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Statistical analysis of PM₁₀ concentrations at different locations in Malaysia

Sansuddin N, Ramli NA, Yahaya AS, Yusof NF, Ghazali NA, Madhoun WA

Environ Monit Assess, 2011 Sep;180(1-4):573-88.
PMID: 21136287 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1806-8

Malaysia has experienced several haze events since the 1980s as a consequence of the transboundary movement of air pollutants emitted from forest fires and open burning activities. Hazy episodes can result from local activities and be categorized as "localized haze". General probability distributions (i.e., gamma and log-normal) were chosen to analyze the PM(10) concentrations data at two different types of locations in Malaysia: industrial (Johor Bahru and Nilai) and residential (Kota Kinabalu and Kuantan). These areas were chosen based on their frequently high PM(10) concentration readings. The best models representing the areas were chosen based on their performance indicator values. The best distributions provided the probability of exceedances and the return period between the actual and predicted concentrations based on the threshold limit given by the Malaysian Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (24-h average of 150 μg/m(3)) for PM(10) concentrations. The short-term prediction for PM(10) exceedances in 14 days was obtained using the autoregressive model.

Matched MeSH terms: Air Movements; Air Pollutants/analysis*; Air Pollution/statistics & numerical data*
Indoor air pollution evaluation with emphasize on HDI and biological assessment of HDA in the polyurethane factories

Mirmohammadi M, Hakimi Ibrahim M, Ahmad A, Kadir MO, Mohammadyan M, Mirashrafi SB

Environ Monit Assess, 2010 Jun;165(1-4):341-7.
PMID: 19444630 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-0950-5

Today, many raw materials used in factories may have a dangerous effect on the physiological system of workers. One of them which is widely used in the polyurethane factories is diisocyanates. These compounds are widely used in surface coatings, polyurethane foams, adhesives, resins, elastomers, binders, and sealants. Exposure to diisocyanates causes irritation to the skin, mucous membranes, eyes, and respiratory tract. Hexamethylene diamine (HDA) is metabolite of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). It is an excretory material by worker's urine who is exposed to HDI. Around 100 air samples were collected from five defined factories by midget impinger which contained dimethyl sulfoxide absorbent as a solvent and tryptamine as reagent. Samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with EC\UV detector using NIOSH 5522 method of sampling. Also, 50 urine samples collected from workers were also analyzed using William's biological analysis method. The concentration of HDI into all air samples were more than 88 microg/m(3), and they have shown high concentration of pollutant in the workplaces in comparison with NIOSH standard, and all of the workers' urine were contaminated by HDA. The correlation and regression test were used to obtain statistical model for HDI and HDA, which is useful for the prediction of diisocyanates pollution situation in the polyurethane factories.

Matched MeSH terms: Air Pollutants, Occupational/analysis*; Air Pollutants, Occupational/urine; Air Pollution, Indoor*
Key factor in rice husk Ash/CaO sorbent for high flue gas desulfurization activity

Dahlan I, Lee KT, Kamaruddin AH, Mohamed AR

Environ Sci Technol, 2006 Oct 01;40(19):6032-7.
PMID: 17051796

Siliceous materials such as rice husk ash (RHA) have potential to be utilized as high performance sorbents for the flue gas desulfurization process in small-scale industrial boilers. This study presents findings on identifying the key factorfor high desulfurization activity in sorbents prepared from RHA. Initially, a systematic approach using central composite rotatable design was used to develop a mathematical model that correlates the sorbent preparation variables to the desulfurization activity of the sorbent. The sorbent preparation variables studied are hydration period, x1 (6-16 h), amount of RHA, x2 (5-15 g), amount of CaO, x3 (2-6 g), amount of water, x4 (90-110 mL), and hydration temperature, x5 (150-250 degrees C). The mathematical model developed was subjected to statistical tests and the model is adequate for predicting the SO2 desulfurization activity of the sorbent within the range of the sorbent preparation variables studied. Based on the model, the amount of RHA, amount of CaO, and hydration period used in the preparation step significantly influenced the desulfurization activity of the sorbent. The ratio of RHA and CaO used in the preparation mixture was also a significant factor that influenced the desulfurization activity of the sorbent. A RHA to CaO ratio of 2.5 leads to the formation of specific reactive species in the sorbent that are believed to be the key factor responsible for high desulfurization activity in the sorbent. Other physical properties of the sorbent such as pore size distribution and surface morphology were found to have insignificant influence on the desulfurization activity of the sorbent.

Matched MeSH terms: Air Pollutants/isolation & purification*; Air Pollutants/chemistry; Air Pollution/prevention & control*
Fulltext Indoor Particulate Matters, Microbial Count Assessments, and Wheezing Symptoms among Toddlers in Urban Day Care Centers in the District of Seremban, Malaysia

Khamal R, Isa ZM, Sutan R, Noraini NMR, Ghazi HF

Ann Glob Health, 2019 01 22;85(1).
PMID: 30741516 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.2425

INTRODUCTION: Indoor air quality in day care centers (DCCs) is an emerging research topic nowadays. Indoor air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM) and microbes have been linked to respiratory health effects in children, particularly asthma-related symptoms such as night coughs and wheezing due to early exposure to indoor air contaminants.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the association between wheezing symptoms among toddlers attending DCCs and indoor particulate matter, PM10, PM2.5, and microbial count level in urban DCCs in the District of Seremban, Malaysia.
METHODS: Data collection was carried out at 10 DCCs located in the urban area of Seremban. Modified validated questionnaires were distributed to parents to obtain their children's health symptoms. The parameters measured were indoor PM2.5, PM10, carbon monoxide, total bacteria count, total fungus count, temperature, air velocity, and relative humidity using the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health analytical method.
RESULTS: All 10 DCCs investigated had at least one indoor air quality parameter exceeding the acceptable level of standard guidelines. The prevalence of toddlers having wheezing symptoms was 18.9%. There was a significant different in mean concentration of PM2.5 and total bacteria count between those with and those without wheezing symptoms (P = 0.02, P = 0.006).
CONCLUSIONS: Urban DCCs are exposed to many air pollutants that may enter their buildings from various adjacent sources. The particle concentrations and presence of microbes in DCCs might increase the risk of exposed children for respiratory diseases, particularly asthma, in their later life.

Matched MeSH terms: Air Microbiology/standards; Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis; Air Pollution, Indoor/prevention & control
Multiple linear regression and regression with time series error models in forecasting PM10 concentrations in Peninsular Malaysia

Ng KY, Awang N

Environ Monit Assess, 2018 Jan 06;190(2):63.
PMID: 29306973 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6419-z

Frequent haze occurrences in Malaysia have made the management of PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic less than 10 μm) pollution a critical task. This requires knowledge on factors associating with PM10 variation and good forecast of PM10 concentrations. Hence, this paper demonstrates the prediction of 1-day-ahead daily average PM10 concentrations based on predictor variables including meteorological parameters and gaseous pollutants. Three different models were built. They were multiple linear regression (MLR) model with lagged predictor variables (MLR1), MLR model with lagged predictor variables and PM10 concentrations (MLR2) and regression with time series error (RTSE) model. The findings revealed that humidity, temperature, wind speed, wind direction, carbon monoxide and ozone were the main factors explaining the PM10 variation in Peninsular Malaysia. Comparison among the three models showed that MLR2 model was on a same level with RTSE model in terms of forecasting accuracy, while MLR1 model was the worst.

Matched MeSH terms: Air Pollutants/analysis*; Air Pollution/analysis; Air Pollution/statistics & numerical data*
Association between P M 10 and respiratory diseases admission in peninsula Malaysia during haze

Mohd Zulkifli SWH, Samsudin HB, Majid N

Sci Rep, 2024 Sep 09;14(1):21030.
PMID: 39251631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63591-x

Numerous studies have been conducted in other countries on the health effects of exposure to particulate matter with a diameter of 10 microns or less P M 10 , but little research has been conducted in Malaysia, particularly during the haze season. This study intends to investigate how exposure of P M 10 influenced hospital admissions for respiratory diseases during the haze period in peninsula Malaysia and it was further stratified by age group, gender and respiratory diseases categories. The study includes data from all patients with respiratory diseases in 92 government hospitals, as well as P M 10 concentration and meteorological data from 92 monitoring stations in Peninsula Malaysia starting from 1st January 2000 to 31st December 2019. A quasi-poison time series regression with distributed lag nonlinear model (DLNM) was employed in this study to examine the relationship between exposure of P M 10 and hospital admissions for respiratory diseases during the haze period. Haze period for this study has been defined from June to September each year. According to the findings of this study, P M 10 was positively associated with hospitalisation of respiratory disease within 30 lag days under various lag patterns, with lag 25 showing the strongest association (RR = 1.001742, CI 1.001029,1.002456). Using median as a reference, it was discovered that females were more likely than males to be hospitalized for P M 10 exposure. Working age group will be the most affected by the increase in P M 10 exposure with a significant cumulative RR from lag 010 to lag 030. The study found that P M 10 had a significant influence on respiratory hospitalisation in peninsula Malaysia, particularly for lung diseases caused by external agents(CD5). Therefore, it is important to implement effective intervention measures to control P M 10 and reduce the burden of respiratory disease admissions.

Matched MeSH terms: Air Pollutants/adverse effects; Air Pollutants/analysis; Air Pollution/adverse effects
An evaluation of direct measurement techniques for mercury dry deposition

Lai SO, Huang J, Hopke PK, Holsen TM

Sci Total Environ, 2011 Mar 1;409(7):1320-7.
PMID: 21257194 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.12.032

In this project, several surrogate surfaces designed to directly measure Hg dry deposition were investigated. Static water surrogate surfaces (SWSS) containing deionized (DI), acidified water, or salt solutions, and a knife-edge surrogate surface (KSS) using quartz fiber filters (QFF), KCl-coated QFF and gold-coated QFF were evaluated as a means to directly measure mercury (Hg) dry deposition. The SWSS was hypothesized to collect deposited elemental mercury (Hg⁰), reactive gaseous/oxidized mercury (RGM), and mercury associated with particulate matter (Hg(p)) while the QFF, KCl-coated QFF, and gold-coated QFF on the KSS were hypothesized to collect Hg(p), RGM+Hg(p), and Hg⁰+RGM+Hg(p), respectively. The Hg flux measured by the DI water was significantly smaller than that captured by the acidified water, probably because Hg⁰ was oxidized to Hg²+ which stabilized the deposited Hg and decreased mass transfer resistance. Acidified BrCl, which efficiently oxidizes Hg⁰, captured significantly more Hg than other solutions. However, of all collection media, gold-coated QFFs captured 6 to 100 times greater Hg mass than the other surfaces, probably because there is no surface resistance for Hg⁰ deposition to gold surfaces. In addition, the Hg⁰ concentration is usually 100-1000 times higher than RGM and Hg(p). For all other media, co-located samples were not significantly different, and the combination of daytime plus nighttime results were comparable to 24-h samples, implying that Hg⁰, RGM and Hg(p) were not released after they deposited nor did the surfaces reach equilibrium with the atmosphere. Based on measured Hg ambient air concentrations and fluxes, dry deposition velocities of RGM and Hg⁰ to DI water and other surfaces were 5.6±5.4 and 0.005-0.68 cm s⁻¹ in this study, respectively. These results suggest surrogate surfaces can be used to measure Hg dry deposition; however, extrapolating the results to natural surface can be challenging.

Matched MeSH terms: Air Movements; Air Pollutants/analysis*
Fulltext Effects of temperature, humidity, air quality and anthropic activities on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review protocol

Jeevananthan C, Muhamad NA, Jaafar MH, Hod R, Ab Ghani RM, Md Isa Z, et al.

BMJ Open, 2020 11 04;10(11):e039623.
PMID: 33148753 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039623

INTRODUCTION: The current global pandemic of the virus that emerged from Hubei province in China has caused coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19), which has affected a total number of 900 036 people globally, involving 206 countries and resulted in a cumulative of 45 693 deaths worldwide as of 3 April 2020. The mode of transmission is identified through airdrops from patients' body fluids such as during sneezing, coughing and talking. However, the relative importance of environmental effects in the transmission of the virus has not been vastly studied. In addition, the role of temperature and humidity in air-borne transmission of infection is presently still unclear. This study aims to identify the effect of temperature, humidity and air quality in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will systematically conduct a comprehensive literature search using various databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, CENTRAL and Google Scholar to identify potential studies. The search will be performed for any eligible articles from the earliest published articles up to latest available studies in 2020. We will include all the observational studies such as cohort case-control and cross-sectional studies that explains or measures the effects of temperature and/or humidity and/or air quality and/or anthropic activities that is associated with SARS-CoV-2. Study selection and reporting will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guideline. All data will be extracted using a standardised data extraction form and quality of the studies will be assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale guideline. Descriptive and meta-analysis will be performed using a random effect model in Review Manager File.
ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: No primary data will be collected, and thus no formal ethical approval is required. The results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication and conference presentation.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020176756.

Matched MeSH terms: Air Pollution*; Air Pollution, Indoor
Fulltext Ventilation flow evaluation system for sustainable housing development

Nur Azfahani Ahmad, Zuraihana Ahmad Zawawi, Nazhatulzalkis Jamaludin, Khairulliza Ahmad Salleh

Jurnal Inovasi Malaysia, 2019;2(2):55-70.
MyJurnal

A 1984 World Health Organization (WHO) Committee report highlighted that up to 30 per cent of buildings may have to face problems related to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). Insufficient ventilation will lead to stagnant air and can cause stuffiness in buildings. This will then leads to a bigger problem, known as the Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). It is important to note that sick building syndrome may cause various illnesses including allergies, acute respiration problem, feeling of discomfort and other psychological impacts. The “Ventilation Flow Evaluation System for Sustainable Housing Development” is a PC-based database tool developed to access and measure ventilation flow in a new or remodelled building in order to prevent or mitigate this problem. The purpose of the system is to provide resources for building designers in solving Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) issues especially related to ventilation flow based on regulations provided in Malaysian Standard (MS 1525). The system will allow readily building plan to be measured and analysed based on ventilation data collected at site, in order to allow buildings to obtain healthy and sufficient air for breathing and comfort purposes. The system will also recommend suitable layout plan in the building to meet the ventilation purposes, namely cross-ventilation and stack-effect ventilation.

Matched MeSH terms: Air Conditioning; Air Pollution, Indoor; Air Filters
Fulltext Air quality changes during the COVID-19 lockdown over the Yangtze River Delta Region: An insight into the impact of human activity pattern changes on air pollution variation

Li L, Li Q, Huang L, Wang Q, Zhu A, Xu J, et al.

Sci Total Environ, 2020 Aug 25;732:139282.
PMID: 32413621 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139282

The outbreak of COVID-19 has spreaded rapidly across the world. To control the rapid dispersion of the virus, China has imposed national lockdown policies to practise social distancing. This has led to reduced human activities and hence primary air pollutant emissions, which caused improvement of air quality as a side-product. To investigate the air quality changes during the COVID-19 lockdown over the YRD Region, we apply the WRF-CAMx modelling system together with monitoring data to investigate the impact of human activity pattern changes on air quality. Results show that human activities were lowered significantly during the period: industrial operations, VKT, constructions in operation, etc. were significantly reduced, leading to lowered SO2, NOx, PM2.5 and VOCs emissions by approximately 16-26%, 29-47%, 27-46% and 37-57% during the Level I and Level II response periods respectively. These emission reduction has played a significant role in the improvement of air quality. Concentrations of PM2.5, NO2 and SO2 decreased by 31.8%, 45.1% and 20.4% during the Level I period; and 33.2%, 27.2% and 7.6% during the Level II period compared with 2019. However, ozone did not show any reduction and increased greatly. Our results also show that even during the lockdown, with primary emissions reduction of 15%-61%, the daily average PM2.5 concentrations range between 15 and 79 μg m-3, which shows that background and residual pollutions are still high. Source apportionment results indicate that the residual pollution of PM2.5 comes from industry (32.2-61.1%), mobile (3.9-8.1%), dust (2.6-7.7%), residential sources (2.1-28.5%) in YRD and 14.0-28.6% contribution from long-range transport coming from northern China. This indicates that in spite of the extreme reductions in primary emissions, it cannot fully tackle the current air pollution. Re-organisation of the energy and industrial strategy together with trans-regional joint-control for a full long-term air pollution plan need to be further taken into account.

Matched MeSH terms: Air Pollutants; Air Pollution*
Background level of microbe in new office building

Ahmad Sayuti Zainal Abidin, Leman, A.M., Nor Mohd Razif Noraini

Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 2011;8(2):25-34.
MyJurnal

This study was done to investigate the background level on microbiological indoor air pollutants in new constructed 8 stories buildings (2 level of Hostel facilities, 3 level of Training Room level, 2 level of Offices and 1 Exhibition Halls and Rooms) in Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor. The offices and exhibition hall are carpeted furnished. All these spaces were using centralized air conditioning system. Airborne microbes’ concentrations were determined by using a single stage impactor (Biosampler) as per requirement of National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health NIOSH method NIOSH Manual Analytical Method MAM 0800. Mean concentration of total bacteria detected is 1351 CFU/m3 and it was found significantly higher compared to maximum exposure limit 500 CFU/m3 in office room. The mean concentration of total fungi in the office rooms is 479 CFU/m3 and it was found slightly lower compared to maximum exposure limit 500 CFU/m3. The airborne microbe levels were found slightly lower in the accommodation, training and exhibition rooms compared to office room. These findings indicate that although a new constructed building should be having a significant background level of airborne microbe (total bacteria and total fungi).

Matched MeSH terms: Air Conditioning; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution, Indoor
Fulltext Prosthetics socket that incorporates an air splint system focusing on dynamic interface pressure

Razak NA, Osman NA, Gholizadeh H, Ali S

Biomed Eng Online, 2014;13:108.
PMID: 25085005 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925X-13-108

The interface pressure between the residual limb and prosthetic socket has a significant effect on an amputee's satisfaction and comfort. This paper presents the design and performance of a new prosthetic socket that uses an air splint system.

Matched MeSH terms: Air*
Current status of ceramic-based membranes for oxygen separation from air

Hashim SM, Mohamed AR, Bhatia S

Adv Colloid Interface Sci, 2010 Oct 15;160(1-2):88-100.
PMID: 20813344 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2010.07.007

There has been tremendous progress in membrane technology for gas separation, in particular oxygen separation from air in the last 20 years. It provides an alternative route to the existing conventional separation processes such as cryogenic distillation and pressure swing adsorption as well as cheaper production of oxygen with high purity. This review presents the recent advances of ceramic membranes for the separation of oxygen from air at high temperature. It covers the issues and problems with respect to the selectivity and separation performance. The paper also presents different approaches applied to overcome these challenges. The future directions of ceramic-based membranes for oxygen separation from air are also presented.

Matched MeSH terms: Air/analysis*
Monsoonal differences and probability distribution of PM(10) concentration

Md Yusof NF, Ramli NA, Yahaya AS, Sansuddin N, Ghazali NA, Al Madhoun W

Environ Monit Assess, 2010 Apr;163(1-4):655-67.
PMID: 19365611 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-0866-0

There are many factors that influence PM(10) concentration in the atmosphere. This paper will look at the PM(10) concentration in relation with the wet season (north east monsoon) and dry season (south west monsoon) in Seberang Perai, Malaysia from the year 2000 to 2004. It is expected that PM(10) will reach the peak during south west monsoon as the weather during this season becomes dry and this study has proved that the highest PM(10) concentrations in 2000 to 2004 were recorded in this monsoon. Two probability distributions using Weibull and lognormal were used to model the PM(10) concentration. The best model used for prediction was selected based on performance indicators. Lognormal distribution represents the data better than Weibull distribution model for 2000, 2001, and 2002. However, for 2003 and 2004, Weibull distribution represents better than the lognormal distribution. The proposed distributions were successfully used for estimation of exceedences and predicting the return periods of the sequence year.

Matched MeSH terms: Air Pollutants/analysis
Adsorption of butyl acetate in air over silver-loaded Y and ZSM-5 zeolites: experimental and modelling studies

Bhatia S, Abdullah AZ, Wong CT

J Hazard Mater, 2009 Apr 15;163(1):73-81.
PMID: 18649998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.055

Adsorption behaviours of butyl acetate in air have been studied over silver-loaded Y (Si/Al=40) and ZSM-5 (Si/Al=140) zeolites. The silver metal was loaded into the zeolites by ion exchange (IE) and impregnation (IM) methods. The adsorption study was mainly conducted at a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 13,000 h(-1) with the organic concentration of 1000 ppm while the desorption step was carried out at a GHSV of 5000 h(-1). The impregnated silver-loaded adsorbents showed lower uptake capacity and shorter breakthrough time by about 10 min, attributed to changes in the pore characteristics and available surface for adsorption. Silver exchanged Y (AgY(IE)) with lower hydrophobicity showed higher uptake capacity of up to 35%, longer adsorbent service time and easier desorption compared to AgZSM-5(IE). The presence of water vapour in the feed suppressed the butyl acetate adsorption of AgY(IE) by 42% due to the competitive adsorption of water on the surface and the effect was more pronounced at lower GHSV. Conversely, the adsorption capacity of AgZSM-5(IE) was minimally affected, attributed to the higher hydrophobicity of the material. A mathematical model is proposed to simulate the adsorption behaviour of butyl acetate over AgY(IE) and AgZSM-5(IE). The model parameters were successfully evaluated and used to accurately predict the breakthrough curves under various process conditions with root square mean errors of between 0.05 and 0.07.

Matched MeSH terms: Air*
The control of environmental pollution in Taiwan area, Republic of China

Med J Malaysia, 1974 Dec;29(2):109-10.
PMID: 4282394
Matched MeSH terms: Air Pollution/prevention & control
The state of environmental pollution in the Philippines today

Lesaca RM

Med J Malaysia, 1974 Dec;29(2):102-6.
PMID: 4282392
Matched MeSH terms: Air Pollution/prevention & control
Pollution problems in the Prefacture of Osaka

Yamaguchi M

Med J Malaysia, 1974 Dec;29(2):114-24.
PMID: 4282396
Matched MeSH terms: Air Pollution/prevention & control
The human environment in Korea

Park K

Med J Malaysia, 1974 Dec;29(2):111-4.
PMID: 4282395
Matched MeSH terms: Air Pollution/prevention & control
Fulltext Air quality status during 2020 Malaysia Movement Control Order (MCO) due to 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pandemic

Abdullah S, Mansor AA, Napi NNLM, Mansor WNW, Ahmed AN, Ismail M, et al.

Sci Total Environ, 2020 Aug 10;729:139022.
PMID: 32353722 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139022

An outbreak of respiratory illness which is proven to be infected by a 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) officially named as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first detected in Wuhan, China and has spread rapidly in other parts of China as well as other countries around the world, including Malaysia. The first case in Malaysia was identified on 25 January 2020 and the number of cases continue to rise since March 2020. Therefore, 2020 Malaysia Movement Control Order (MCO) was implemented with the aim to isolate the source of the COVID-19 outbreak. As a result, there were fewer number of motor vehicles on the road and the operation of industries was suspended, ergo reducing emissions of hazardous air pollutants in the atmosphere. We had acquired the Air Pollutant Index (API) data from the Department of Environment Malaysia on hourly basis before and during the MCO with the aim to track the changes of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at 68 air quality monitoring stations. It was found that the PM2.5 concentrations showed a high reduction of up to 58.4% during the MCO. Several red zone areas (>41 confirmed COVID-19 cases) had also reduced of up to 28.3% in the PM2.5 concentrations variation. The reduction did not solely depend on MCO, thus the researchers suggest a further study considering the influencing factors that need to be adhered to in the future.

Matched MeSH terms: Air Pollution*

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