FINDINGS: Here, we systematically enhanced the draft genome of S. haematobium using a single-molecule and long-range DNA-sequencing approach. We achieved a major improvement in the accuracy and contiguity of the genome assembly, making it superior or comparable to assemblies for other schistosome species. We transferred curated gene models to this assembly and, using enhanced gene annotation pipelines, inferred a gene set with as many or more complete gene models as those of other well-studied schistosomes. Using conserved, single-copy orthologs, we assessed the phylogenetic position of S. haematobium in relation to other parasitic flatworms for which draft genomes were available.
CONCLUSIONS: We report a substantially enhanced genomic resource that represents a solid foundation for molecular research on S. haematobium and is poised to better underpin population and functional genomic investigations and to accelerate the search for new disease interventions.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the genetic diversity of V.cholerae in Sabah and whether V.cholerae in Sabah belong to atypical El Tor biotype.
METHODS: ERIC-PCR, a DNA fingerprinting method for bacterial pathogens based on the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence, was used to study the genetic diversity of 65 clinical V.cholerae O1 isolates from 3 districts (Kudat, Beluran, Sandakan) in Sabah and one environmental isolate from coastal sea water in Kudat district. In addition, we studied the biotype-specific genetic traits in these isolates to establish their biotype.
RESULTS: Different fingerprint patterns were seen in isolates from these three districts but one of the patterns was seen in more than one district. Clinical isolates and environmental isolate have different patterns. In addition, Sabah isolates harbor genetic traits specific to both classical biotype (ctxB-1, rstRCla) and El Tor biotype (rstRET, rstC, tcpAET, rtxC, VC2346).
CONCLUSION: This study revealed that V.cholerae in Sabah were genetically diverse and were atypical El Tor strains. Fingerprint patterns of these isolates will be useful in tracing the origin of this pathogen in the future.
RESULTS: A noticeable variation between the RDT (Alltest Biotech, China) and nPCR results was observed, for RDT 78% (46/59) were P. falciparum positive, 6.8% (4/59) were co-infected with both P. falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, 15.3% (9/59) were negative by the RDT. However, when the nPCR was applied only 44.1% (26/59) and 55.9% (33/59) was P. falciparum positive and negative respectively. The pfhrp2 was further amplified form all nPCR positive samples. Only 17 DNA samples were positive from the 26 positive P. falciparum, interestingly, variation in band sizes was observed and further confirmed by DNA sequencing, and sequencing analysis revealed a high-level of genetic diversity of the pfhrp2 gene in the parasite population from the study area. However, despite extreme sequence variation, diversity of PfHRP2 does not appear to affect RDT performance.