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Fulltext Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome secondary to dengue fever: a case report

Cheo SW, Wong HJ, Ng EK, Low QJ, Chia YK

Hong Kong Med J, 2021 02;27(1):55-57.
PMID: 33568560 DOI: 10.12809/hkmj208509
Matched MeSH terms: Brain/virology; Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome/virology*
Neoplasia in goldlined seabream, Rhabdosargus sarba (Forsskål, 1775)

Singaravel V, Gopalakrishnan A, Raja K, Rajkumar M, Ferguson HW

J Fish Dis, 2018 Feb;41(2):405-411.
PMID: 29125189 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12737
Matched MeSH terms: Fish Diseases/virology; Neoplasms/virology
Global distributions and strain diversity of avian infectious bronchitis virus: a review

Bande F, Arshad SS, Omar AR, Hair-Bejo M, Mahmuda A, Nair V

Anim Health Res Rev, 2017 Jun;18(1):70-83.
PMID: 28776490 DOI: 10.1017/S1466252317000044

The poultry industry faces challenge amidst global food security crisis. Infectious bronchitis is one of the most important viral infections that cause huge economic loss to the poultry industry worldwide. The causative agent, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an RNA virus with great ability for mutation and recombination; thus, capable of generating new virus strains that are difficult to control. There are many IBV strains found worldwide, including the Massachusetts, 4/91, D274, and QX-like strains that can be grouped under the classic or variant serotypes. Currently, information on the epidemiology, strain diversity, and global distribution of IBV has not been comprehensively reported. This review is an update of current knowledge on the distribution, genetic relationship, and diversity of the IBV strains found worldwide.

Matched MeSH terms: Poultry Diseases/virology*; Coronavirus Infections/virology
Fulltext Sylvatic dengue virus type 4 in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes in an urban setting in Peninsular Malaysia

Johari NA, Voon K, Toh SY, Sulaiman LH, Yap IKS, Lim PKC

PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2019 Nov;13(11):e0007889.
PMID: 31730672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007889

Dengue fever is endemic in Malaysia, contributing to significant economic and health burden in the country. Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are the main vectors of the dengue virus (DENV), which circulates in sylvatic and human transmission cycles and has been present in Malaysia for decades. The study investigated the presence and distribution of DENV in urban localities in the Klang Valley, Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 364 Ae. aegypti and 1,025 Ae. albopictus larvae, and 10 Ae. aegypti and 42 Ae. albopictus adult mosquitoes were screened for the presence of DENV. In total, 31 (2.2%) samples were positive, of which 2 Ae. albopictus larvae were co-infected with two serotypes, one with DENV-2 and DENV-3 and the other with DENV-3 and DENV-4. Phylogenetic analysis determined that the isolates belonged to DENV-1 genotype I (1 Ae. aegypti adult), DENV-2 (1 Ae. albopictus larva), DENV-3 genotype V (3 Ae. aegypti larvae and 10 Ae. albopictus larvae) and DENV-4 genotype IV (6 Ae. aegypti larvae and 12 Ae. albopictus larvae), a sylvatic strain of DENV-4 which was most closely related with sylvatic strains isolated from arboreal mosquitoes and sentinel monkeys in Peninsular Malaysia in the 1970s. All four DENV serotypes were co-circulating throughout the study period. The detection of a sylvatic strain of DENV-4 in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes in urban areas in Peninsular Malaysia highlights the susceptibility of these vectors to infection with sylvatic DENV. The infectivity and vector competence of these urban mosquitoes to this strain of the virus needs further investigation, as well as the possibility of the emergence of sylvatic virus into the human transmission cycle.

Matched MeSH terms: Aedes/virology*; Mosquito Vectors/virology*
Fulltext Optimised genetic algorithm-extreme learning machine approach for automatic COVID-19 detection

Albadr MAA, Tiun S, Ayob M, Al-Dhief FT, Omar K, Hamzah FA

PLoS One, 2020;15(12):e0242899.
PMID: 33320858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242899

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19), is an ongoing global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome. Chest Computed Tomography (CT) is an effective method for detecting lung illnesses, including COVID-19. However, the CT scan is expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, this work focus on detecting COVID-19 using chest X-ray images because it is widely available, faster, and cheaper than CT scan. Many machine learning approaches such as Deep Learning, Neural Network, and Support Vector Machine; have used X-ray for detecting the COVID-19. Although the performance of those approaches is acceptable in terms of accuracy, however, they require high computational time and more memory space. Therefore, this work employs an Optimised Genetic Algorithm-Extreme Learning Machine (OGA-ELM) with three selection criteria (i.e., random, K-tournament, and roulette wheel) to detect COVID-19 using X-ray images. The most crucial strength factors of the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) are: (i) high capability of the ELM in avoiding overfitting; (ii) its usability on binary and multi-type classifiers; and (iii) ELM could work as a kernel-based support vector machine with a structure of a neural network. These advantages make the ELM efficient in achieving an excellent learning performance. ELMs have successfully been applied in many domains, including medical domains such as breast cancer detection, pathological brain detection, and ductal carcinoma in situ detection, but not yet tested on detecting COVID-19. Hence, this work aims to identify the effectiveness of employing OGA-ELM in detecting COVID-19 using chest X-ray images. In order to reduce the dimensionality of a histogram oriented gradient features, we use principal component analysis. The performance of OGA-ELM is evaluated on a benchmark dataset containing 188 chest X-ray images with two classes: a healthy and a COVID-19 infected. The experimental result shows that the OGA-ELM achieves 100.00% accuracy with fast computation time. This demonstrates that OGA-ELM is an efficient method for COVID-19 detecting using chest X-ray images.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/virology; Thorax/virology
The effect of extrinsic incubation temperature on development of dengue serotype 2 and 4 viruses in Aedes aegypti (L.)

Rohani A, Wong YC, Zamre I, Lee HL, Zurainee MN

Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2009 Sep;40(5):942-50.
PMID: 19842378

Dengue 2 and 4 viruses obtained from dengue-infected patients were maintained in a C6/36 Aedes albopictus Skuse cell line and used to infect adult female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Each serotype was mixed separately with fresh human erythrocytes and fed to adult female mosquitoes using an artificial membrane feeding technique. Fully engorged mosquitoes were selected and retained at 26 degrees C, 28 degrees C and 30 degrees C to observe dengue virus development in Aedes vectors. Virus detection was carried out by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The virus was first detected on Day 9 at 26 degrees C and 28 degrees C and on Day 5 at 30 degrees C for both dengue 2 and 4. The study shows the incubation period of the viruses decreased when the extrinsic incubation temperature increases.

Matched MeSH terms: Aedes/virology*; Insect Vectors/virology
Fulltext The probable destructive mechanisms behind COVID-19 on male reproduction system and fertility

Moshrefi M, Ghasemi-Esmailabad S, Ali J, Findikli N, Mangoli E, Khalili MA

J Assist Reprod Genet, 2021 Jul;38(7):1691-1708.
PMID: 33977466 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-021-02097-1

PURPOSE: The present study aims to summarize the current understanding of probable mechanisms and claims of adverse effects of SARS-CoV-2 on male fertility potential.
METHODS: Our search was including original articles, reviews, guidelines, letters to the editor, comments on guidelines, and editorials, regarding the male reproductive system. We used the words SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, "2019 ncov," testis, sperm, male factor infertility, fertility treatment, semen, assisted reproductive technology (ART), sexual transmission, and ACE2.
RESULTS: Data showed coronavirus affects men more than women because of more expression of 2019 nCoV receptors (ACE2 and TMPRSS2) in testicular cells. Also, "Bioinformatics Analysis" suggests that sperm production may be damaged, since "Pseudo Time Analysis" has shown disruption in spermatogenesis. "Gene Ontology" (GO) showed an increase in viral reproduction and a decrease in sperm production-related terms. Recently, SARS-COV-2 mRNA and protein were detected in the semen of patients that had recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, the probable disruption of blood-testis barrier (BTB) in febrile diseases is suspected in the acute phase of the disease enabling viral entry into the testes. Not only is spermatogenesis disturbed, but also disturbs gonadotropin, androgens, and testosterone secretion during SARS-CoV-2 infection. No sexual transmission has been reported yet; however, detection of the virus in semen still makes the sexual transmission an open question.
CONCLUSION: There is a concern that male fertility may be disturbed after the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, follow-up of the reproductive functions and male fertility may be necessary in recovered cases, especially in aged men.

Matched MeSH terms: Genitalia, Male/virology; Infertility, Male/virology
COVID-19: Critical Role of Angiotensin 1-7 in ACE2 Modulation

Tan CS, Yeoh SF, Long CM

Ann Acad Med Singap, 2020 06;49(6):398-400.
PMID: 32712639
Matched MeSH terms: Pneumonia, Viral/virology*; Coronavirus Infections/virology*
Fulltext A practical approach to multifaceted perspectives for sustainable international collaboration on mosquito-borne diseases in Southeast Asia

Lee D, Kim K

Acta Trop, 2024 Dec;260:107481.
PMID: 39608662 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107481

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic highlighted the necessity and limitations of scientific collaboration and equitable and effective international research partnerships. The spread of mosquito-borne diseases (MBDs) presents severe public health challenges, particularly in Southeast Asia. Addressing these threats requires establishing regional priorities, bridging research gaps, and strengthening long-term international collaboration. We propose a practical approach to multifaceted perspectives to enhance collaboration across Asia. This study examines MBD-related scientific publications from nine Southeast Asian countries between January 2017 and June 2024, utilizing bibliometric analysis and data visualization to identify research trends, research capacities, key institutions, and international collaborative partners. Thailand and Singapore led the dengue research, followed by Malaysia and Indonesia. Vietnam and the Philippines demonstrated moderate research capabilities, whereas Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar had lower capacities. Relationships with high-income countries drove international collaboration, whereas intra-regional collaboration in Southeast Asia increased. Furthermore, we identified directions for cooperative opportunities between South Korea and other Southeast Asian countries by analyzing their relative research capacities for infectious MBDs. We propose a practical approach to bridge research-capacity gaps and strengthen collaboration between low- and middle-income countries. These findings provide fundamental information for developing future infectious-disease-response strategies and international-collaboration research partnerships and facilitate the implementation of effective global public health preparedness policies and evidence-based decision-making, such as knowledge-transfer and resource-sharing.

Matched MeSH terms: Culicidae/virology; Mosquito Vectors/virology
Occurrence of a mosquito vector in bird houses: Developmental consequences and potential epidemiological implications

Dieng H, Hassan RB, Hassan AA, Ghani IA, Abang FB, Satho T, et al.

Acta Trop, 2015 May;145:68-78.
PMID: 25617636 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.01.004

Even with continuous vector control, dengue is still a growing threat to public health in Southeast Asia. Main causes comprise difficulties in identifying productive breeding sites and inappropriate targeted chemical interventions. In this region, rural families keep live birds in backyards and dengue mosquitoes have been reported in containers in the cages. To focus on this particular breeding site, we examined the capacity of bird fecal matter (BFM) from the spotted dove, to support Aedes albopictus larval growth. The impact of BFM larval uptake on some adult fitness traits influencing vectorial capacity was also investigated. In serial bioassays involving a high and low larval density (HD and LD), BFM and larval standard food (LSF) affected differently larval development. At HD, development was longer in the BFM environment. There were no appreciable mortality differences between the two treatments, which resulted in similar pupation and adult emergence successes. BFM treatment produced a better gender balance. There were comparable levels of blood uptake and egg production in BFM and LSF females at LD; that was not the case for the HD one, which resulted in bigger adults. BFM and LSF females displayed equivalent lifespans; in males, this parameter was shorter in those derived from the BFM/LD treatment. Taken together these results suggest that bird defecations successfully support the development of Ae. albopictus. Due to their cryptic aspects, containers used to supply water to encaged birds may not have been targeted by chemical interventions.

Matched MeSH terms: Aedes/virology*; Bird Diseases/virology; Dengue/virology; Feces/virology*; Columbidae/virology*
Detection of channel catfish virus in cage-cultured Pangasius hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) in Malaysia

Siti-Zahrah A, Zamri-Saad M, Firdaus-Nawi M, Hazreen-Nita MK, Nur-Nazifah M

J Fish Dis, 2014 Nov;37(11):981-3.
PMID: 24117659 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12185
Matched MeSH terms: Catfishes/virology*; Fish Diseases/virology; Herpesviridae Infections/virology; Kidney/virology; Spleen/virology
Risk mapping of dengue in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Hassan H, Shohaimi S, Hashim NR

Geospat Health, 2012 Nov;7(1):21-5.
PMID: 23242677

Dengue fever is a recurring public health problem afflicting thousands of Malaysians annually. In this paper, the risk map for dengue fever in the peninsular Malaysian states of Selangor and Kuala Lumpur was modelled based on co-kriging and geographical information systems. Using population density and rainfall as the model's only input factors, the area with the highest risk for dengue infection was given as Gombak and Petaling, two districts located on opposite sides of Kuala Lumpur city that was also included in the risk assessment. Comparison of the modelled risk map with the dengue case dataset of 2010, obtained from the Ministry of Health of Malaysia, confirmed that the highest number of cases had been found in an area centred on Kuala Lumpur as predicted our risk profiling.

Matched MeSH terms: Aedes/virology*; Dengue/virology; Disease Reservoirs/virology*; Insect Vectors/virology*; Rain/virology
Nipah virus--a potential agent of bioterrorism?

Lam SK

Antiviral Res, 2003 Jan;57(1-2):113-9.
PMID: 12615307

Nipah virus, a newly emerging deadly paramyxovirus isolated during a large outbreak of viral encephalitis in Malaysia, has many of the physical attributes to serve as a potential agent of bioterrorism. The outbreak caused widespread panic and fear because of its high mortality and the inability to control the disease initially. There were considerable social disruptions and tremendous economic loss to an important pig-rearing industry. This highly virulent virus, believed to be introduced into pig farms by fruit bats, spread easily among pigs and was transmitted to humans who came into close contact with infected animals. From pigs, the virus was also transmitted to other animals such as dogs, cats, and horses. The Nipah virus has the potential to be considered an agent of bioterrorism.

Matched MeSH terms: Agricultural Workers' Diseases/virology; Swine/virology; Swine Diseases/virology; Zoonoses/virology; Paramyxoviridae Infections/virology
Isolation of cytopathic small round virus (Aichi virus) from Pakistani children and Japanese travelers from Southeast Asia

Yamashita T, Sakae K, Kobayashi S, Ishihara Y, Miyake T, Mubina A, et al.

Microbiol. Immunol., 1995;39(6):433-5.
PMID: 8551977

Aichi virus was isolated in Vero cells from 5 (2.3%) of 222 Pakistani children with gastroenteritis but none was found in 91 healthy children. Aichi virus was also isolated from 5 (0.7%) of 722 Japanese travelers returned from tours to Southeast Asian countries and complained of gastrointestinal symptoms at the quarantine station of Nagoya International Airport in Japan. Of 5 Japanese travelers, 3 were returning from Indonesia, and 2 from Thailand or Malaysia. These results indicate that Aichi virus or a similar agent is endemic in Southeast Asian countries and is a cause of gastrointestinal symptoms in children in these areas or in Japanese travelers who visit there.

Matched MeSH terms: Diarrhea/virology*; Feces/virology; Gastroenteritis/virology*; Vero Cells/virology; Caliciviridae Infections/virology*
An updated review of avian-origin Tembusu virus: a newly emerging avian Flavivirus

Zhang W, Chen S, Mahalingam S, Wang M, Cheng A

J Gen Virol, 2017 Oct;98(10):2413-2420.
PMID: 28874226 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000908

Tembusu virus (TMUV, genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae) was first isolated in 1955 from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. In April 2010, duck TMUV was first identified as the causative agent of egg-drop syndrome, characterized by a substantial decrease in egg laying and depression, growth retardation and neurological signs or death in infected egg-laying and breeder ducks, in the People's Republic of China. Since 2010, duck TMUV has spread to most of the duck-producing regions in China, including many of the coastal provinces, neighbouring regions and certain Southeast Asia areas (i.e. Thailand and Malaysia). This review describes the current understanding of the genome characteristics, host range, transmission, epidemiology, phylogenetic and immune evasion of avian-origin TMUV and the innate immune response of the host.

Matched MeSH terms: Culex/virology; Ducks/virology*; Insect Vectors/virology; Poultry Diseases/virology; Flavivirus Infections/virology
Fulltext First molecular detection and complete sequence analysis of porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) in Peninsular Malaysia

Tan CY, Opaskornkul K, Thanawongnuwech R, Arshad SS, Hassan L, Ooi PT

PLoS One, 2020;15(7):e0235832.
PMID: 32706778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235832

Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) is a newly emerging virus in the swine industry, first reported recently in 2016. PCV3 assembles into a 2000 bp circular genome; slightly larger than PCV1 (1758-1760 bp), PCV2 (1766-1769 bp) and PCV4 (1770 bp). Apart from being associated with porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), PCV3 has been isolated from pigs with clinical signs of reproductive failures, myocarditis, porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) and neurologic disease. Given that PCV3 is increasingly reported in countries including Thailand and U.S. with whom Malaysia shares trade and geographical relationship; and that PCV3 is associated with several clinical presentations that affect productivity, there is a need to study the presence and molecular characteristics of PCV3 in Malaysian swine farms. Twenty-four commercial swine farms, three abattoirs and retail shops in Peninsular Malaysia were sampled using convenience sampling method. A total of 281 samples from 141 pigs, including 49 lung archive samples were tested for PCV3 by conventional PCR. Twenty-eight lung samples from wild boar population in Peninsular Malaysia were also included. Nucleotide sequences were analyzed for maximum likelihood phylogeny relationship and pairwise distances. Results revealed that PCV3 is present in Peninsular Malaysia at a molecular prevalence of 17.02%, with inguinal lymph nodes and lungs showing the highest molecular detection rates of 81.82% and 71.43% respectively. Despite wide reports of PCV3 in healthy animals and wild boars, no positive samples were detected in clinically healthy finishers and wild boar population of this study. PCV3 strain A1 and A2 were present in Malaysia, and Malaysian PCV3 strains were found to be phylogenetically related to Spanish, U.S. and Mexico strains.

Matched MeSH terms: Dermatitis/virology; Kidney Diseases/virology; Swine/virology*; Swine Diseases/virology*; Circoviridae Infections/virology
Survival of SA11 rotavirus in fresh fruit juices of pineapple, papaya, and honeydew melon

Leong YK, Xui OC, Chia OK

J Food Prot, 2008 May;71(5):1035-7.
PMID: 18522042

Survival of rotavirus in fresh fruit juices of papaya (Caraca papaya L.), honeydew melon (Cucumis melo L.), and pineapple (Ananas comosus [L.] Merr.) was studied. Clarified juices were prepared from pulps of ripe fruits and sterilized by ultrafiltration. One milliliter of juice from each fruit was inoculated with 20 microl of 1 x 10(6) PFU of SA11 rotavirus and sampled immediately (0-h exposure) and 1 and 3 h later at 28 degrees C. Mean viral titers in juices of papaya (pH 5.1) and honeydew melon (pH 6.3) at 1 and 3 h were not significantly different from titers at 0-h exposure. Mean viral titers in juices from pineapples with ripening color indices of 3 (pH 3.6) and 6 (pH 3.7) at 1-h exposure (color index 3: 4.0 +/- 1.7 x 10(4); color index 6: 2.3 +/- 0.3 x 10(5)) and 3-h exposure (color index 3: 1.1 +/- 0.4 x 10(4); color index 6:1.3 +/- 0.6 x 10(5)) were significantly lower than titers at 0-h exposure (color index 3: 5.7 +/- 2.9 x 10(5); color index 6: 7.4 +/- 1.3 x 10(5)). Virus titers in pineapple juices of color index 3 were significantly lower than titers of the virus in juices of index 6. In cell culture medium (pH 7.4), SA11 titer remained stable over 3 h at 28 degrees C. However, at pH 3.6, the virus titer was reduced to a level not significantly different from that of the virus in pineapple juice of color index 6 (pH 3.7). In conclusion, papaya and honeydew melon juices, in contrast to pineapple juice, have the potential to transmit rotavirus. Inactivation of SA11 virus in pineapple juice can be possibly attributed to low pH and constituent(s) in the juice.

Matched MeSH terms: Beverages/virology*; Fruit/virology*; Cucurbitaceae/virology; Carica/virology; Ananas/virology*
[Is the fight against dengue complicated with the emergence of a new viral serotype?]

Valero N, Quiroz Y

Invest Clin, 2014 Sep;55(3):203-5.
PMID: 25272519

Dengue is a viral acute febrile illness, currently considered one of the most important arbovirosis worldwide in terms of morbidity, mortality and economic impact. Various theories have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of severe forms of dengue, involving among other factors, features related to the virus, such as the presence of more virulent strains and/or strains with increased replicative capacity. A crucial point at this time is the discovery of a new viral type, dengue 5, from nonhuman primates in Malaysia-Borneo, which could result in greater difficulties for control and vaccine production (currently in efficacy tests). Once the circulation of this viral type has been demonstrated in the human population, the high risk of infection will have extreme or controversial public health implications. Therefore, a worldwide program to combat dengue should include an urgent need to implement continuous vector elimination, community education and prevention and control of the disease. Only then, we will be aiming to reduce the morbidity and transmission risk of dengue, while new technological and effective alternatives come about.

Matched MeSH terms: Dengue/virology*
Fulltext Henipavirus RNA in African bats

Drexler JF, Corman VM, Gloza-Rausch F, Seebens A, Annan A, Ipsen A, et al.

PLoS One, 2009;4(7):e6367.
PMID: 19636378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006367

Henipaviruses (Hendra and Nipah virus) are highly pathogenic members of the family Paramyxoviridae. Fruit-eating bats of the Pteropus genus have been suggested as their natural reservoir. Human Henipavirus infections have been reported in a region extending from Australia via Malaysia into Bangladesh, compatible with the geographic range of Pteropus. These bats do not occur in continental Africa, but a whole range of other fruit bats is encountered. One of the most abundant is Eidolon helvum, the African Straw-coloured fruit bat.

Matched MeSH terms: Chiroptera/virology*
The Oryctes virus: its detection, identification, and implementation in biological control of the coconut palm rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Huger AM

J Invertebr Pathol, 2005 May;89(1):78-84.
PMID: 16039308

In view of the increasing and devastating damage by rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) to coconut palms in the middle of last century, many efforts were made to find an efficient natural control factor against this pest, which could not be controlled by pesticides. The basic procedures of these monitoring programmes are outlined together with the final detection of a virus disease in oil palm estates in Malaysia in 1963. In extensive laboratory studies, the virus was isolated and identified as the first non-occluded, rod-shaped insect virus, morphologically resembling the baculoviruses. Infection experiments clarified the pathology, histopathology, and virulence of the virus and demonstrated that the virus was extremely virulent to larvae after peroral application. These findings encouraged the first pilot release of virus in 1967 in coconut plantations of Western Samoa where breeding sites were contaminated with virus. Surprisingly, the virus became established in the Samoan rhinoceros beetle populations and spread autonomously throughout the Western Samoan islands. As a consequence, there was a drastic decline of the beetle populations followed by a conspicuous recovery of the badly damaged coconut stands. This unexpected phenomenon could only be explained after it was shown that the adult beetle itself is a very active virus vector and thus was responsible for the efficient autodissemination of the virus. The functioning of the beetle as a 'flying virus factory' is due to the unique cytopathic process developing in the midgut after peroral virus infection. Pathological details of this process are presented. Because of the long-term persistence of the virus in the populations, rhinoceros beetle control is maintained. Incorporation of virus into integrated control measures and successful virus releases in many other countries are recorded.

Matched MeSH terms: Beetles/virology*

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