixty percent of male fishes exposed to 159 and 243 ng/l, respectively, had testis-ova. These results suggest that reproduction in the Java-medaka, especially the male fish, could be affected by exposure to E2 concentrations greater than 16 ng/l.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sex Characteristics
  9. Developmental changes in the facial morphology of the Borneo orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus): possible signals in visual communication
    Kuze N, Malim TP, Kohshima S
    Am J Primatol, 2005 Apr;65(4):353-76.
    PMID: 15834889
    Orangutans display remarkable developmental changes and sexual differences in facial morphology, such as the flanges or cheek-pads that develop only on the face of dominant adult males. These changes suggest that facial morphology is an important factor in visual communication. However, developmental changes in facial morphology have not been examined in detail. We studied developmental changes in the facial morphology of the Borneo orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) by observing 79 individuals of various ages living in the Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre (SORC) in Malaysia and in Japanese zoos. We also analyzed photographs of one captive male that were taken over a period of more than 16 years. There were clear morphological changes that occurred with growth, and we identified previously unreported sexual and developmental differences in facial morphology. Light-colored skin around the eyes and mouth is most prominent in animals younger than 3 years, and rapidly decreases in area through the age of approximately 7 years. At the same time, the scattered, erect hairs on the head (infant hair) become thick, dense hairs lying on the head (adult hair) in both sexes. The results suggest that these features are infant signals, and that adult signals may include darkened face color, adult hair, whiskers, and a beard, which begin to develop after the age of approximately 7 years in both sexes. In females, the eyelids remain white even after 10 years, and turn black at around the age of 20; in males, the eyelids turn black before the age of 10. The whiskers and beards of adults are thicker in males than in females, and are fully developed before the age of 10 in males, while they begin to develop in females only after approximately 20 years. White eyelids and undeveloped whiskers and beards may be visual signals that are indicative of young adult females. Our results also show that the facial morphology of the unflanged male is similar to that of the adult female, although it has also been pointed out that unflanged males resemble younger individuals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
  10. Fulltext Martial arts injuries
    Pieter W
    Med Sport Sci, 2005;48:59-73.
    PMID: 16247253 DOI: 10.1159/000084283
    OBJECTIVE: To review the current evidence for the epidemiology of pediatric injuries in martial arts.

    DATA SOURCES: The relevant literature was searched using SPORT DISCUS (keywords: martial arts injuries, judo injuries, karate injuries, and taekwondo injuries and ProQuest (keywords: martial arts, taekwondo, karate, and judo), as well as hand searches of the reference lists.

    MAIN RESULTS: In general, the absolute number of injuries in girls is lower than in boys. However, when expressed relative to exposure, the injury rates of girls are higher. Injuries by body region reflect the specific techniques and rules of the martial art. The upper extremities tend to get injured more often in judo, the head and face in karate and the lower extremities in taekwondo. Activities engaged in at the time of injury included performing a kick or being thrown in judo, while punching in karate, and performing a roundhouse kick in taekwondo. Injury type tends to be martial art specific with sprains reported in judo and taekwondo and epistaxis in karate. Injury risk factors in martial arts include age, body weight and exposure.

    CONCLUSIONS: Preventive measures should focus on education of coaches, referees, athletes, and tournament directors. Although descriptive research should continue, analytical studies are urgently needed.

    Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
  11. Fulltext Seroprevalence of Malassezia furfur in an urban population in Malaysia
    Chua KB, Devi S, Hooi PS, Chong KH, Phua KL, Mak JW
    Malays J Pathol, 2003 Jun;25(1):49-56.
    PMID: 16196378
    An in-house prepared M. furfur antigen was used to carry out a seroprevalence study in an urban population in Malaysia by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Of the 800 serum samples from all ages screened, 738 samples were positive for M. furfur specific IgG, giving an overall seropositive rate of 92.3%. There was no significant difference in the seropositive rates among the different gender group and races. However, there was a statistical significant difference in the seropositive rate among different age groups with a lower rate (73%) for the age group 5 years old and below, which increased rapidly to 99% for the 16 to 20 years old age group but declined slightly for the oldest age group. The degree of seropositivity, which semi-quantitatively reflect the anti-M. furfur specific IgG titre, did not show any significant difference among the gender and racial groups. On the other hand, there was a significant difference in the degree of seropositivity among the various age groups, with the 16 to 20 years old age group having the highest antibody titre and the extreme of age groups having the lower antibody titre.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
  12. A study of homicidal deaths in medico-legal autopsies at UMMC, Kuala Lumpur
    Kumar V, Li AK, Zanial AZ, Lee DA, Salleh SA
    J Clin Forensic Med, 2005 Oct;12(5):254-7.
    PMID: 16198967
    The main aim of this study was to determine the causes and epidemiological aspects of homicidal deaths. Data were collected on 217 homicidal victims from the total number of 2762 autopsies performed in UMMC, Kuala Lumpur over a five-year period, from year 1999 to 2003. There were 194 male victims and 23 female victims. The largest number of victims (63.6%) were in the age group of 20-39 years. Indians comprised the maximum proportion of victims (28.1%). Approximately 71.9% of victims came from the semiskilled and unskilled group. A majority of victims were married (47%). Injuries caused by sharp weapons (41%) were the most common cause of death, followed by blunt trauma and firearm injuries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sex Distribution
  13. Fulltext Clinical and endoscopic features of peptic ulcer bleeding in Malaysia
    Kandasami P, Harjit K, Hanafiah H
    Med J Malaysia, 2004 Dec;59(5):617-22.
    PMID: 15889564 MyJurnal
    The characteristics of patients and the endoscopic features of 196 patients with bleeding peptic ulcer in a multi-ethnic population were investigated. There was a male preponderance (M: F= 6.3: 1) and their mean age was 63.5 years. The prevalence of peptic ulcer bleeding in the Malays and Indians was similar to the ethnic distribution of population. However, the Chinese were over represented. Nearly 40% of patients studied had at least one co-existing medical illness. Hypertension and ischaemic heart disease were the most common diseases. History of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug usage was identified in 48% of the patients and it was the commonest risk factor associated with bleeding ulcers. More than 80% of bleeding ulcers were located in the duodenum and the pylorus. Endoscopic features of active bleeding or recent bleed were identified in more than 60% of the patients. The study notes that bleeding peptic ulcer is a serious and a potentially life threatening condition. It is a disease of the elderly and, with the steadily increasing elderly population in the country, the admissions rates of peptic ulcer bleeding is expected to rise. There is a need to plan for appropriate technical support, critical care facilities and expertise to avoid unacceptable outcomes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sex Distribution
  14. Fulltext Gender-Specific Molecular and Clinical Features Underlie Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
    De Rienzo A, Archer MA, Yeap BY, Dao N, Sciaranghella D, Sideris AC, et al.
    Cancer Res, 2016 Jan 15;76(2):319-28.
    PMID: 26554828 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-0751
    Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive cancer that occurs more frequently in men, but is associated with longer survival in women. Insight into the survival advantage of female patients may advance the molecular understanding of MPM and identify therapeutic interventions that will improve the prognosis for all MPM patients. In this study, we performed whole-genome sequencing of tumor specimens from 10 MPM patients and matched control samples to identify potential driver mutations underlying MPM. We identified molecular differences associated with gender and histology. Specifically, single-nucleotide variants of BAP1 were observed in 21% of cases, with lower mutation rates observed in sarcomatoid MPM (P < 0.001). Chromosome 22q loss was more frequently associated with the epithelioid than that nonepitheliod histology (P = 0.037), whereas CDKN2A deletions occurred more frequently in nonepithelioid subtypes among men (P = 0.021) and were correlated with shorter overall survival for the entire cohort (P = 0.002) and for men (P = 0.012). Furthermore, women were more likely to harbor TP53 mutations (P = 0.004). Novel mutations were found in genes associated with the integrin-linked kinase pathway, including MYH9 and RHOA. Moreover, expression levels of BAP1, MYH9, and RHOA were significantly higher in nonepithelioid tumors, and were associated with significant reduction in survival of the entire cohort and across gender subgroups. Collectively, our findings indicate that diverse mechanisms highly related to gender and histology appear to drive MPM.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
  15. Fulltext Relationships between cancer pattern, country income and geographical region in Asia
    Ng CJ, Teo CH, Abdullah N, Tan WP, Tan HM
    BMC Cancer, 2015;15:613.
    PMID: 26335225 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1615-0
    BACKGROUND: Cancer incidence and mortality varies across region, sex and country's economic status. While most studies focused on global trends, this study aimed to describe and analyse cancer incidence and mortality in Asia, focusing on cancer site, sex, region and income status.
    METHODS: Age-standardised incidence and mortality rates of cancer were extracted from the GLOBOCAN 2012 database. Cancer mortality to incidence ratios (MIRs) were calculated to represent cancer survival. The data were analysed based on the four regions in Asia and income.
    RESULTS: Cancer incidence rate is lower in Asia compared to the West but for MIR, it is the reverse. In Asia, the most common cancers in men are lung, stomach, liver, colorectal and oesophageal cancers while the most common cancers in women are breast, lung, cervical, colorectal and stomach cancers. The MIRs are the highest in lung, liver and stomach cancers and the lowest in colorectal, breast and prostate cancers. Eastern and Western Asia have a higher incidence of cancer compared to South-Eastern and South-Central Asia but this pattern is the reverse for MIR. Cancer incidence rate increases with country income particularly in colorectal and breast cancers but the pattern is the opposite for MIR.
    CONCLUSION: This study confirms that there is a wide variation in cancer incidence and mortality across Asia. This study is the first step towards documenting and explaining the changing cancer pattern in Asia in comparison to the rest of the world.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
  16. Patient satisfaction and medication adherence assessment amongst patients at the diabetes medication therapy adherence clinic
    Bakar ZA, Fahrni ML, Khan TM
    Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2016 Apr-Jun;10(2 Suppl 1):S139-43.
    PMID: 27055354 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2016.03.015
    AIMS: To determine the satisfaction and current adherence status of patients with diabetes mellitus at the diabetes Medication Therapy Adherence Clinic and the relationship between patient satisfaction and adherence.
    METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out at three government hospitals in the state of Johor, Malaysia. Patient's satisfaction was measured using the Patient Satisfaction with Pharmaceutical Care Questionnaire; medication adherence was measured using the eight-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale.
    RESULTS: Of n=165 patients, 87.0% of patients were satisfied with DMTAC service (score 60-100) with mean scores of 76.8. On the basis of MMAS, 29.1% had a medium rate and 26.1% had a high rate of adherence. Females are 3.02 times more satisfied with the pharmaceutical service compared to males (OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.12-8.24, p<0.05) and non-Malays are less satisfied with pharmaceutical care provided during DMTAC compared to Malays (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.12-0.85, p<0.05). Older patients age group ≥60 years were 3.29 times more likely to adhere to their medications (OR 3.29, 95% CI 1.10-9.86, p<0.05). Females were the most adherent compared to males (OR 2.33, 95%CI 1.10-4.93, p<0.05) and patients with secondary level of education were 2.72 times more adherent to their medications compared to those in primary school and no formal education (OR 2.72, 95%CI 1.13-6.55, p<0.05). There is a significant (p<0.01), positive fair correlation (r=0.377) between satisfaction and adherence.
    CONCLUSION: Patients were highly satisfied with DMTAC service, while their adherence levels were low. There is an association between patient satisfaction and adherence.
    Keyword: Diabetes medication therapy adherence clinic (DMTAC)
    Study site: Medication Therapy Adherence Clinic, Pharmacy, Hospitals, Johor, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
  17. Return-to-work program for injured workers: factors of successful return to employment
    Awang H, Shahabudin SM, Mansor N
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2016 Nov;28(8):694-702.
    PMID: 27022093 DOI: 10.1177/1010539516640354
    This study examined the factors of successful return to employment among participants in the return to work program (RTW) following work-related injury. Data were obtained from the Social Security Organization database containing 9850 injured workers who underwent RTW in 2010 to 2013. About 65% had successfully returned to employment. Significant factors of successful return include gender, employer interest, motivation, age, intervention duration, and type of injury. Male and motivated employees were more likely to return to employment compared with female and unmotivated employees, respectively. Participants from interested employers were 23.22 times more likely to return to work than those from uninterested employers, whereas participants whose intervention period exceeded 5 months were 41% less likely to return to work compared with those whose intervention period was within 3 months. Appropriate strategy and enhanced collaboration between the stakeholders would improve the proportion of successful return to employment.
    Keyword: SOCSO
    Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
  18. Fulltext DSM-IV-defined anxiety disorder symptoms in a middle-childhood-aged group of Malaysian children using the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale
    Ahmadi A, Mustaffa MS, Udin A, Haghdoost A
    Trends Psychiatry Psychother, 2016 03 18;38(1):14-22.
    PMID: 27007941 DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2015-0027
    INTRODUCTION: Pediatric anxiety disorders are the most common mental health disorders in the middle-childhood age group. The purpose of this study is to assess anxiety disorder symptoms, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV), in a large community sample of low socioeconomic level rural children and to investigate some of the psychometric properties (internal consistency, construct and convergent validity and items rated as often or always experienced) of the Malay version of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale - Child version (SCAS-C).

    METHOD: Six hundred children aged 9-11 and 424 of their parents completely answered the child or parent versions of the SCAS.

    RESULTS: Results indicated that the internal reliability of subscales were moderate to adequate. Significant correlations between child and parent reports supported the measure's concurrent validity. Additionally, anxiety levels in this Malaysian sample were lower than among South-African children and higher than among their Western peers. There were both similarities and differences between symptom items reported as often or always experienced by Malaysian students and by children from other cultures. Confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence of the existence of five inter-correlated factors for anxiety disorders based on SCAS-C.

    CONCLUSION: Although some of the instrument's psychometric properties deviated from those observed in some other countries, it nevertheless appears to be useful for assessing childhood anxiety symptoms in this country.

    Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
  19. Fulltext Distribution of axial length, anterior chamber depth, and corneal curvature in an aged population in South China
    Chen H, Lin H, Lin Z, Chen J, Chen W
    BMC Ophthalmol, 2016 May 01;16(1):47.
    PMID: 27138378 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-016-0221-5
    BACKGROUND: Ocular biometry is important for preoperative assessment in cataract and anterior segment surgery. The purpose of this study was to investigate normative ocular biometric parameters and their associations in an older Chinese population.

    METHODS: This was a cross-sectional observational study. From 2013 to 2014, we recruited inhabitants aged 50 years or older in Guangzhou, China. Among 1,117 participants in the study, data from 1,015 phakic right eyes were used for analyses. Ocular parameters including axial length (AL), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and corneal curvature (K) were measured using an IOL Master.

    RESULTS: The mean AL, ACD, and K were 23.48 mm [95 % confidence interval (CI), 23.40-23.55], 3.03 mm (CI, 3.01-3.05), and 44.20 mm (CI, 44.11-44.29), respectively. A mean reduction in ACD with age was observed (P = 0.002) in male subjects but not in female subjects (P = 0.558). Male subjects had significantly longer ALs (23.68 mm versus 23.23 mm, P sex were the most consistent predictors of ocular biometry in the older population from South China.

    Matched MeSH terms: Sex Factors
  20. Fulltext Overweight, obesity and associated factors among 13-15 years old students in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations member countries, 2007-2014
    Pengpid S, Peltzer K
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2016 Mar;47(2):250-62.
    PMID: 27244964
    The aim of this study was to assess overweight or obesity and associated factors in school-going adolescents in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries. The analysis included 30,284 school children 13-15 years of age from seven ASEAN members participating in the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) between 2007 and 2013. The overall prevalence of overweight or obesity across seven ASEAN countries (excluding Brunei) was 9.9%, significantly higher in boys (11.5%) than in girls (8.3%). Among eight ASEAN countries, the highest prevalence of overweight or obesity was in Brunei Darus-salam (36.1%), followed by Malaysia (23.7%), and the lowest was in Myanmar (3.4%) and Cambodia (3.7%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis found that younger age, coming from an upper middle country, never been hungry, and not walking or biking to school were associated with overweight or obesity. In addition, among boys, having three or more servings of vegetables per day and having no close friends, and among girls, having fast foods two or more times per week, been victims of bullying and having peer support were additional factors associated with overweight or obesity. Increased strategies utilizing a number of the risk factors identified are needed to prevent and treat overweight or obesity in adolescents in ASEAN member countries.
    Study name: Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS)
    Matched MeSH terms: Sex Distribution
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