Displaying publications 61 - 80 of 353 in total

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  1. Seasonal Fluctuations of Astrovirus, But Not Coronavirus Shedding in Bats Inhabiting Human-Modified Tropical Forests
    Seltmann A, Corman VM, Rasche A, Drosten C, Czirják GÁ, Bernard H, et al.
    Ecohealth, 2017 06;14(2):272-284.
    PMID: 28500421 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1245-x
    Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are considered a major threat to global health. Most EIDs appear to result from increased contact between wildlife and humans, especially when humans encroach into formerly pristine habitats. Habitat deterioration may also negatively affect the physiology and health of wildlife species, which may eventually lead to a higher susceptibility to infectious agents and/or increased shedding of the pathogens causing EIDs. Bats are known to host viruses closely related to important EIDs. Here, we tested in a paleotropical forest with ongoing logging and fragmentation, whether habitat disturbance influences the occurrence of astro- and coronaviruses in eight bat species. In contrast to our hypothesis, anthropogenic habitat disturbance was not associated with corona- and astrovirus detection rates in fecal samples. However, we found that bats infected with either astro- or coronaviruses were likely to be coinfected with the respective other virus. Additionally, we identified two more risk factors influencing astrovirus shedding. First, the detection rate of astroviruses was higher at the beginning of the rainy compared to the dry season. Second, there was a trend that individuals with a poor body condition had a higher probability of shedding astroviruses in their feces. The identification of risk factors for increased viral shedding that may potentially result in increased interspecies transmission is important to prevent viral spillovers from bats to other animals, including humans.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronavirus*
  2. Fulltext Use of statins in patients with COVID-19
    Kow CS, Hasan SS
    QJM, 2020 08 01;113(8):604-605.
    PMID: 32415971 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa172
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronavirus Infections*
  3. Fulltext The moral responsibility of governments and individuals in the context of the coronavirus pandemic
    Nihlén Fahlquist J
    Scand J Public Health, 2021 Nov;49(7):815-820.
    PMID: 33550931 DOI: 10.1177/1403494821990250
    AIM: Not only is the coronavirus pandemic about science and facts, it also raises a number of ethical questions. Some of the most important questions in this context are related to responsibility. First, what is a government's primary responsibility? Second, how should both the government and individuals consider personal moral responsibility in this context?

    METHOD: This paper uses conceptual and normative analysis to address responsibility in the context of the pandemic. The paper also refers to reports published by the German Ethics Council, the Malaysian Bioethics Community and the Swedish National Council on Medical Ethics.

    RESULTS: The primary responsibility of governments is to create a balance between individual values and rights, one hand, and the health of the population, on the other. There are good reasons to conceive of individual responsibility as a virtue, having to do with the development of crucial character traits and habits. The responsibility of governments is connected to individual responsibility through the values of trust and solidarity.

    CONCLUSIONS: Governments need to communicate clearly (a) how they balance conflicts between collective health and individual rights and values and (b) what the chosen strategy entails in terms of collective and individual responsibility. Success requires attention to ethical values from all involved. Individuals will need to develop new character traits to help manage this pandemic and to prevent new ones. Governments must facilitate the development of such character traits by building trust and solidarity with and among citizens.

    Matched MeSH terms: Coronavirus*
  4. Fulltext Glucocorticoid versus immunoglobulin in the treatment of COVID-19-associated fulminant myocarditis
    Kow CS, Hasan SS
    Infection, 2020 10;48(5):805-806.
    PMID: 32388676 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01441-4
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronavirus Infections*
  5. Fulltext Development of virus-like particles-based vaccines against coronaviruses
    Yong CY, Liew WPP, Ong HK, Poh CL
    Biotechnol Prog, 2022 Nov;38(6):e3292.
    PMID: 35932092 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3292
    Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are the most impactful coronaviruses in human history, especially the latter, which brings revolutionary changes to human vaccinology. Due to its high infectivity, the virus spreads rapidly throughout the world and was declared a pandemic in March 2020. A vaccine would normally take more than 10 years to be developed. As such, there is no vaccine available for SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Currently, 10 vaccines have been approved for emergency use by World Health Organization (WHO) against SARS-CoV-2. Virus-like particle (VLP)s are nanoparticles resembling the native virus but devoid of the viral genome. Due to their self-adjuvanting properties, VLPs have been explored extensively for vaccine development. However, none of the approved vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 was based on VLP and only 4% of the vaccine candidates in clinical trials were based on VLPs. In the current review, we focused on discussing the major advances in the development of VLP-based vaccine candidates against the SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, including those in clinical and pre-clinical studies, to give a comprehensive overview of the VLP-based vaccines against the coronaviruses.
    Matched MeSH terms: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus*
  6. Safety and immunogenicity of a prefusion non-stabilized spike protein mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: a phase I trial
    Gatechompol S, Kittanamongkolchai W, Ketloy C, Prompetchara E, Thitithanyanont A, Jongkaewwattana A, et al.
    Nat Microbiol, 2022 Dec;7(12):1987-1995.
    PMID: 36376393 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01271-0
    Effective mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are available but need to be stored in freezers, limiting their use to countries that have appropriate storage capacity. ChulaCov19 is a prefusion non-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein-encoding, nucleoside-modified mRNA, lipid nanoparticle encapsulated vaccine that we report to be stable when stored at 2-8 °C for up to 3 months. Here we report safety and immunogenicity data from a phase I open-label, dose escalation, first-in-human trial of the ChulaCov19 vaccine (NCT04566276). Seventy-two eligible volunteers, 36 of whom were aged 18-55 (adults) and 36 aged 56-75 (elderly), were enroled. Two doses of vaccine were administered 21 d apart at 10, 25 or 50 μg per dose (12 per group). The primary outcome was safety and the secondary outcome was immunogenicity. All three dosages of ChulaCov19 were well tolerated and elicited robust dose-dependent and age-dependent B- and T-cell responses. Transient mild/moderate injection site pain, fever, chills, fatigue and headache were more common after the second dose. Four weeks after the second dose, in the adult cohort, MicroVNT-50 geometric mean titre against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 was 848 (95% CI, 483-1,489), 736 (459-1,183) and 1,140 (854-1,522) IU ml-1 at 10, 25 and 50 μg doses, respectively, versus 285 (196-413) IU ml-1 for human convalescent sera. All dose levels elicited 100% seroconversion, with geometric mean titre ratios 4-8-fold higher than for human convalescent sera (P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
  7. Fulltext Whole genome sequence analysis showing unique SARS-CoV-2 lineages of B.1.524 and AU.2 in Malaysia
    Zainulabid UA, Mat Yassim AS, Hussain M, Aslam A, Soffian SN, Mohd Ibrahim MS, et al.
    PLoS One, 2022;17(2):e0263678.
    PMID: 35213571 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263678
    SARS-CoV-2 has spread throughout the world since its discovery in China, and Malaysia is no exception. WGS has been a crucial approach in studying the evolution and genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 in the ongoing pandemic. Despite considerable number of SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences have been submitted to GISAID and NCBI databases, there is still scarcity of data from Malaysia. This study aims to report new Malaysian lineages of the virus, responsible for the sustained spikes in COVID-19 cases during the third wave of the pandemic. Patients with nasopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal swabs confirmed COVID-19 positive by real-time RT-PCR with CT value < 25 were chosen for WGS. The selected SARS-CoV-2 isolates were then sequenced, characterized and analyzed along with 986 sequences of the dominant lineages of D614G variants currently circulating throughout Malaysia. The prevalence of clade GH and G formed strong ground for the presence of two Malaysian lineages of AU.2 and B.1.524 that has caused sustained spikes of cases in the country. Statistical analysis on the association of gender and age group with Malaysian lineages revealed a significant association (p <0.05). Phylogenetic analysis revealed dispersion of 41 lineages, of these, 22 lineages are still active. Mutational analysis showed presence of unique G1223C missense mutation in transmembrane domain of the spike protein. For better understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 evolution in Malaysia especially with reference to the reported lineages, large scale studies based on WGS are warranted.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
  8. Fulltext The First 75 Days of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Outbreak: Recent Advances, Prevention, and Treatment
    Yan Y, Shin WI, Pang YX, Meng Y, Lai J, You C, et al.
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2020 03 30;17(7).
    PMID: 32235575 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072323
    The recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, previously known as 2019-nCoV) outbreak has engulfed an unprepared world amidst a festive season. The zoonotic SARS-CoV-2, believed to have originated from infected bats, is the seventh member of enveloped RNA coronavirus. Specifically, the overall genome sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 is 96.2% identical to that of bat coronavirus termed BatCoV RaTG13. Although the current mortality rate of 2% is significantly lower than that of SARS (9.6%) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) (35%), SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious and transmissible from human to human with an incubation period of up to 24 days. Some statistical studies have shown that, on average, one infected patient may lead to a subsequent 5.7 confirmed cases. Since the first reported case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 on December 1, 2019, in Wuhan, China, there has been a total of 60,412 confirmed cases with 1370 fatalities reported in 25 different countries as of February 13, 2020. The outbreak has led to severe impacts on social health and the economy at various levels. This paper is a review of the significant, continuous global effort that was made to respond to the outbreak in the first 75 days. Although no vaccines have been discovered yet, a series of containment measures have been implemented by various governments, especially in China, in the effort to prevent further outbreak, whilst various medical treatment approaches have been used to successfully treat infected patients. On the basis of current studies, it would appear that the combined antiviral treatment has shown the highest success rate. This review aims to critically summarize the most recent advances in understanding the coronavirus, as well as the strategies in prevention and treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronavirus*; Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control*; Coronavirus Infections/therapy*; Coronavirus Infections/transmission
  9. Fulltext SARS-CoV-2 infection of the nervous system: A review of the literature on neurological involvement in novel coronavirus disease-(COVID-19)
    Payus AO, Liew Sat Lin C, Mohd Noh M, Jeffree MS, Ali RA
    Bosn J Basic Med Sci, 2020 Aug 03;20(3):283-292.
    PMID: 32530389 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2020.4860
    The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is believed to have emerged from an animal source and has been spreading rapidly among humans. Recent evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 exhibits neurotropic properties and causes neurological diseases. Here, we review the literature on neurological involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infections and the possible mechanisms of invasion of the nervous system by this virus, to provide a summary and critical analysis of the early reporting of neurological involvement in COVID-19. An exhaustive search of scientific articles on neurological involvement in COVID-19 was performed in the Web of Science, Scopus, Medline/PubMed, and several other databases. Nineteen relevant articles that had been published or were in preprint were carefully selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Based on our research, we found that patients with COVID-19 can present with neurological symptoms that can be broadly divided into central nervous system involvement, such as headache, dizziness, altered mental state, and disorientation, and peripheral nervous system involvement, such as anosmia and hypogeusia. Most of these patients are in the older age group and exhibit comorbidities, especially hypertension, and severe infection. In extreme presentations of COVID-19, some patients exhibit seizures, stroke, flaccid paraparesis, corticospinal weakness, and even coma. Moreover, the neurological man-ifestations can occur independently of the respiratory system. In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause multiple neurological syndromes in a more complex presentation. Therefore, this review elucidated the involvement of the nervous system in SARS-CoV-2 infection and will hopefully help improve the management of COVID-19.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronavirus Infections/complications*
  10. Fulltext Molecular epidemiology and evolutionary histories of human coronavirus OC43 and HKU1 among patients with upper respiratory tract infections in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Al-Khannaq MN, Ng KT, Oong XY, Pang YK, Takebe Y, Chook JB, et al.
    Virol J, 2016 Feb 25;13:33.
    PMID: 26916286 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0488-4
    BACKGROUND: Despite the worldwide circulation of human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) and HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1), data on their molecular epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics in the tropical Southeast Asia region is lacking.
    METHODS: The study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity, temporal distribution, population history and clinical symptoms of betacoronavirus infections in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia between 2012 and 2013. A total of 2,060 adults presented with acute respiratory symptoms were screened for the presence of betacoronaviruses using multiplex PCR. The spike glycoprotein, nucleocapsid and 1a genes were sequenced for phylogenetic reconstruction and Bayesian coalescent inference.
    RESULTS: A total of 48/2060 (2.4 %) specimens were tested positive for HCoV-OC43 (1.3 %) and HCoV-HKU1 (1.1 %). Both HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 were co-circulating throughout the year, with the lowest detection rates reported in the October-January period. Phylogenetic analysis of the spike gene showed that the majority of HCoV-OC43 isolates were grouped into two previously undefined genotypes, provisionally assigned as novel lineage 1 and novel lineage 2. Sign of natural recombination was observed in these potentially novel lineages. Location mapping showed that the novel lineage 1 is currently circulating in Malaysia, Thailand, Japan and China, while novel lineage 2 can be found in Malaysia and China. Molecular dating showed the origin of HCoV-OC43 around late 1950s, before it diverged into genotypes A (1960s), B (1990s), and other genotypes (2000s). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 27.3 % of the HCoV-HKU1 strains belong to genotype A while 72.7 % belongs to genotype B. The tree root of HCoV-HKU1 was similar to that of HCoV-OC43, with the tMRCA of genotypes A and B estimated around the 1990s and 2000s, respectively. Correlation of HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1 with the severity of respiratory symptoms was not observed.
    CONCLUSIONS: The present study reported the molecular complexity and evolutionary dynamics of human betacoronaviruses among adults with acute respiratory symptoms in a tropical country. Two novel HCoV-OC43 genetic lineages were identified, warranting further investigation on their genotypic and phenotypic characteristics.
    Study site: Primary Care Clinic, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology*; Coronavirus Infections/virology*; Coronavirus OC43, Human/classification; Coronavirus OC43, Human/genetics*; Coronavirus OC43, Human/isolation & purification
  11. Fulltext Understanding the role of ACE-2 receptor in pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease: a potential approach for therapeutic intervention
    Shirbhate E, Pandey J, Patel VK, Kamal M, Jawaid T, Gorain B, et al.
    Pharmacol Rep, 2021 Dec;73(6):1539-1550.
    PMID: 34176080 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00303-6
    Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and its homologue, ACE2, are commonly allied with hypertension, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system pathway, and other cardiovascular system disorders. The recent pandemic of COVID-19 has attracted the attention of numerous researchers on ACE2 receptors, where the causative viral particle, SARS-CoV-2, is established to exploit these receptors for permitting their entry into the human cells. Therefore, studies on the molecular origin and pathophysiology of the cell response in correlation to the role of ACE2 receptors to these viruses are bringing novel theories. The varying level of manifestation and importance of ACE proteins, underlying irregularities and disorders, intake of specific medications, and persistence of assured genomic variants at the ACE genes are potential questions raising nowadays while observing the marked alteration in response to the SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Therefore, the present review has focused on several raised opinions associated with the role of the ACE2 receptor and its impact on COVID-19 pathogenesis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
  12. Fulltext Study of ongoing registered clinical trials on COVID-19: a narrative review
    Rabby MII, Hossain F
    Sao Paulo Med J, 2020 8 20;138(5):441-456.
    PMID: 32813843 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2020.0208.R1.15062020
    BACKGROUND: The dangerous SARS-CoV-2 virus first emerged in China in December 2019 and has rapidly spread worldwide. Currently, it has affected more than 2,850,000 people. No vaccine or drug is available yet, and therefore researchers and scientists are striving to identify potential drugs or vaccines for combating this virus. We were unable to find any review of the literature or analysis on ongoing registered clinical trials that reported diagnostic tests, therapeutics, vaccines and devices for COVID-19 along with estimated enrollment, participants' ages, study type, start and completion date, status, treatment/intervention and country.

    OBJECTIVE: To review ongoing trials relating to COVID-19.

    METHODS: A systematic search for clinical trials was conducted in the ClinicalTrials.gov database up to April 12, 2020. A total of 339 trials relating to COVID-19 were analyzed and key information on each trial was recorded.

    RESULTS: Most of the trials were being conducted in the United States and completion of most of them was expected by May 2020. They were mostly on drugs and treatment, while a minority were on diagnostic tests. The analysis showed that hydroxychloroquine was investigated in most of the trials. The trials identified were categorized into five classes: a) diagnostic tests; b) therapeutics; c) biologics and vaccines; d) devices and products; and e) others.

    CONCLUSION: The trials identified have potential against COVID-19 that can be applied in treatment processes after the necessary investigations and experiments. Additionally, the items identified were organized in a proper way, which can assist in current research activities.

    Matched MeSH terms: Coronavirus Infections*
  13. Fulltext Controversies on the Use of Ultraviolet Rays for Disinfection During the COVID-19 Pandemic
    Chew CC, Rajan P
    Malays J Med Sci, 2021 Feb;28(1):117-119.
    PMID: 33679228 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.1.15
    During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the use of ultraviolet (UV) rays to disinfect skin areas, clothes and other objects at the entry/exit points of public spaces has been widely discussed by stakeholders. While ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) has been shown to effectively inactivate coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), no specific evidence proves that it effectively inactivates the new SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. Because UV rays damage human tissue, UVGI should be used with caution and not directly on human skin. Various guidelines recommend that UVGI should not be used as a sole agent for disinfecting surfaces or objects but as an adjunct to the latest standard disinfecting procedures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronavirus Infections; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
  14. Prevalence of coronavirus
    Wiwanitkit V
    J Feline Med Surg, 2010 Apr;12(4):359; author reply 360.
    PMID: 20005142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.11.002
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology; Coronavirus Infections/transmission; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary*
  15. Fulltext Borderless collaboration is needed for COVID-19-A disease that knows no borders
    Mohamed K, Rodríguez-Román E, Rahmani F, Zhang H, Ivanovska M, Makka SA, et al.
    Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2020 Oct;41(10):1245-1246.
    PMID: 32319878 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.162
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control*; Coronavirus Infections/transmission
  16. Fulltext Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak
    Zhang T, Wu Q, Zhang Z
    Curr Biol, 2020 04 06;30(7):1346-1351.e2.
    PMID: 32197085 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022
    An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) began in the city of Wuhan in China and has widely spread worldwide. Currently, it is vital to explore potential intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2 to control COVID-19 spread. Therefore, we reinvestigated published data from pangolin lung samples from which SARS-CoV-like CoVs were detected by Liu et al. [1]. We found genomic and evolutionary evidence of the occurrence of a SARS-CoV-2-like CoV (named Pangolin-CoV) in dead Malayan pangolins. Pangolin-CoV is 91.02% and 90.55% identical to SARS-CoV-2 and BatCoV RaTG13, respectively, at the whole-genome level. Aside from RaTG13, Pangolin-CoV is the most closely related CoV to SARS-CoV-2. The S1 protein of Pangolin-CoV is much more closely related to SARS-CoV-2 than to RaTG13. Five key amino acid residues involved in the interaction with human ACE2 are completely consistent between Pangolin-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, but four amino acid mutations are present in RaTG13. Both Pangolin-CoV and RaTG13 lost the putative furin recognition sequence motif at S1/S2 cleavage site that can be observed in the SARS-CoV-2. Conclusively, this study suggests that pangolin species are a natural reservoir of SARS-CoV-2-like CoVs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronavirus Infections/virology*; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
  17. COVID-19 - How prepared are emergency departments in embracing the new norm?
    Iqhbal KM, Ahmad NH
    Med J Malaysia, 2020 09;75(5):585-586.
    PMID: 32918431
    No abstract provided.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology*; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control*
  18. Fulltext COVID-19 in Malaysia: Crucial measures in critical times
    Ganasegeran K, Ch'ng ASH, Looi I
    J Glob Health, 2020 Dec;10(2):020333.
    PMID: 33110533 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.10.020333
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronavirus Infections/mortality; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology*; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control*
  19. Fulltext Breaking the cycle of the COVID-19 transmission: A challenge for Nigeria
    Garba B, Zakaria Z, Salihu MD, Bande F, Saidu B, Bala JA
    J Glob Health, 2020 Dec;10(2):020309.
    PMID: 33110513 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.10.020309
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology*; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control*; Coronavirus Infections/transmission
  20. Fulltext Ultrastructure of Felis catus whole fetus (Fcwf-4) cell culture following infection with feline coronavirus
    Alazawy A, Arshad SS, Bejo MH, Omar AR, Tengku Ibrahim TA, Sharif S, et al.
    J Electron Microsc (Tokyo), 2011;60(4):275-82.
    PMID: 21593079 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfr031
    Feline coronavirus (FCoV) consists of two biotypes based on their growth in cell culture and their antigenicity. Infections with FCoV are highly prevalent in the cat population worldwide. In this study, Felis catus whole fetus (Fcwf-4)cell culture was infected with FCoV UPM11C/08. Virus multiplication in cell culture was monitored and examined under the transmission electron microscope. The virus particles revealed the characteristic morphology of feline FCoV represented by envelope viruses surrounded by peplomers. Virus attachment and entry into the cell occurred 15 h post-infection (pi), and the myriad of virus particles were observed both extracellularly and intracellularly after 48 h pi. Thereafter, intracellular virus particles were observed to be present in vacuoles or present freely in the cytoplasm.
    Matched MeSH terms: Coronavirus, Feline/isolation & purification; Coronavirus, Feline/pathogenicity*; Coronavirus, Feline/ultrastructure
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