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The resistance of meat chickens vaccinated by aerosol with a live V4 Newcastle disease virus vaccine in the field to challenge with a velogenic Newcastle disease virus

Bell IG, Nicholls PJ, Norman C, Ideris A, Cross GM

Aust. Vet. J., 1991 Mar;68(3):97-101.
PMID: 2043098

Meat chickens housed on a commercial broiler farm in Australia were vaccinated once at 10 to 11 days-of-age by aerosol with live V4 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine. Groups of vaccinated and unvaccinated birds were flown to Malaysia, where they were challenged with a virulent strain of NDV. Survival rates in vaccinated chickens challenged 7, 14, 21 or 31 d after vaccination were 0.47, 0.77, 0.97 and 0.92, respectively. All unvaccinated chickens died due to Newcastle disease (ND) following challenge. Chickens in Australia and Malaysia were bled and the serums tested for haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody to NDV. Many vaccinated birds with no detectable antibody, and all birds with a log2 titre of 2 or greater, survived challenge. The results showed that this V4 vaccine induced protective immunity in a significant proportion of chickens within 7 d of mass aerosol vaccination. This early immunity occurred in the absence of detectable circulating HI antibody. Non-HI antibody mediated immunity continued to provide protection up to 31 d after vaccination. Almost all vaccinated birds were protected within 3 w of vaccination. It is concluded that the V4 vaccine is efficacious and could be useful during an outbreak of virulent ND in Australia.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/blood
Cytomegalovirus infection in Penang: a serological survey

Madhavan HN, Ong KH, Anuar K

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1986 Jun;17(2):168-71.
PMID: 3024324

During 1984-1985, a total of 838 sera obtained from individuals of different age groups, mostly blood donors and those whose sera were received for VDRL tests and other serological investigations. The sera were titrated for complement fixing antibodies against cytomegalovirus (Ad169 strain). Three hundred and fifty two (41%) out of 838 sera showed significant antibody titre. The incidence of this virus infection varied form 26% in the age group of 11-20 years to 59% of those above 50 years of age. Geometric mean titre (GMT) was highest (22) in age groups of 11-20 years and those over 50 years indicating active viral infection in these two age groups. GMT was also significantly higher in females in all age groups except in the age group of 21-30 years and those above 50 years, indicating that active viral infection is more common in females.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/analysis*
An epizootic of measles in captive silvered leaf-monkeys (Presbytis cristatus) in Malaysia

Montrey RD, Huxsoll DL, Hildebrandt PK, Booth BW, Arimbalam S

Lab. Anim. Sci., 1980 Aug;30(4 Pt 1):694-7.
PMID: 7421117

An epizootic of measles occurred in a group of 31 silvered leaf-monkeys (Presbytis cristatus) that had been in captivity for 4-12 months. Twenty-four of the monkeys exhibited a maculopapular rash that persisted for 6-9 days. A serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge and conjunctivitis were seen in some animals. Eight monkeys died during the epizootic; however, their deaths could not be directly attributed to measles. Serum samples from the surviving monkeys collected 1-2 months prior to, and 5 weeks after, the epizootic were examined by the complement-fixation and hemagglutination-inhibition tests for antibodies to measles virus. The preepizootic complement-fixation titers were all less than 1:4 and hemagglutination-inhibition titers, less than 1:10. The postepizootic complement-fixation titers in 21 of 23 surviving monkeys ranged from 1:8 to 1:128, and hemagglutination-inhibition titers in 22 of 23 monkeys ranged from 1:40 to 1:80 or greater.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/analysis
Detection of specific IgM in dengue infection

Lam SK, Devi S, Pang T

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1987 Dec;18(4):532-8.
PMID: 3329413

A modification of the IgM-capture ELISA which can provide an early diagnosis for dengue infection is presented. The test is technically simple compared to HI and appears to be more sensitive. It has the advantage over HIT for the detection of specific IgM in that it is more sensitive and the reading of the result is not subjective. There is the possibility of the test being able to replace HI and HIT in the future.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/analysis*
Sporadic cases of carriers of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 in Southeast Asia

Kurimura T, Tsuchie H, Kobayashi S, Hinuma Y, Imai J, Lopez CB, et al.

Jpn. J. Med. Sci. Biol., 1986 Feb;39(1):25-8.
PMID: 2874250

Sera obtained from 3,472 persons in Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines and Indonesia were tested for the presence of antibody to adult T-cell leukemia-associated antigen by the gelatin particle agglutination test and indirect immunofluorescence. Among these, only two seropositives were identified. One was a 30-year-old male Malaysian of Indian origin. The other was a 42-year-old female Thai who resided in Bangkok. These results suggested that the infection of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 might not be endemic in these countries.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/analysis*
Dengue virus isolation by antibody-dependent enhancement of infectivity in macrophages

Cardosa MJ

Lancet, 1987 Jan 24;1(8526):193-4.
PMID: 2880019

Acute-phase serum samples collected during an outbreak of dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever in Penang, Malaysia, were tested by a method involving antibody-dependent enhancement of infectivity in the mouse macrophage-like cell line, P388D1. 58 of 71 (81.7%) serologically positive cases yielded virus.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology*
A case of human infection with Newcastle disease virus

Mustaffa-Babjee A, Ibrahim AL, Khim TS

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1976 Dec;7(4):622-4.
PMID: 1025751

A case of Newcastle disease virus infection in a female laboratory technician is reported for the first time in Malaysia. Infection was acquired by droplet infection of the eye while grinding infected chicken in the laboratory. The case was confirmed by isolation of Newcastle disease virus from an eye swab taken from the subject on the first day of clinical signs. A four-fold rise of haemagglutination-inhibition titre was shown when sera on the third day of infection and 15 days later were compared.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/analysis
Antibodies in human sera reacting with an insect pathogenic virus

MacCallum F, Brown G, Tinsley T

Intervirology, 1979;11(4):234-7.
PMID: 107144

Precipitating antibodies to an insect pathogenic RNA virus of Darna trima from East Malaysia have been found in a small percentage of human sera from several different groups of persons in West Malaysia and the United Kingdom. No associated illness was identified. The results suggest that an antigenically related virus or viruses are present in the environment that may be associated with symptomless or inapparent infections in man.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/analysis*
Fulltext Serological assessment of the establishment of herd immunity against measles in a health district in Malaysia

Hazlina Y, Marlindawati MA, Shamsuddin K

BMC Infect Dis, 2016 Dec 08;16(1):740.
PMID: 27931192

BACKGROUND: Malaysia still faces challenges optimizing resources to effectively eliminate measles through high immunization and herd immunity, with sporadic outbreaks of measles as evidence. The objective of this study is to determine the age-specific positive measles antibodies seroprevalence used for assessing the establishment of herd immunity against measles in different age groups. This is useful for identifying vulnerable age groups requiring supplementary immunization.

METHODS: A seroprevalence study was conducted among respondents aged 6-9 years, 15-24 years and 45-54 years attending government health clinics in Seremban between September 2014 and January 2015. A total of 1541 measles IgG antibody status were determined using ELISA technique (NovaTec Immundiagnostica GMBH) and assessment of establishment of herd immunity was based on indicators developed by Plans. Data on socio-demographic background as well as medical and medication history were also gathered.

RESULTS: Seropositive rate for all respondents were 87% (95% CI 85-89), while the rest had either indeterminate [6% (95% CI 5-7)] or negative titre [7% (95% CI 6-8)]. None of the factors analyzed except for age were significant predictors of positive measles antibodies. Seropositive rate differed by age with the highest rate seen in adults (94%; CI 92-96), followed by children (90%; 95% CI 87-94) and adolescents, and young adults (74%; 95% CI 70-78). Based on Plans' indicators, herd immunity was established in adults and children, but not in adolescents and young adults.

CONCLUSIONS: To tackle the most susceptible group in the present study, it is advisable to give booster vaccination to secondary school students and freshmen who enter colleges and universities in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/blood
Low seroprevalence rates of Zika virus in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Sam IC, Montoya M, Chua CL, Chan YF, Pastor A, Harris E

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 2019 11 01;113(11):678-684.
PMID: 31294807 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz056

BACKGROUND: Zika virus (ZIKV) is believed to be endemic in Southeast Asia. However, there have been few Zika cases reported to date in Malaysia, which could be due to high pre-existing levels of population immunity.
METHODS: To determine Zika virus (ZIKV) seroprevalence in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1085 serum samples from 2012, 2014-2015 and 2017 were screened for anti-ZIKV antibodies using a ZIKV NS1 blockade-of-binding assay. Reactive samples were confirmed using neutralization assays against ZIKV and the four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes. A sample was possible ZIKV seropositive with a ZIKV 50% neutralization (NT50) titre ≥20. A sample was probable ZIKV seropositive if, in addition, all DENV NT50 titres were <20 or the ZIKV NT50 titre was >4-fold greater than the highest DENV NT50 titre.
RESULTS: We found low rates of possible ZIKV seropositivity (3.3% [95% confidence interval {CI} 2.4 to 4.6]) and probable ZIKV seropositivity (0.6% [95% CI 0.3 to 1.4]). Possible ZIKV seropositivity was independently associated with increasing age (odds ratio [OR] 1.04 [95% CI 1.02 to 1.06], p<0.0001) and male gender (OR 3.5 [95% CI 1.5 to 8.6], p=0.005).
CONCLUSIONS: The low ZIKV seroprevalence rate, a proxy for population immunity, does not explain the low incidence of Zika in dengue-hyperendemic Kuala Lumpur. Other factors, such as the possible protective effects of pre-existing flavivirus antibodies or reduced transmission by local mosquito vectors, should be explored. Kuala Lumpur is at high risk of a large-scale Zika epidemic.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/blood*
Isolation of Japanese encephalitis virus from mosquitoes collected in Sabak Bernam, Selangor, Malaysia in 1992

Vythilingam I, Oda K, Chew TK, Mahadevan S, Vijayamalar B, Morita K, et al.

J Am Mosq Control Assoc, 1995 Mar;11(1):94-8.
PMID: 7616198

Detection and isolation of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus were attempted from female mosquitoes collected in Kampong Pasir Panjang, Sabak Bernam, Selangor, from May to November 1992. A total of 7,400 mosquitoes consisting of 12 species in 148 pools were processed and inoculated into Aedes albopictus clone C6/36 cell cultures. Of these, 26 pools showed the presence of viral antigens in the infected C6/36 cells by specific immunoperoxidase staining using an anti-JE virus polyclonal antibody. Presence of JE virus genome was confirmed in the infected culture fluid for 16 pools by using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and JE virus-specific primers. Of these, 3 pools were from Culex tritaeniorhynchus, 4 from Culex vishnui, 3 from Culex bitaeniorhynchus, 2 from Culex sitiens, one from Aedes species, and 3 from Culex species. Isolation of JE virus from Cx. sitiens, Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, and Aedes sp. (Aedes butleri and Ae. albopictus) is reported for the first time in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Three-Year Follow-up of 2-Dose Versus 3-Dose HPV Vaccine

Bornstein J, Roux S, Kjeld Petersen L, Huang LM, Dobson SR, Pitisuttithum P, et al.

Pediatrics, 2021 01;147(1).
PMID: 33386332 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-4035

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Human papillomavirus (HPV) antibody responses to the 9-valent human papillomavirus (9vHPV) vaccine among girls and boys (aged 9-14 years) receiving 2-dose regimens (months 0, 6 or 0, 12) were noninferior to a 3-dose regimen (months 0, 2, 6) in young women (aged 16-26 years) 4 weeks after last vaccination in an international, randomized, open-label trial (NCT01984697). We assessed response durability through month 36.
METHODS: Girls received 2 (months 0 and 6 [0, 6]: n = 301; months 0 and 12 [0, 12]: n = 151) or 3 doses (months 0,2, and 6 [0, 2, 6]: n = 301); boys received 2 doses ([0, 6]: n = 301; [0, 12]: n = 150); and young women received 3 doses ([0, 2, 6]: n = 314) of 9vHPV vaccine. Anti-HPV geometric mean titers (GMTs) were assessed by competitive Luminex immunoassay (cLIA) and immunoglobulin G-Luminex immunoassay (IgG-LIA) through month 36.
RESULTS: Anti-HPV GMTs were highest 1 month after the last 9vHPV vaccine regimen dose, decreased sharply during the subsequent 12 months, and then decreased more slowly. GMTs 2 to 2.5 years after the last regimen dose in girls and boys given 2 doses were generally similar to or greater than GMTs in young women given 3 doses. Across HPV types, most boys and girls who received 2 doses (cLIA: 81%-100%; IgG-LIA: 91%-100%) and young women who received 3 doses (cLIA: 78%-98%; IgG-LIA: 91%-100%) remained seropositive 2 to 2.5 years after the last regimen dose.
CONCLUSIONS: Antibody responses persisted through 2 to 2.5 years after the last dose of a 2-dose 9vHPV vaccine regimen in girls and boys. In girls and boys, antibody responses generated by 2 doses administered 6 to 12 months apart may be sufficient to induce high-level protective efficacy through at least 2 years after the second dose.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/blood*
Therapeutics and vaccines against chikungunya virus

Ahola T, Couderc T, Courderc T, Ng LF, Hallengärd D, Powers A, et al.

Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 2015 Apr;15(4):250-7.
PMID: 25897811 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1681

Currently, there are no licensed vaccines or therapies available against chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and these were subjects discussed during a CHIKV meeting recently organized in Langkawi, Malaysia. In this review, we chart the approaches taken in both areas. Because of a sharp increase in new data in these fields, the present paper is complementary to previous reviews by Weaver et al. in 2012 and Kaur and Chu in 2013 . The most promising antivirals so far discovered are reviewed, with a special focus on the virus-encoded replication proteins as potential targets. Within the vaccines in development, our review emphasizes the various strategies in parallel development that are unique in the vaccine field against a single disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology*
Use of an avirulent Australian strain of Newcastle disease virus as a vaccine

Spradbrow PB, Ibrahim AL, Mustaffa-Babjee A, Kim SJ

Avian Dis, 1978 Apr-Jun;22(2):329-35.
PMID: 678237

One-day-old chickens were transported from Australia to Malaysia and vaccinated orotracheally with an uninactivated vaccine prepared from avirulent Australian V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The vaccination regimes were as follows: group A, once, at 2 weeks old; group B, once, at 3 weeks old; group C, twice, at 2 and at 3 weeks old; group D, direct contact with groups A, B, and C; and group E, indirect contact with groups A, B, C, and D. Group F was unvaccinated controls. Challenge was with NDV virulent Ipoh AF 2240-226 strain, administered at 4 weeks old intramuscularly to 10 chickens in each group and orotracheally to 10 chickens in each group. The remaining chickens were challenged by contact with the inoculated chickens. Group mortalities following challenge were: A, 1/77; B, 1/34; C, 0/39; D, 0/45; E, 6/43; and F, 60/60.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/analysis
Fulltext Evaluation of the Diagnostic Accuracy of a New Biosensors-Based Rapid Diagnostic Test for the Point-Of-Care Diagnosis of Previous and Recent Dengue Infections in Malaysia

Chong ZL, Soe HJ, Ismail AA, Mahboob T, Chandramathi S, Sekaran SD

Biosensors (Basel), 2021 Apr 22;11(5).
PMID: 33921935 DOI: 10.3390/bios11050129

Dengue is a major threat to public health globally. While point-of-care diagnosis of acute/recent dengue is available to reduce its mortality, a lack of rapid and accurate testing for the detection of previous dengue remains a hurdle in expanding dengue seroepidemiological surveys to inform its prevention, especially vaccination, to reduce dengue morbidity. This study evaluated ViroTrack Dengue Serostate, a biosensors-based semi-quantitative anti-dengue IgG (immunoglobulin G) immuno-magnetic agglutination assay for the diagnosis of previous and recent dengue in a single test. Blood samples were obtained from 484 healthy participants recruited randomly from two communities in Petaling district, Selangor, Malaysia. The reference tests were Panbio Dengue IgG indirect and capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, in-house hemagglutination inhibition assay, and focus reduction neutralization test. Dengue Serostate had a sensitivity and specificity of 91.1% (95%CI 87.8-93.8) and 91.1% (95%CI 83.8-95.8) for the diagnosis of previous dengue, and 90.2% (95%CI 76.9-97.3) and 93.2% (95%CI 90.5-95.4) for the diagnosis of recent dengue, respectively. Its positive predictive value of 97.5% (95%CI 95.3-98.8) would prevent most dengue-naïve individuals from being vaccinated. ViroTrack Dengue Serostate's good point-of-care diagnostic accuracy can ease the conduct of dengue serosurveys to inform dengue vaccination strategy and facilitate pre-vaccination screening to ensure safety.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/blood
Fulltext Cross-reactivity of Malaysian rat cytomegalovirus strains with its human counterpart

Camalxaman SN, Zeenathul NA, Quah YW, Loh HS, Zuridah H, Sheikh-Omar AR, et al.

Trop Biomed, 2011 Dec;28(3):661-7.
PMID: 22433897 MyJurnal

This study probes into the prospect of cross-reactivity of HCMV with RCMV which has not been acknowledged to date. We describe the uncovering of a protein with an estimated size of between 61-68 kDa from local RCMV strains which reacted with HCMV positive sera. Our findings are a first disclosure of a plausible immunological cross-reactivity between RCMV with its human counterpart which grounds substantial interest implying existence of conserved determinants between rat and human CMV polypeptides. The cross-reactive protein most likely represents an enveloped glycoprotein, though the precise identification and its degree of similarity needs to be evidently defined and further elucidated in forthcoming experiments.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology*
Fulltext Spatial, environmental and entomological risk factors analysis on a rural dengue outbreak in Lundu District in Sarawak, Malaysia

Cheah WL, Chang MS, Wang YC

Trop Biomed, 2006 Jun;23(1):85-96.
PMID: 17041556 MyJurnal

The objective of this study was to elucidate the association of various risk factors with dengue cases reported in Lundu district, Sarawak, by analyzing the interaction between environmental, entomological, socio-demographic factors. Besides conventional entomological, serological and house surveys, this study also used GIS technology to generate geographic and environmental data on Aedes albopictus and dengue transmission. Seven villages were chosen based on the high number of dengue cases reported. A total of 551 households were surveyed. An overall description of the socio-demographic background and basic facilities was presented together with entomological and geographical profiles. For serological and ovitrap studies, systematic random sampling was used. Serological tests indicated that 23.7% of the 215 samples had a history of dengue, either recent or previous infections. Two samples (0.9%) were confirmed by IgM ELISA and 49 samples (22.8%) had IgG responses. A total of 32,838 Aedes albopictus eggs were collected in 56 days of trapping. Cluster sampling was also done to determine whether any of the risk factors (entomological or geographical) were influenced by geographical location. These clusters were defined as border villages with East Kalimantan and roadside villages along Lundu/Biawas trunk road. The data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 10.01. Descriptive analysis using frequency, means, and median were used. To determine the association between variables and dengue cases reported, and to describe the differences between the two clusters of villages, two-sample t-test, and Pearson's Chi-Square were used. Accurate maps were produced with overlay and density function, which facilitates the map visualization and report generating phases. This study also highlights the use of differential Global Positioning System in mapping sites of 1m accuracy. Analysis of the data revealed there are significant differences in clusters of villages attributable to container density, house density, distance of the house from the main road, and number of Ae. albopictus eggs from ovitraps set indoor, outdoor and in dumping sites (Person's Chi-Square = 6.111, df = 1, p < 0.01). Further analysis using t-test showed that house density, container density, indoor mosquitoes egg count, outdoor mosquitoes egg count, and dumping sites mosquitoes egg count were higher at the roadside villages compared to border villages. A number of potential risk factors including those generated from GIS were investigated. None of the factors investigated in this study were associated with the dengue cases reported.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/blood
Serological and molecular surveillance for influenza A virus in dogs and their human contacts in Oyo State, Nigeria

Daodu OB, Adebiyi AI, Oluwayelu DO

Trop Biomed, 2019 Dec 01;36(4):1054-1060.
PMID: 33597474

Evidence of influenza A virus (IAV) infection in dogs, a major companion animal of humans, suggests the possibility that they may constitute a new source for transmission of novel influenza viruses to humans. The potential public health risk posed by this possibility of interspecies spread of IAV between dogs and humans necessitated surveillance for the virus in dogs and their human contacts. Sera from 239 asymptomatic pet and hunting dogs in Oyo state, Nigeria were screened for anti-IAV nucleoprotein antibodies using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibodies in the positive sera were detected using influenza virus H3 and H5 subtypespecific antigens. Suspensions prepared from 239 and 39 nasal swabs from dogs and human contacts, respectively were tested for presence of the highly conserved IAV matrix gene by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Only 4 (1.7%) of the 239 sera tested were positive by the ELISA. The HI test confirmed the presence of H3 influenza virus subtype-specific antibodies in one (25.0%) of the 4 ELISA-positive sera with a titre of 1:128 while none was positive for H5 subtype-specific antibodies. All the nasal swabs assayed by RT-PCR were negative for IAV nucleic acid. The detection of IAV antibodies in pet and hunting dogs in this study, although at a low rate, suggests that these dogs could play a crucial role in the zoonotic transmission of influenza viruses especially considering the close interaction between them and their human contacts. Continuous surveillance for IAV among dog populations in Oyo State (and Nigeria) is therefore advocated to facilitate early detection of infection or emergence of novel influenza virus strains that could be potentially harmful to humans and or animals.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/blood
Fulltext Epitope Mapping of Avian Influenza M2e Protein: Different Species Recognise Various Epitopes

Hasan NH, Ebrahimie E, Ignjatovic J, Tarigan S, Peaston A, Hemmatzadeh F

PLoS One, 2016;11(6):e0156418.
PMID: 27362795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156418

A common approach for developing diagnostic tests for influenza virus detection is the use of mouse or rabbit monoclonal and/or polyclonal antibodies against a target antigen of the virus. However, comparative mapping of the target antigen using antibodies from different animal sources has not been evaluated before. This is important because identification of antigenic determinants of the target antigen in different species plays a central role to ensure the efficiency of a diagnostic test, such as competitive ELISA or immunohistochemistry-based tests. Interest in the matrix 2 ectodomain (M2e) protein of avian influenza virus (AIV) as a candidate for a universal vaccine and also as a marker for detection of virus infection in vaccinated animals (DIVA) is the rationale for the selection of this protein for comparative mapping evaluation. This study aimed to map the epitopes of the M2e protein of avian influenza virus H5N1 using chicken, mouse and rabbit monoclonal or monospecific antibodies. Our findings revealed that rabbit antibodies (rAbs) recognized epitope 6EVETPTRN13 of the M2e, located at the N-terminal of the protein, while mouse (mAb) and chicken antibodies (cAbs) recognized epitope 10PTRNEWECK18, located at the centre region of the protein. The findings highlighted the difference between the M2e antigenic determinants recognized by different species that emphasized the importance of comparative mapping of antibody reactivity from different animals to the same antigen, especially in the case of multi-host infectious agents such as influenza. The findings are of importance for antigenic mapping, as well as diagnostic test and vaccine development.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/immunology
Prevalence of anti-HBc in Malaysian male blood donors and its correlation with DNA polymerase activity

Ton SH, Lopez CG, Hasnah H

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1979 Mar;10(1):1-6.
PMID: 483004

A study of Kuala Lumpur blood donors for HBsAG, anti-HBc and DNA polymeraes showed that 5.5% in the sample population was positive for HBsAG, 50.1% for anti-HBc and 10.1% for DNA polymerase activity. There was no significant difference of the HBsAG among the Malay, Chinese and Indian groups. However, a significant difference was observed for the anti-HBc and DNA polymerase activity between the Indian and the Malay/Chinese groups. Both analysis were significantly lower in the Indians but there was no significant difference between the Chinese and the Malays.

Matched MeSH terms: Antibodies, Viral/analysis*

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