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Changes in emotional distress, short term memory, and sustained attention following 6 and 12 sessions of progressive muscle relaxation training in 10-11 years old primary school children

Hashim HA, Zainol NA

Psychol Health Med, 2015;20(5):623-8.
PMID: 25603900 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2014.1002851

This study compared the effects of 6 and 12 sessions of relaxation training on emotional distress, short-term memory, and sustained attention in primary school children.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Short-Term/physiology*
Does exercise habit strength moderate the relationship between emotional distress and short-term memory in Malaysian primary school children?

Zainol NA, Hashim HA

Psychol Health Med, 2015;20(4):495-502.
PMID: 25196807 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2014.955034

We examined the moderating effects of exercise habit strength on the relationship between emotional distress and short-term memory in primary school children.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Short-Term*
Fulltext The effects of age on the strategic use of pitch accents in memory for discourse: a processing-resource account

Fraundorf SH, Watson DG, Benjamin AS

Psychol Aging, 2012 Mar;27(1):88-98.
PMID: 21639646 DOI: 10.1037/a0024138

In two experiments, we investigated age-related changes in how prosodic pitch accents affect memory. Participants listened to recorded discourses that contained two contrasts between pairs of items (e.g., one story contrasted British scientists with French scientists and Malaysia with Indonesia). The end of each discourse referred to one item from each pair; these references received a pitch accent that either denoted contrast (L + H* in the ToBI system) or did not (H*). A contrastive accent on a particular pair improved later recognition memory equally for young and older adults. However, older adults showed decreased memory if the other pair received a contrastive accent (Experiment 1). Young adults with low working memory performance also showed this penalty (Experiment 2). These results suggest that pitch accents guide processing resources to important information for both older and younger adults but diminish memory for less important information in groups with reduced resources, including older adults.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory/physiology*
Eye movements of recent and remote autobiographical memories: fewer and longer lasting fixations during the retrieval of childhood memories

El Haj M, Boutoleau-Bretonnière C, Janssen SMJ

Psychol Res, 2021 Sep;85(6):2466-2473.
PMID: 32862309 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01403-3

There is an increased interest in the study of eye movements during the retrieval of autobiographical memories. Following this trend, the aim of the current study was to evaluate eye movements during the retrieval of remote and recent autobiographical memories. We instructed 71 participants to retrieve memories of personal events from early childhood (6-10 years), late childhood/early adolescence (11-14 years), late adolescence (15-18 years), and the last month. During the retrieval of these memories, participants wore eye-tracking glasses. Analyses showed that early childhood memories triggered fewer fixations and fixations with longer durations than memories from the last month. However, no significant differences were observed for the number of saccades, saccade durations, or total amplitude of the saccades. The fewer and longer lasting fixations during the retrieval of early childhood memories can be attributed either to the visual system reconstructing remote memories from an observer perspective or to difficulties when reconstructing remote memories.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Long-Term; Memory, Episodic*
Introduction to the Cognitive Abilities Account for the Reminiscence Bump in the Temporal Distribution of Autobiographical Memory

Janssen SMJ

Psychol Rep, 2020 Feb;123(1):12-42.
PMID: 31039675 DOI: 10.1177/0033294119843221
Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Episodic*
Greater Cognitive Effort for Better Learning: Tailoring an Instructional Design for Learners with Different Levels of Knowledge and Motivation

Kuldas S, Satyen L, Ismail HN, Hashim S

Psychol Belg, 2014 Aug 08;54(4):350-373.
PMID: 30479408 DOI: 10.5334/pb.aw

The capacity limitation of working memory is a widely recognised determinant of human learning. A cognitive load exceeding the capacity hampers learning. Cognitive load can be controlled by tailoring an instructional design to levels of learner prior knowledge. However, such as design does not necessarily motivate to use the available capacity for better learning. The present review examines literatures on the effects of instructional design, motivation, emotional state, and expertise level on cognitive load and cognitive effort, which ultimately affect working memory performance and learning. This examination suggests further studies on the effects of motivation and negative emotional states on the use of working memory. Prospective findings would help better explain and predict individual differences in the use of working memory for cognitive learning and task performance.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Short-Term
Effect of semantic coherence on episodic memory processes in schizophrenia

Battal Merlet L, Morel S, Blanchet A, Lockman H, Kostova M

Psychiatry Res, 2014 Dec 30;220(3):752-9.
PMID: 25240943 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.034

Schizophrenia is associated with severe episodic retrieval impairment. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility that schizophrenia patients could improve their familiarity and/or recollection processes by manipulating the semantic coherence of to-be-learned stimuli and using deep encoding. Twelve schizophrenia patients and 12 healthy controls of comparable age, gender, and educational level undertook an associative recognition memory task. The stimuli consisted of pairs of words that were either related or unrelated to a given semantic category. The process dissociation procedure was used to calculate the estimates of familiarity and recollection processes. Both groups showed enhanced memory performances for semantically related words. However, in healthy controls, semantic relatedness led to enhanced recollection, while in schizophrenia patients, it induced enhanced familiarity. The familiarity estimates for related words were comparable in both groups, indicating that familiarity could be used as a compensatory mechanism in schizophrenia patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Episodic*
Fulltext Motor dexterity and strength depend upon integrity of the attention-control system

Rinne P, Hassan M, Fernandes C, Han E, Hennessy E, Waldman A, et al.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2018 01 16;115(3):E536-E545.
PMID: 29284747 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715617115

Attention control (or executive control) is a higher cognitive function involved in response selection and inhibition, through close interactions with the motor system. Here, we tested whether influences of attention control are also seen on lower level motor functions of dexterity and strength-by examining relationships between attention control and motor performance in healthy-aged and hemiparetic-stroke subjects (n = 93 and 167, respectively). Subjects undertook simple-tracking, precision-hold, and maximum force-generation tasks, with each hand. Performance across all tasks correlated strongly with attention control (measured as distractor resistance), independently of factors such as baseline performance, hand use, lesion size, mood, fatigue, or whether distraction was tested during motor or nonmotor cognitive tasks. Critically, asymmetric dissociations occurred in all tasks, in that severe motor impairment coexisted with normal (or impaired) attention control whereas normal motor performance was never associated with impaired attention control (below a task-dependent threshold). This implies that dexterity and force generation require intact attention control. Subsequently, we examined how motor and attention-control performance mapped to lesion location and cerebral functional connectivity. One component of motor performance (common to both arms), as well as attention control, correlated with the anatomical and functional integrity of a cingulo-opercular "salience" network. Independently of this, motor performance difference between arms correlated negatively with the integrity of the primary sensorimotor network and corticospinal tract. These results suggest that the salience network, and its attention-control function, are necessary for virtually all volitional motor acts while its damage contributes significantly to the cardinal motor deficits of stroke.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory/physiology
Fulltext Ginseng and Ginkgo Biloba Effects on Cognition as Modulated by Cardiovascular Reactivity: A Randomised Trial

Ong Lai Teik D, Lee XS, Lim CJ, Low CM, Muslima M, Aquili L

PLoS One, 2016;11(3):e0150447.
PMID: 26938637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150447

BACKGROUND: There is some evidence to suggest that ginseng and Ginkgo biloba can improve cognitive performance, however, very little is known about the mechanisms associated with such improvement. Here, we tested whether cardiovascular reactivity to a task is associated with cognitive improvement.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using a double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover design, participants (N = 24) received two doses of Panax Ginseng (500, 1000 mg) or Ginkgo Biloba (120, 240 mg) (N = 24), and underwent a series of cognitive tests while systolic, diastolic, and heart rate readings were taken. Ginkgo Biloba improved aspects of executive functioning (Stroop and Berg tasks) in females but not in males. Ginseng had no effect on cognition. Ginkgo biloba in females reversed the initial (i.e. placebo) increase in cardiovascular reactivity (systolic and diastolic readings increased compared to baseline) to cognitive tasks. This effect (reversal) was most notable after those tasks (Stroop and Iowa) that elicited the greatest cardiovascular reactivity during placebo. In males, although ginkgo also decreased cardiovascular readings, it did so from an initial (placebo) blunted response (i.e. decrease or no change from baseline) to cognitive tasks. Ginseng, on the contrary, increased cardiovascular readings compared to placebo.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These results suggest that cardiovascular reactivity may be a mechanism by which ginkgo but not ginseng, in females is associated with certain forms of cognitive improvement.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02386852.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Short-Term/drug effects
Fulltext Obesity and unhealthy lifestyle associated with poor executive function among Malaysian adolescents

Tee JYH, Gan WY, Tan KA, Chin YS

PLoS One, 2018;13(4):e0195934.
PMID: 29664932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195934

The understanding on the roles of obesity and lifestyle behaviors in predicting executive function of adolescents has been limited. Low executive function proficiency may have adverse effects on adolescents' school academic performance. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationship between BMI-for-age and multiple lifestyle behaviors (operationalized as meal consumption, physical activity, and sleep quality) with executive function (operationalized as inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) on a sample of Malaysian adolescents aged between 12 and 16 years (N = 513). Participants were recruited from two randomly selected schools in the state of Selangor in Malaysia. Using a self-administered questionnaire, parent participants provided information concerning their sociodemographic data, whereas adolescent participants provided information regarding their meal consumptions, physical activity, and sleep quality. The modified Harvard step test was used to assess adolescents' aerobic fitness, while Stroop color-word, digit span, and trail-making tests were used to assess adolescents' inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, respectively. Three separate hierarchical regression analyses were conducted for each outcome namely, inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. After adjusted for sociodemographic factors and BMI-for-age, differential predictors of inhibition and working memory were found. Habitual sleep efficiency significantly and positively predicted inhibition. Regular dinner intakes, physical activity levels, and sleep quality significantly and positively predicted working memory. Household income emerged as a consistent predictor for all executive function domains. In conclusion, an increased trend of obesity and unhealthy lifestyles among adolescents were found to be associated with poorer executive function. Regular dinner intakes, higher physical activity levels and better sleep quality predicted better executive function despite the inverse relationship between obesity and executive function. Future studies may explore how lifestyle modifications can optimize the development of executive function in adolescents as well as relieve the burden of obesity.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Short-Term
Fulltext Mobile phones: The effect of its presence on learning and memory

Tanil CT, Yong MH

PLoS One, 2020;15(8):e0219233.
PMID: 32790667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219233

Our aim was to examine the effect of a smartphone's presence on learning and memory among undergraduates. A total of 119 undergraduates completed a memory task and the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). As predicted, those without smartphones had higher recall accuracy compared to those with smartphones. Results showed a significant negative relationship between phone conscious thought, "how often did you think about your phone", and memory recall but not for SAS and memory recall. Phone conscious thought significantly predicted memory accuracy. We found that the presence of a smartphone and high phone conscious thought affects one's memory learning and recall, indicating the negative effect of a smartphone proximity to our learning and memory.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory
Fulltext An improved memory-based collaborative filtering method based on the TOPSIS technique

Al-Bashiri H, Abdulgabber MA, Romli A, Kahtan H

PLoS One, 2018;13(10):e0204434.
PMID: 30286123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204434

This paper describes an approach for improving the accuracy of memory-based collaborative filtering, based on the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method. Recommender systems are used to filter the huge amount of data available online based on user-defined preferences. Collaborative filtering (CF) is a commonly used recommendation approach that generates recommendations based on correlations among user preferences. Although several enhancements have increased the accuracy of memory-based CF through the development of improved similarity measures for finding successful neighbors, there has been less investigation into prediction score methods, in which rating/preference scores are assigned to items that have not yet been selected by a user. A TOPSIS solution for evaluating multiple alternatives based on more than one criterion is proposed as an alternative to prediction score methods for evaluating and ranking items based on the results from similar users. The recommendation accuracy of the proposed TOPSIS technique is evaluated by applying it to various common CF baseline methods, which are then used to analyze the MovieLens 100K and 1M benchmark datasets. The results show that CF based on the TOPSIS method is more accurate than baseline CF methods across a number of common evaluation metrics.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory
Fulltext Understanding the reminiscence bump: A systematic review

Munawar K, Kuhn SK, Haque S

PLoS One, 2018;13(12):e0208595.
PMID: 30533033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208595

One of the most consistently observed phenomena in autobiographical memory research is the reminiscence bump: a tendency for middle-aged and elderly people to access more personal memories from approximately 10-30 years of age. This systematic review (PROSPERO 2017:CRD42017076695) aimed to synthesize peer-reviewed literature pertaining to the reminiscence bump. The researchers conducted searches in nine databases for studies published between the date of inception of each database and the year 2017. Keywords used included: reminiscence, bump, peak, surge, blip, reminiscence effect, and reminiscence component. Sixty-eight quantitative studies, out of 523, met the inclusion criteria. The researchers implemented a thematic analytic technique for data extraction. Four main themes were generated: methods of memory activation/instruction for life scripts, types of memory/life scripts recalled, location of the reminiscence bump, and theoretical accounts for the bump. The two prevailing methods of memory activation implemented were the cuing method and important memories method. Three types of memories/life scripts were recalled: personal/autobiographical memory, memories for public events, and life script events. The findings illustrate differing temporal periods for the bump: approximately 10-30 years for memories for important events, approximately 5-30 years for memories that were induced by word cues, and 6-39 years for studies using life scripts. In explaining the bump, the narrative/identity account and cultural life script account received the most support.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Episodic*
Fulltext Fake news stance detection using selective features and FakeNET

Aljrees T, Cheng X, Ahmed MM, Umer M, Majeed R, Alnowaiser K, et al.

PLoS One, 2023;18(7):e0287298.
PMID: 37523404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287298

The proliferation of fake news has severe effects on society and individuals on multiple fronts. With fast-paced online content generation, has come the challenging problem of fake news content. Consequently, automated systems to make a timely judgment of fake news have become the need of the hour. The performance of such systems heavily relies on feature engineering and requires an appropriate feature set to increase performance and robustness. In this context, this study employs two methods for reducing the number of feature dimensions including Chi-square and principal component analysis (PCA). These methods are employed with a hybrid neural network architecture of convolutional neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM) model called FakeNET. The use of PCA and Chi-square aims at utilizing appropriate feature vectors for better performance and lower computational complexity. A multi-class dataset is used comprising 'agree', 'disagree', 'discuss', and 'unrelated' classes obtained from the Fake News Challenges (FNC) website. Further contextual features for identifying bogus news are obtained through PCA and Chi-Square, which are given nonlinear characteristics. The purpose of this study is to locate the article's perspective concerning the headline. The proposed approach yields gains of 0.04 in accuracy and 0.20 in the F1 score, respectively. As per the experimental results, PCA achieves a higher accuracy of 0.978 than both Chi-square and state-of-the-art approaches.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Long-Term
Fulltext Monkeypox genome mutation analysis using a timeseries model based on long short-term memory

Pathan RK, Uddin MA, Paul AM, Uddin MI, Hamd ZY, Aljuaid H, et al.

PLoS One, 2023;18(8):e0290045.
PMID: 37611023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290045

Monkeypox is a double-stranded DNA virus with an envelope and is a member of the Poxviridae family's Orthopoxvirus genus. This virus can transmit from human to human through direct contact with respiratory secretions, infected animals and humans, or contaminated objects and causing mutations in the human body. In May 2022, several monkeypox affected cases were found in many countries. Because of its transmitting characteristics, on July 23, 2022, a nationwide public health emergency was proclaimed by WHO due to the monkeypox virus. This study analyzed the gene mutation rate that is collected from the most recent NCBI monkeypox dataset. The collected data is prepared to independently identify the nucleotide and codon mutation. Additionally, depending on the size and availability of the gene dataset, the computed mutation rate is split into three categories: Canada, Germany, and the rest of the world. In this study, the genome mutation rate of the monkeypox virus is predicted using a deep learning-based Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model and compared with Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) model. The LSTM model shows "Root Mean Square Error" (RMSE) values of 0.09 and 0.08 for testing and training, respectively. Using this time series analysis method, the prospective mutation rate of the 50th patient has been predicted. Note that this is a new report on the monkeypox gene mutation. It is found that the nucleotide mutation rates are decreasing, and the balance between bi-directional rates are maintained.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Short-Term
Fulltext Leveraging transfer learning with deep learning for crime prediction

Butt UM, Letchmunan S, Hassan FH, Koh TW

PLoS One, 2024;19(4):e0296486.
PMID: 38630687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296486

Crime remains a crucial concern regarding ensuring a safe and secure environment for the public. Numerous efforts have been made to predict crime, emphasizing the importance of employing deep learning approaches for precise predictions. However, sufficient crime data and resources for training state-of-the-art deep learning-based crime prediction systems pose a challenge. To address this issue, this study adopts the transfer learning paradigm. Moreover, this study fine-tunes state-of-the-art statistical and deep learning methods, including Simple Moving Averages (SMA), Weighted Moving Averages (WMA), Exponential Moving Averages (EMA), Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), Bi-directional Long Short Term Memory (BiLSTMs), and Convolutional Neural Networks and Long Short Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) for crime prediction. Primarily, this study proposed a BiLSTM based transfer learning architecture due to its high accuracy in predicting weekly and monthly crime trends. The transfer learning paradigm leverages the fine-tuned BiLSTM model to transfer crime knowledge from one neighbourhood to another. The proposed method is evaluated on Chicago, New York, and Lahore crime datasets. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority of transfer learning with BiLSTM, achieving low error values and reduced execution time. These prediction results can significantly enhance the efficiency of law enforcement agencies in controlling and preventing crime.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Long-Term
Lipopolysaccharide-induced memory impairment in rats: a model of Alzheimer's disease

Zakaria R, Wan Yaacob WM, Othman Z, Long I, Ahmad AH, Al-Rahbi B

Physiol Res, 2017 09 22;66(4):553-565.
PMID: 28406691

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a primary cause of dementia in the middle-aged and elderly worldwide. Animal models for AD are widely used to study the disease mechanisms as well as to test potential therapeutic agents for disease modification. Among the non-genetically manipulated neuroinflammation models for AD, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced animal model is commonly used. This review paper aims to discuss the possible factors that influence rats' response following LPS injection. Factors such as dose of LPS, route of administration, nature and duration of exposure as well as age and gender of animal used should be taken into account when designing a study using LPS-induced memory impairment as model for AD.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory Disorders/chemically induced*; Memory Disorders/metabolism*; Memory Disorders/pathology
Fulltext Preliminary Study of Memory Enhancement of USIM Students with Internet Addiction Disorder by the Effect of Quran Therapy in Terms of EEG Power Spectra

Saleh, N. N., Tamam, S.

Physics and Technology in Medicine, 2020;1(1):45-51.
MyJurnal

The advancement of internet nowadays have drives the university students place great reliance on the internet for almost all matter. However, if the internet is heavily used, it may have a detrimental effect which could contribute to an Internet Addiction Disorders (IAD) among university students. IAD could create problem in developing relationships like normal people and appear to have low quality of memory. Thus, this is definitely not good to students. Knowing that by listening to Quran verse has a potential to improve the memory, hence this study is carried out. The study utilized a brain-computer interface Emotiv EPOC+, multichannel electroencephalography (EEG) detection during dual N-back tasks (spatial and verbal) where subjects were given with load level from 2-back to 3-back. Five (5) out of two hundred (200) participants of USIM’s students (20-23 years old) were recruited to continue with the brain scan experiment after getting a high score which indicated their severe level of addiction in a screening addiction test, Young’s Internet Addiction Test. Subjects were administered with a pre‐ and post‐tests to analyze and evaluate the effects of implementing Quran listening in their dailies for two months. The behavioral assessment exhibited accuracy increment between pre- and post- tests by 13.4% from 9.4%. While the EEG power value showed there were significant differences (p=0.002) in brainwaves between the pre- and the post- tests for 2 back; as the dominant brainwave found at the frontal and prefrontal cortex for delta and theta bands. The research revealed that the theta power band presented as the most dominant brain wave associated with N-back task for the enhancement of working memory which influence by the listening to Surah in Al-Quran.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Short-Term
Fulltext Effects of Stochastic Facilitation in Healthy Subjects with Different Auditory Working Memory Capacity

Othman, E. A., Mohamad, M., Abdul Manan, H., Yusoff, A. N.

Physics and Technology in Medicine, 2020;1(2):27-31.
MyJurnal

This study investigated the effects of stochastic facilitation in healthy subjects with normal and low auditory working memory capacity (AWMC). Forty healthy volunteers were recruited in this study. They performed a backward recall task (BRT) in quiet and under four white noise intensity levels: 45, 50, 55, and 60 dB. Brain activations during the task were measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The behavioral performance in both groups increased significantly in 50 and 55 dB white noise. The normal AWMC group (mean score = 48.70) demonstrated higher activation in the superior temporal gyrus and prefrontal cortex than the low AWMC group (mean score = 30.85). However, comparisons in the brain activation between groups for all noise levels were not statistically different. The results support previous findings that stochastic facilitation enhances cognitive performance in healthy individuals. The results also proposed that brain activity among healthy subjects is more or less similar, at least in the context of auditory working memory. These findings indicated that there were no differential effects of stochastic facilitation in healthy subjects with different AWMC.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory, Short-Term
Modulation of LOX and COX pathways via inhibition of amyloidogenesis contributes to mitoprotection against β-amyloid oligomer-induced toxicity in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease in rats

Kalra J, Kumar P, Majeed AB, Prakash A

Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 2016 Jul-Aug;146-147:1-12.
PMID: 27106205 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.04.002

Several lines of evidence indicate that beta amyloid (β-A) production, neurofibrillary tangles and neuroinflammation are interrelated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is associated with enhanced β-A production and accumulation resulting in neuroinflammation probably via activation of lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the role of LOX and COX inhibitors (zafirlukast and valdecoxib) in amyloidogenesis in β-A1-42 oligomer induced experimental AD in rats. The behavioral activities were assessed using actophotometer, novel object recognition test (ORT), Morris water maze (MWM) followed by biochemical assessments, determination of proinflammatory cytokines and mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β and PGE2), β-A1-42 levels and histopathological analysis. ICV administration of β-A1-42 oligomer produced significant impairment in memory consolidation. In addition to this significant increase in mito-oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory markers, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) toxicity, β-A1-42 level, neuronal cell death and neuroinflammation are more profound in β-A1-42 oligomer treated AD rats. Administration of zafirlukast (15 and 30mg/kg), and valdecoxib (5 and 10mg/kg) significantly improved the behavioral performances and showed significant reversal of mito-oxidative damage declining the neuroinflammation in β-A1-42 oligomer treated rats. Furthermore, more profound effects were observed at the sub-therapeutic dose combination of zafirlukast (15mg/kg) and valdecoxib (5mg/kg). The results of the present study indicate that protective effects of zafirlukast and valdecoxib are achieved through the blockade of release of LOX and COX metabolites therefore, representing a new therapeutic target for treating AD and other neurodegenerative disorders.

Matched MeSH terms: Memory/drug effects

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