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  1. Fulltext Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and optic nerve functions in fellow eye of neuromyelitis optica with unilateral optic neuritis
    Ong Chin Feng W, Wan Hitam WH
    Taiwan J Ophthalmol, 2020 06 20;10(3):189-196.
    PMID: 33110750 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo_22_20
    Purpose: Peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness might be useful in monitoring ongoing subclinical structural damage especially in eyes with no history of optic neuritis (ON) in neuromyelitis optica (NMO).

    Objective: To evaluate the peripapillary RNFL thickness and optic nerve functions in fellow eye of NMO with unilateral optic neuritis.

    Materials and Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in 2 tertiary hospitals from August 2017 to May 2019. RNFL thickness and optic nerve functions were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 24.

    Results: A total of 26 NMO patients and 26 controls were involved in this study. The median age (IQR) of NMO patients was 32.5 (12) years old. The RNFL thickness was significantly reduced in NMO patients with non-ON eyes as compared to control group. Best corrected visual acuity between the 2 groups were comparable (0.20 vs 0.00, p=0.071). Contrast sensitivity was also reduced in NMO patients (non-ON eyes) at all 5 spatial frequencies. In NMO group, 34.6% have normal colour vision. The mean deviation (MD) of Humphrey visual field (HVF) was higher in NMO group (p<0.001). There was a moderate correlation between RNFL thickness and contrast sensitivity. Weak correlation was found between the RNFL thickness with visual acuity and mean deviation of visual field test.

    Conclusion: Our study showed that the fellow eye of NMO patients with unilateral ON revealed a significant reduction in RNFL thickness and all the optic nerve functions have subtle early changes that signify a subclinical retinal damage.

    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  2. Fulltext Mechanical Strain-Mediated Tenogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Is Regulated through Epithelial Sodium Channels
    Nam HY, Murali MR, Ahmad RE, Pingguan-Murphy B, Raghavendran HRB, Kamarul T
    Stem Cells Int, 2020;2020:5385960.
    PMID: 32908542 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5385960
    It has been suggested that mechanical strain may elicit cell differentiation in adult somatic cells through activation of epithelial sodium channels (ENaC). However, such phenomenon has not been previously demonstrated in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). The present study was thus conducted to investigate the role of ENaC in human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hMSCs) tenogenic differentiation during uniaxial tensile loading. Passaged-2 hMSCs were seeded onto silicone chambers coated with collagen I and subjected to stretching at 1 Hz frequency and 8% strain for 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours. Analyses at these time points included cell morphology and alignment observation, immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence staining (collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin, and N-cadherin), and gene expression (ENaC subunits, and tenogenic markers). Unstrained cells at similar time points served as the control group. To demonstrate the involvement of ENaC in the differentiation process, an ENaC blocker (benzamil) was used and the results were compared to the noninhibited hMSCs. ENaC subunits' (α, β, γ, and δ) expression was observed in hMSCs, although only α subunit was significantly increased during stretching. An increase in tenogenic genes' (collagen1, collagen3, decorin, tenascin-c, scleraxis, and tenomodulin) and proteins' (collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin, and N-cadherin) expression suggests that hMSCs underwent tenogenic differentiation when subjected to uniaxial loading. Inhibition of ENaC function resulted in decreased expression of these markers, thereby suggesting that ENaC plays a vital role in tenogenic differentiation of hMSCs during mechanical loading.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  3. Fulltext Three-dimensional facial analysis of Chinese children with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate
    Othman SA, Aidil Koay NA
    Sci Rep, 2016 08 10;6:31335.
    PMID: 27507713 DOI: 10.1038/srep31335
    We analyzed the facial features of Chinese children with repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and compared them with a normal control group using a three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry camera. This cross-sectional study examined 3D measurements of the facial surfaces of 20 Chinese children with repaired UCLP and 40 unaffected Chinese children aged 7 to 12 years old, which were captured using the VECTRA 3D five-pod photosystem and analyzed using Mirror software. Twenty-five variables and two ratios were compared between both groups using independent t-test. Intra- and inter-observer reliability was determined using ten randomly selected images and analyzed using intra-class correlation coefficient test (ICC). The level of significance was set at p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  4. Influence of fresh and thermoxidized carotino oil on cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in erythrocytes from sprague dawley rats
    Mohd Fakharul Zaman Raja Yahyai, Athifah Najwani Shahidan
    Scientific Research Journal, 2012;9(1):63-74.
    MyJurnal
    Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a second messenger molecule involved in the intracellular signalling mechanism which is important in a wide range of cellular process including metabolism, gene expression, cell proliferation and cell death. This study was conducted to determine the effect of fresh (FCC)) and thermoxidized carotino oil (TCO) on erythrocyte cGMP levels from Sprague dawley rats. A total of 30 Sprague dawley rats were randomly segregated into three groups: the first of which was placed on a Fresh Carotino Oil (FCO) diet, the second on a Thermoxidized Carotino Oil (TCO) diet and the control group on commercial rat chow only for a period of 6 and 9 weeks. The two oil diets comprised of 20% (w.10 of each oil mixed with commercial rat,feed. The enzyme immunoassays, performed in week 6, revealed that the erythrocytes cGMP levels for the FCO and TCO groups were 66.198±3.193 pmol/mL and 61.990±6.318 ptnol/mL respectively, and were significantly (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  5. Fulltext Impact of a pharmacist led diabetes mellitus intervention on HbA1c, medication adherence and quality of life: A randomised controlled study
    Butt M, Mhd Ali A, Bakry MM, Mustafa N
    Saudi Pharm J, 2016 Jan;24(1):40-8.
    PMID: 26903767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2015.02.023
    Malaysia is situated in Western Pacific region which bears 36.17% of total diabetes mellitus population. Pharmacist led diabetes interventions have been shown to improve the clinical outcomes amongst diabetes patients in various parts of the world. Despite high prevalence of disease in this region there is a lack of reported intervention outcomes from this region. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a pharmacist led intervention on HbA1c, medication adherence, quality of life and other secondary outcomes amongst type 2 diabetes patients.

    METHOD: Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients (n = 73) attending endocrine clinic at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) were randomised to either control (n = 36) or intervention group (n = 37) after screening. Patients in the intervention group received an intervention from a pharmacist during the enrolment, after three and six months of the enrolment. Outcome measures such as HbA1c, BMI, lipid profile, Morisky scores and quality of life (QoL) scores were assessed at the enrolment and after 6 months of the study in both groups. Patients in the control group did not undergo intervention or educational module other than the standard care at UKMMC.

    RESULTS: HbA1c values reduced significantly from 9.66% to 8.47% (P = 0.001) in the intervention group. However, no significant changes were noted in the control group (9.64-9.26%, P = 0.14). BMI values showed significant reduction in the intervention group (29.34-28.92 kg/m(2); P = 0.03) and lipid profiles were unchanged in both groups. Morisky adherence scores significantly increased from 5.83 to 6.77 (P = 0.02) in the intervention group; however, no significant change was observed in the control group (5.95-5.98, P = 0.85). QoL profiles produced mixed results.

    CONCLUSION: This randomised controlled study provides evidence about favourable impact of a pharmacist led diabetes intervention programme on HbA1c, medication adherence and QoL scores amongst type 2 diabetes patients at UKMMC, Malaysia.

    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  6. Fulltext Effects of graded dose dietary supplementation of Piper betle leaf meal and Persicaria odorata leaf meal on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility, and gut morphology in broilers
    Basit MA, Arifah AK, Loh TC, Saleha AA, Salleh A, Kaka U, et al.
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2020 Jun;27(6):1503-1513.
    PMID: 32489287 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.04.017
    Due to antimicrobial resistance and the public health hazard of antibiotic growth promoters, there is a grave need to find potential alternatives for sustainable poultry production. Piper betle (PB) and Persicaria odorata (PO) are herbs, which have been reported for antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study aimed to estimate the influence of different dose supplementation of Piper betle leaf meal (PBLM) and Persicaria odorata leaf meal (POLM) on growth performance, ileal digestibility and gut morphology of broilers chickens. A total of 210 one day-old broiler chicks were randomly grouped into 7 treatments, and each treatment group has 3 replicates (n = 10) with a total number of 30 chicks. The treatments included T1 control (basal diet (BD) with no supplementation), T2 (BD + 2 g/kg PBLM); T3 (BD + 4 g/kg PBLM), T4 (BD + 8 g/kg PBLM), T5 (BD + 2 g/kg POLM), T6 (BD + 4 g/kg POLM), T7 (BD + 8 g/kg POLM). Growth performance, gut morphology and ileal digestibility were measured. Except for T4 (8 g/kg PBLM), graded dose inclusion of PBLM and POLM increased (P control group. However, least (P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  7. Comparison of the effectiveness of online and face-to-face weight-loss interventations in the workplace: evidence from Malaysia
    Roszanadia Rusali, Zahara Abdul Manaf, Suzana Shahar, Fatin Hanani Mazri, Norhayati Ibrahim, Arimi Fitri Mat Ludin, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:2437-2445.
    A structured weight management programme at a workplace may help in reducing the prevalence of overweight and obesity.
    Therefore, this intervention study was to determine the effectiveness of weight loss programmes including face-to-face,
    online and control group at workplace among employees who are overweight and obese. A total of 108 overweight and
    obese adults were recruited and randomly divided into three groups (face-to-face group (FT), n=38; online group (OG),
    n=31; control group (CG), n=39). In the FT group, the participants took part in health talks, interactive activities and
    counselling; the OG group was given access to an online weight management program and the CG group was provided
    with educational booklets on weight loss. All information given was related to nutrition, physical activity and motivation
    to reduce weight. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage, dietary intake,
    fasting lipid profile and glucose levels were assessed at baseline and 4 months. The FT group showed greater reduction
    in body weight (-5.80 kg) compared to OG (-1.12 kg) and CG (-1.82 kg). Significant interaction effects were found for BMI,
    WC, fasting serum triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio (all p<0.05), with the FT
    group showing the biggest improvements, compared to the other groups. The face-to-face weight management program
    offered in the workplace showed to be the most effective at improving anthropometric profile, fasting serum triglycerides,
    HDL-C, total cholesterol/HDL-C ratio, and dietary intake among overweight and obese employees.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  8. Blue deficiency in patients with diabetes mellitus without retinopathy - its clinical implications
    Kaur S
    Sains Malaysiana, 1996;25(2):41-49.
    This study was conducted for 3 main purposes: 1) to determine if there was blue colour deficiency amongst diabetes mellitus (IDDM and NIDDM) patients without retinopathy, 2) to determine if the Dl5 test could be used to detect any colour vision defects amongst diabetics without retinopathy (all previous workers have used FM 100-Hue), and 3) to assess the performance of diabetics without retinopathy in detecting correct colour changes with the urine strip test. Thirty eight non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and 30 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients without retinopathy participated in this study. A control group of 23 normal subjects were also included in the study. Dl5 colour vision test was performed under daylight conditions. Colour dependent urine glucose test (Glukotest) was also performed on all subjects. The study showed that 47.1% of diabetics (47.4% NIDDM and 46.7% IDDM patients) without retinopathy had a blue colour deficiency. Amongst the diabetics with a blue colour deficiency, 25% of diabetics (22% of NIDDM and 28.6% of IDDM patients) failed to accurately match the strip colour with the comparison chart on the bottle.
    Kajian ini dilakukan untuk 3 tujuan: I) untuk menentukan samada terdapat gangguan penglihatan warna biru dalam pesakit diabetes mellitus (IDDM dan NIDDM) tanpa retinopati, 2) untuk menentukan samada ujian penglihatan warna Dl5 boleh digunakan untuk mengesan defek penglihatan warna dalam pesakit diabetes tanpa retinopati (kesemua kajian terdahulu menggunakan ujian FM 100-Hue). dan 3) untuk menilaikan prestasi pesakit diabetik tanpa retinopati dalam mengesan perubahan warna yang betul dengan menggunakan ujian strip urin. Tiga puluh lapan pesakit dengan non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM) dan 30 pesakit dengan insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM) tanpa retinopati menyertai kajian ini. Kumpulan kawalan mengandungi 23 orang subjek yang normal juga terlibat di dalam kajian ini. Ujian penglihatan warna Dl5 dilakukan di bawah cahaya daylight. Ujian glukos urin berasaskan warna (Glukotest) dilakukan ke atas semua subjek. Kajian menunjukkan 47.1% pesakit diabetes (47.4% pesakit NIDDM dan 46.7% pesakit IDDM) tanpa retinopati mengalami defisiensi warna biru. Dalam kumpulan diabetik dengan defisiensi warna biru, 25% pesakit diabetes (22.2% adalah pesakit NIDDM dan 28.6% adalah pesakit IDDM) gagal untuk memadankan dengan tepat warna strip dengan carta perbandingan warna di atas botol.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  9. Kesan Pemberian Ekstrak Buah Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) ke atas Kualiti Sperma dan Histologi Testis Mencit (Effect of Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) Extract on Sperm Quality and Histology of Testis in Mice)
    Mahanem Mat Noor, Chuay SH
    Sains Malaysiana, 2004;33.
    The mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) plant is a well known medicinal plant. The fruits, leaves and roots of this plant have been widely used in traditional medicine. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an aqueous extract of the M. citrifolia fruits (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight given for a period of 30 days) on sperm quality and histology of testis in mice. Data from this study show that the epididymal sperm count, mortality, motility and sperm morphology in mice given the M. citrifolia fruit extract did not differ from that of the control group. Spermatogenesis was not affected by the treatment. The results obtained here suggest that the aqueous extract of the M. citrifolia fruit (up to 100 mg/kg) did not affect sperm quality and spermatogenesis in mice.
    Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) adalah tumbuhan ubatan yang terkenal. Bahagian buah, daun dan akarnya digunakan secara meluas dalam perubatan tradisional. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menentukan kesan pemberian ekstrak berakua buah M. citrifolia (dos 25mg/kg, 50 mg/kg dan 100 mg/kg berat tubuh mencit selama 30 hari) ke atas kuantiti sperma dan histologi testis mencit. Data daripada kajian ini menunjukkan bilangan sperma epididimis, mortaliti, motiliti dan morfologi sperma mencit kajian tidak berbeza berbanding kumpulan kawalan. Proses spermatogenesis juga tidak terjejas dengan pemberian M. citrifolia. Keputusan kajian ini mencadangkan ekstrak berakua M .citrifolia (sehingga 100 mg/kg) tidak mendatangkan kesan terhadap kualiti sperma dan spermatogenesis mencit.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  10. Kesan In Vivo Ekstrak Daun Centella asiatica ke atas Histologi Testis dan Kualiti Sperma Mencit (In Vivo Effects of Centella asiatica Leaf Extract on the Histology of Testis and Sperm Quality in Mice)
    Mahanem Mat Noor, Norazalia Mohd Ali
    Sains Malaysiana, 2004;33.
    Effect of Centella asiatica aqueous leaf extract was assessed on spermatogenesis and sperm quality in mice. The experiment was conducted by giving three different doses of C. asiatica extract orally; 25mg/kg, 50mg/ kg and 100mg/kg body weight daily for four weeks respectively. Control group was treated with normal saline (0.9% NaCl). Marked decreases in sperm count and motility were found in sperm collected from the cauda epididymis of treated mice. The treatment, however did not affect sperm mortality and morphology. Histologically, signs of inhibition of testicular cells appeared clearly at dose 100mg/kg, when the lumen of seminiferous tubules were only full with spermatocytes and spermatids. The present results show that the plant has antispermatogenic effect in mice. It is therefore, suggested that leaf extracts of C. asiatica possess antifertility activity in male mice.
    Kesan ekstrak berakua daun Centella asiatica telah dikaji ke atas proses spermatogenesis dan kualiti sperma mencit. Kajian dijalankan dengan memberikan tiga dos C. asiatica secara oral masing-masing; 25mg/kg, 50mg/ kg and 100mg/kg berat tubuh mencit setiap hari selama empat minggu. Kumpulan kawalan diberikan larutan salin normal (0.9% NaCl). Pengurangan dalam bilangan dan motiliti sperma yang ketara telah diperhatikan pada semua kumpulan mencit yang diberikan ekstrak C. asiatica. Walau bagaimanapun pemberian ekstrak C. asiatica tidak mendatangkan kesan terhadap mortaliti dan morfologi sperma. Kajian histologi pula menunjukkan terdapat kesan perencatan sel-sel spermatogenik testis pada dos C. asiatica 100mg/kg di mana lumen pada tubul seminiferus hanya dipenuhi dengan sel-sel spermatosit dan spermatid. Hasil kajian menunjukkan tumbuhan ini mempunyai kesan antispermatogenik pada mencit. Oleh itu dicadangkan bahawa ekstrak daun C. asiatica mempunyai aktiviti antikesuburan pada mencit jantan.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  11. Toxicological evaluation of dried kacangma herb (Leonurus sibiricus) in rats
    Chua HP, Aminah Abdullah, Murugaiyah M
    Sains Malaysiana, 2009;38.
    Kacangma (Leonurus sibiricus L.) is a popular traditional herb that has been consumed for decades by the people of Sarawak as a herbal medicine or culinary ingredient. The toxicity of dried kacangma herb on Sprague Dawley male and female rats was evaluated through 90-day sub-chronic studies. The rats were fed kacangma at the rate of 0.5 (low dose), 5 (medium dose) and 25 (high dose) g/kg body weight. The control groups of rats received only the commercial rat pellet. Minor treatment-related effects were observed for body weights, organ weights and the lipid profile parameters and these did not appear to be of toxicological significance. In the sub-chronic toxicity studies, some indications of renal and liver toxicity were evident in the medium and high dose groups when plasma creatinine and liver enzymes were found to be higher when compared with the control and the low dose groups. The hematology study reveals statistically significant mild anemia in rats from the medium and high dose groups as indicated by decreases in hemoglobin, red blood cell count and packed cell volume (hematocrit value). Administration of kacangma herb at medium and high dose was also found to cause adverse effects in histopathological structure of the liver and kidney of both male and female rats. However, low dose group showed no significant differences compared to the control. Therefore, it is considered safe and less chance of developing toxicity if the herb is consumed at the dose of 0.5 g/kg body weight as observed throughout the 90 days period of sub-chronic study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  12. Fulltext Effects of passive joint mobilization on patients with knee osteoarthritis
    Nor Azlin M, Lyn SK
    Sains Malaysiana, 2011;40(12):1461-1465.
    A controlled, single blinded experimental study was conducted to determine the effects of passive joint mobilization on pain and stairs ascending-descending time in subjects with knee osteoarthritis (OA knee). A total of 22 subjects aged 40 and above with mild and moderate OA knee were assigned to either passive knee mobilization plus conventional physiotherapy (experimental group) or conventional physiotherapy alone (control group). Both groups received 2 therapy sessions per week, for 4 weeks. A blinded assessor measured pain with Visual analogue scale and stairs ascending-descending time with Aggregated Locomotor Function test, at baseline and at week 4. There was a significant reduction in pain among subjects in the experimental group (18.07 mm, t = 3.48, p = 0.01) compared to the control group (6.66 mm, t = 0.44, p = 0.67). Non-significant clinical difference was found in stairs ascending-descending time between the two groups (i.e. 6.25s in the experimental group versus 6.78 s in the control group, F(1,10) = 0.70, p = 0.42). No significant correlation was found between pain score and stairs ascending-descending time, r = 0.34, p = 0.16. The addition of passive joint mobilization to conventional physiotherapy reduced pain but not stairs ascending-descending time among subjects with knee osteoarthritis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  13. Effects of autochthonous probiotic feeding on performances, carcass traits, serum composition and faecal microflora of broiler chickens
    Idoui T, Karam N
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:347-353.
    The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of autochthonous Lactobacillus plantarum feeding on growth performance, carcass traits, serum composition and faecal microflora of broiler chickens. The results showed a significant positive effect (p< 0.05) of probiotic on body weight and feed conversion ratio. Coliform counts in the fecal matter of broiler chickens receiving probiotic were lower than the analogous population in control birds (p<0.05). In contrary, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) number increased (p<0.05) in fecal matter of experimental group. At the end of the study, the degree of serum cholesterol reduction resulted in a 20.31% compared to the control group (p<0.05). The experimental group had significantly lower serum triglycerides (p<0.05). It was concluded that autochthonous probiotic improved growth and feed efficiency in broilers chickens and considering the improvements in carcass traits. This probiotic possess the property of reducing cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood and possess a positive effect on the gut microflora.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  14. Toxic effects of Sapium baccatum (Ludai) extract in rats
    Muhammad Taher, Nur Aizura Mat Alewi, Deny S, Zaitunnatakhin Zamli, Norazsida Ramli, Nurulwahida Saad
    Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:1423-1429.
    Sapium baccatum is usually used as a timber in Malaysia. Its medicinal values are not well known and very little research has been conducted concerning the plant. Consequently, this study was conducted to observe toxicity effects of hexane extract of stem bark of S. baccatum. The toxicity effects were assessed through observation of physiological changes of the rats as well as through gross and histological examinations of its livers. The doses for the treated groups were given intraperitoneally for T2, T3 and T4 group which were given 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, control group (T1) was administered with 80% PEG 200 only. The observation period was 14 days. If the rat died, it was dissected and the liver was removed and examined. Some physiological effects observed include ataxia and hind-legs paralysis. The gross observations of the livers, growth of abnormal spots and connective tissues attachment to lobes of the livers were observed. The experiment was followed byhistopathological observation, which indicated the presence of abnormal hepatocytes with a distorted shape and undefined cell linings for T2 group. Results also indicated an increase in the distortion of hepatocytes, presence of massive cytoplasm and necrosis of hepatocytes for T3 and T4 groups. The results suggest that non polar extract of the stem bark of S. baccatum may promote toxic effects to the animals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  15. Piper sarmentosum water extract attenuates diabetic complications in streptozotocin induced sprague-dawley rats
    FARIDA HUSSAN, NUR NAZILAH BT MAT ZIN, MOHD RAMDZI BIN ZULLKEFLI, YOW SC, NOOR ADIBAH BT ABDULLAH, TEOH SL
    Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:1605-1612.
    Piper sarmentosum has been shown to possess antihyperglycemic effect. The effect of water extract of PS leaves was determined on the diabetic complications in streptozotocin induced rats. Eighteen male Sprague Dawley rats (n=18) were randomly divided into three groups with six rats each, namely, control, diabetic untreated and PS treated diabetic groups. Diabetes was induced with intramuscular injection of STZ (50 mg/kg). Ten days following the induction, the diabetes was confirmed with fasting blood sugar level more than 8 mmol/L and PS extract was administered orally (0.125 g/kg) for 28 days. The left kidneys were collected to analyze. The body weight and kidney weight index showed significant differences between control and diabetic groups (p<0.05). However, the lesser extent of body weight gain was observed in diabetic group compared with the control groups. The fasting blood sugar level was reduced in PS treated group. The percent area occupied by the glomerulus over a renal corpuscle was found to be 74.5% in DPS, 72% in DNT and 75% in C group; however it was statistically insignificant. Histological study revealed marked inflammatory cells infiltration and glomeruli contraction with widened urinary spaces revealed in DNT group following 28 days of hyperglycemic state whereas the DPS group showed features of improvement. The water extract of PS leaves has the potential preventive effect on the diabetic nephropathy by reducing hyperglycemia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  16. Genotoxic effect of zinc and cadmium following single and binary mixture exposures in tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) using micronucleus test
    Abu Bakar S, Ashriya A, Shuib A, Razak S
    Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:1053-1059.
    The aim of this study was to investigate the genotoxicity effect of Cd and Zn and their binary mixtures in tilapia fish Oreochromis niloticus using the micronucleus test. Two cytogenetic end points were considered; the frequencies of micronucleated cells and nuclear abnormalities. Fishes were exposed to 4.63 mg/L Cd, 7.50 mg/L Zn and 4.63 mg/L Cd + 7.50 mg/L Zn mixture for the period of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The results showed that the frequencies of micronuclei and nuclear abnormalities in the erythrocyte were significantly increased in all groups of treatments when compared with the control group (0 exposures). In addition, the highest frequencies of micronucleated and nuclear abnormalities were obtained after 48 h exposure in almost all cases (except in the mixture of Cd+Zn) and decreased after 72 and 96 h exposure. Frequencies of micronuclei and erythrocytes with nuclear abnormalities exposed to a mixture of Cd+Zn in O. niloticus were always lower at all-time points (after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h) than that of a single Cd and Zn exposure. Therefore, the study demonstrated that the genotoxic potential of these metal compounds and the simultaneous treatment of Cd and Zn suggest the presence of antagonistic interactions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  17. Effect of guided imagery on depression in male inmates
    Endeh Nurgiwiati, Mamat Rahmat
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:1467-1471.
    The study was a Quasi experimental two group pre-and post- experimental design. It involved 32 samples at both experimental and control groups. This research was conducted to examine the effect of Guided Imagery on depression among male inmates. Subjects in the experimental group were asked to practice Guided Imagery in group for 10 sessions three times a week over 4 weeks of treatment period. Subjects from the control group participated in daily activities. Due to ethical consideration, following the completion of this study, however, the subjects in the control group were given Guided Imagery exercises as to reduce their depression signs and symptoms. The data were collected from the prisoners at Correctional Institution Sukamiskin Bandung Indonesia, from August to September 2014. Guided Imagery demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in depression (p=0.041) on the experimental group compared with the control group. Guided Imagery is a powerful, simple and economic intervention to reduce depression symptoms. The study found that the experimental group experience less depression than the control group. This study can be applied to other correctional institutions to reduce depression among prison inmates. Further studies are recommended to explore the effectiveness of guided imagery on depression among male inmates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  18. Fertility suppression in male sprague-dawley rats by administration of methanolic extract of hempedu bumi (Andrographis paniculata)
    Mahanem M, Dayang Nurul Fatihah
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:1249-1255.
    The recent expanding rat population is causing severe economic losses and diseases in human. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the antifertility effects of Andrographis paniculata (AP) methanol extract on the weight of testis, sexual behaviour, fertility, sperm quality and serum testosterone level in treated male rats compared with control rats. A total of 21 adult male rats Sprague-Dawley aged 12 weeks were divided into three groups; control group (distilled water), low dose group (800 mg/kg) and high dose group (1600 mg/kg) of AP methanol extracts given orally for 24 days. Body and testis weight, sexual behaviour test, fertility test, sperm quality and serum testosterone level were measured. Oral administration of AP methanol extract showed a significant decrease in testis weight, number of mountings, number of fetuses, sperm count, sperm motility and serum testosterone levels for all treatment group as compared with the control group, whereas mortality showed a significant increase. Observation on testis histology of treatment group exhibited features of degeneration in Sertoli cells and germinal cells in the seminiferous tubules, followed by the shrinkage of Leydig cells as compared with the control group, which showed characteristics of normal spermatogenesis. In conclusion, AP methanol extract exhibited antifertility effects in male rats, suggesting that AP is a potential herb to be applied as rodenticide.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  19. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of immune cells in Oral Mucosal Lichen Planus (OMLP)
    Sinon S, Rich A, Firth N, Seymour G
    Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:65-71.
    Cell mediated immunity is currently thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of oral mucosal lichen planus (OMLP). However, literature reveals there is no large scale data of immunohistochemistry (IHC) study on these immune cell populations. The aim of this study was to assess and compare immune cell surface identification markers CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19 and CD83 between the OMLP (n=40) and non-specific inflammatory lesions (as control group) (n=10) qualitatively and quantitatively. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests have been used to make comparison between the test and control group, p values of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. T cell surface markers (CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+), B cells (CD19+) and mature dendritic cells (CD83+) showed intense immunostaining in OMLP tissues with a significantly higher expression of positive cells than in the control group (p<0.05). CD3, CD4 and CD8+ve T cells were the predominant inflammatory cell type in OMLP rather than CD19+ B cells, supporting the role of Th1 cells in the pathogenesis of OMLP. CD83+ mature dendritic cells were present in the least number and were mostly localized to areas where there were aggregates of lymphocyte. There was a positive correlation and direct relationship between T and B lymphocyte subsets whereby as one subset increased, the other follows.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
  20. Ameliorative Effect of palm oil tocotrienol rich fraction on brain oxidative stress in Fenitrothion-administered rats
    Siti Balkis Budin, Izatus Shima Taib, Putri Ayu Jayusman, Hui HC, Ramalingam A, Ahmad Rohi Ghazali, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:1031-1036.
    Fenitrothion (FNT) usage has received much attention for its potential to promote free radicals generation and interfere with antioxidant defense system. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of palm oil tocotrienol rich fraction (TRF) supplementation on oxidative stress and histological changes in rat brain induced by FNT. A total of 32 male Sprague Dawley rats divided into four groups: control group which received corn oil; TRF group was received palm oil TRF (200 mg/kg bw); FNT group administered with FNT (20 mg/kg bw) and TRF+FNT group pretreated with palm oil TRF (200 mg/kg bw) 30 min prior to administration of FNT (20 mg/kg bw). FNT and TRF were dissolved in corn oil and all supplementations were given by oral gavage once daily for 28 days. After four weeks of supplementation, TRF+FNT rats had significantly lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity but higher reduced glutathione (GSH) level and total protein level compared to FNT rats (p<0.05). However, protein carbonyl (PC) level was insignificantly lower for TRF+FNT group compared to FNT group. In conclusion, this study suggested that palm oil TRF was effective in preventing brain damage in rats.
    Matched MeSH terms: Control Groups
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