Peningkatan masalah muskulosketal di kalangan pemandu bas henti-henti akibat beban kerja fizikal semakin
menjadi perhatian. Oleh itu, tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti jenis beban kerja fizikal yang dihadapi oleh
pemandu bas henti-henti di Kuala Lumpur dan kesannya terhadap prestasi fizikal mereka. Dalam kajian ini, kaedah
rakaman video digunakan untuk melihat dan merakamkan setiap beban kerja fizikal yang dihadapi oleh mereka
semasa memandu dan satu simulasi dibuat untuk melihat kesan beban kerja tersebut terhadap prestasi kerja mereka.
Keseluruhan hasil kajian menunjukkan beberapa jenis beban kerja fizikal yang telah dikenalpasti iaitu seperti menekan
butang suis pada panel kawalan, memberi tiket kepada penumpang, memandang cermin sisi sambil memasukkan
wang ke dalam tabung, menoleh untuk menjawab pertanyaan penumpang dan membelok sambil menarik tombol
isyarat. Demi kesinambungan kajian ini, satu kajian terhadap beban kerja mental perlu dibuat untuk mengetahui secara
menyeluruh beban kerja yang dihadapi oleh pemandu bas.
Indoor air quality has been a major public concern recently. Several health effects are related to this problem.
Findings from several studies have shown MVAC system as the main contributor for IAQ problem. Good practice of
maintenance and servicing is important to maintain MVAC system, especially the filter. Good air filtration for MVAC
system is needed to make sure adequate air is received by the occupants. This paper illustrated a recent study of air
filtration for MVAC system especially for several industries that used MVAC system in their premises. This paper also
proposed an air filtration study for a better air quality. Several Acts and Regulations related to Safety and Health were
identified to create the framework for the proposed study. Air filtration technique was used in this preliminary study
to set up guidelines to create safe and clean indoor spaces for workers and occupants.
Evacuation profile systems in high rise building are important to determine the safety level during any fire
emergency. In relation to this, the study was conducted with its objective to develop the evacuation profile for
NIOSH Tower. Evacnet-4 software was used to develop models for building evacuations using the building network
descriptions and the initial content of the occupant at the beginning of the evacuation. The results show that it
requires 390 seconds to evacuate NIOSH tower, with the highest number of bottlenecks recorded for the Third Floor.
Identification of bottleneck is important to determine the evacuation periods. The information gained from the model
may be used for the emergency response planning and for support material. The model should be tested in real time
to have its reliability verified.
This paper is focusing on developing theoretical model on the effects of psychosocial and physical safety climate
towards workers task performance. Psychosocial and physical safety climate can be defined as workers’ perception
on organizational policies, process, and procedures outline, specifically on psychosocial issues and physical safety
aspect. This paper is based on sociotechnical philosophy by highlighting the integration of both psychosocial and
physical safety climate in predicting task performance. According to the philosophy, workers working performance is
dependent on both social and technical context in environment to accomplish the task and will influence both physical
products and psychosocial outcomes. Thus, it is essential to investigate the integration of psychosocial and physical
safety climate in predicting performance outcome.
Lack of safety awareness among quarry workers caused a number of accidents in quarry industries. The objective
of this study is to gauge the awareness level towards safety among quarry workers. A questionnaire was distributed
randomly among quarry workers in Pahang, Terengganu and Kelantan. The questionnaire consists of 6 questions
regarding safety at workplace. Results revealed that 56.9% of the respondents agreed and totally agreed for the health
and safety suggestions made to be given consideration and used. As many as 79.3% respondents admitted that they
obeyed all the safety rules stated at the workplace and 86.3% respondents said that they always focused and gave
full attention while completing their task. A high percentage of 88% of the respondents agreed for all accidents
to be reported to responsible persons while 77.6% respondents agreed for all personal protective equipment to be
used suitable with the task given and 86.2% respondents answered that they performed their task following the safe
operation procedures provided by the company.
Unsafe behaviour is the key factor which contributes to the high number of incidents. Applying Behavior-Based
Safety (BBS) into safety risk controls has been adopted in major industry toward improving safety performance.
This approach to prevent incident has a number of advantages. The objective of this study is to identify the BBS
factors which can contribute to reduce incidents at the workplace. Human factors, behaviour and environment have
been identified as BBS factors. Human factors are influenced by knowledge and understanding of the workers while
behaviour factors are influenced by culture and practices in a daily life. In addition, environmental factor involves
equipment and work area. For an effective BBS approach, level of knowledge, understanding and practices by the
workers become the main concerns in the implementation of BBS. The findings can become the reference model for
future implementation in other organizations and as a guidance for better safety management.
This objective of the study is to estimate occupational accident cost in manufacturing industries, especially in
wood based related industries. The study attempts to identify, define, and classify the cost components of occupational
accident related cost and to catalogue the various economic approaches used to estimate the entire costs of occupational
accident and to propose the risk prevention plan. The study uses local specific approach by reviewing company
historical records on occupational accident as reported in JKKP 6, JKKP 8, JKKP 9 and company internal investigation
reports. For each occupational accident, the site safety officer in charge, human resource and, account employee,
supervisor, victim, related co-workers and relatives were interviewed in order to estimate direct costs, indirect costs,
prevention costs and other personal cost related to the accident. Other related information such as personal data of the
victim, type of injuries, location of injuries and cause of injuries were recorded. A total of 24 occupational accidents
data for the past five years were analyzed in the cost of accident summary report to determine the overall ratio of direct
to indirect cost and ratio of total cost of accident to prevention cost. A further analysis was carried out to determine
the most significant cost of accident related to demographic profiles for Malaysian and Non Malaysian employees. In
conclusion, this study has determined the ratio of direct to indirect cost of occupational accident and has proposed the
risk prevention plan with additional information on cost of accident and cost of prevention.
Medium penyampaian maklumat merupakan media pengajaran utama yang digunakan dalam menyampaikan
maklumat kepada pekerja tempatan dan juga asing dalam Kursus Induksi Keselamatan dan Kesihatan (KIKK).
Justeru, kertas kerja ini menumpukan kepada perbincangan mengenai permasalahan serta hasil kajian lepas berkaitan
penggunaan media penyampaian maklumat sedia ada oleh pekerja asing dalam KIKK. Kesimpulan hasil kajian
perpustakaan mendapati terdapat beberapa masalah penggunaan media penyampaian maklumat sedia ada ini daripada
aspek penggunaan bahasa, cara penyampaian dan medium penyampaian. Bahasa Melayu lazimnya digunakan sebagai
bahasa pengantar semasa penyampaian maklumat dalam KIKK sama ada dalam bentuk teks mahupun penyampaian
lisan. Namun, penggunaan Bahasa Melayu ini didapati tidak difahami oleh kebanyakan pekerja asing terutamanya
pekerja asing bukan warga Indonesia. Cara penyampaian maklumat juga dilihat bersifat satu hala dan kurang difahami
serta medium penyampaian yang digunakan kurang interaktif dan berbentuk presentasi. Malah, medium penyampaian
maklumat seperti PowerPoint yang digunakan masih belum cukup kemas untuk memenuhi keperluan kerja pekerja
asing di tapak bina yang mana teks bahasa Melayu terlalu panjang digunakan, susunan teks dan grafik tidak kemas,
saiz teks tidak konsisten serta penggunaan grafik yang kurang jelas.
Occupational safety and health (OSH) in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have not received the proper
attention not only in Malaysia, but also in most countries all over the world, in terms of research or support for
implementation. In Malaysia, many agencies such as the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH),
Social Safety Organization (SOCSO), National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and many more
agencies related to OSH have been in collaborations to conduct and promote a safety working environment and to
protect human rights economically, morally and legally. This research mainly focuses on the implementation of the
occupational safety and health in small and medium industries in the southern region of peninsular of Malaysia. This
exploratory study will be based on conducting a survey to 500 SMEs owners and workers throughout the southern
region of Malaysia to get the in-depth knowledge on how the implementation of safety and health management system
in the SMEs will affect them both morally and economically. A site visit will also be conducted in order to enhance
and to get to know the real situation happening in the real working environment. The results of this study will be used
to make and initial evaluation of the implementations of OSH management system in SMEs and hopefully will help
for future interventions and researches.
Indoor air quality is a term which refers to the air quality in and around buildings and structures, in which it
is related to the health and comfort of those who are in the building. The study aims to identify the relationship
between environmental factors with microbe growth by investigating the concentration of airborne bacteria and
fungi at National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and to determine whether indoor bacteria and
fungi concentration were associated with environmental factors such as temperature relative humidity and carbon
dioxide concentration. This research was conducted concurrently with indoor air quality sampling as per requirement
under the Malaysian Code of Practice of Indoor Air Quality (COP IAQ). The COP IAQ requires minimum of one
sample to be taken from each area. If an area consists of a few separated rooms, each room is sampled and measured
independently. Also this approach was used to determine whether there is a difference of indoor bacteria and fungi
in different microenvironments. Results show that there is a significant correlation between humidity and bacteria
concentration and fungi concentration; and between temperature and bacteria concentration. However, there is no
significant correlation between temperature and fungi concentration. This study has also established significant
difference on bacteria concentration and fungi concentration between microenvironments.
According to annual reports from the Social Security Organization (SOCSO), between years 2009 and 2011,
metal industry has the highest reported number of accidents compared to the other manufacturing industry in small
and medium enterprises (SMEs). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the actual causes of problems that
lead to the accidents involving metal industries within SMEs. In this study, a checklist through site visits was used to
collect the data. The overall results revealed that the main causes of accidents are; organization failure, human factor,
machine failure and surrounding environments.
The accident rate in metalworking industries does show a slight reduction over the years. However, it is still so
much higher compared to those of the other industries. Despite the various incentives provided by the government of
Malaysia to improve this situation, the problems still remain. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the commitment
and implementation of occupational safety and health (OSH) aspect in the metal working industries. A survey was
carried out by posting a total of 550 questionnaires to metal manufacturing companies throughout Malaysia. As
many as 131 questionnaires were returned and a statistical analysis was done. Results of the analysis show that the
employers’ commitment for safety operations is high but the implementation of OSH programmes is poor due to lack
of resources and OSH knowledge.
Pemprosesan padi adalah salah satu daripada sektor pertanian yang terbesar di Malaysia. Kekerapan kemalangan
di tempat kerja yang berlaku dalam sektor ini berpunca daripada pelbagai faktor. Antara faktor utama ialah tahap
pengetahuan dan kemahiran tentang keselamatan dan kesihatan pekerjaan (KKP) yang rendah. Objektif kajian
ini adalah untuk menilai tahap pengetahuan KKP dan hubung kait antara tahap pengetahuan dan amalan pekerja
berkaitan KKP dalam sektor ini. Seramai 300 orang responden yang terdiri daripada petani dan pemilik sawah padi
di Sungai Besar, Selangor dipilih untuk menyertai kajian ini. Penyelidik menggunakan pendekatan soal selidik dalam
mengumpulkan data kajian. Nilai Cronbach Alpha didapati daripada ujian kebolehpercayaan menggunakan perisian
SPSS 20.0. Hasil kajian nenunjukkan bahawa jumlah responden tertinggi adalah seramai 138 orang yang bertugas
membaja dan meracun. Selain itu, seramai 254 responden mengetahui cara bekerja dengan betul dan selamat. Manakala,
seramai 242 responden mengetahui bahawa bahan kimia boleh meresap ke dalam kulit, mulut, sistem pernafasan dan
seterusnya mata. Hasil kajian mendapati responden yang terlibat mempunyai tahap pengetahuan memuaskan tentang
pendedahan risiko fizikal dan pendedahan risiko kimia terhadap tubuh badan mereka serta peralatan perlindungan
diri yang diperlukan. Walau bagaimanapun, terdapat segelintir responden yang tidak peka untuk meletakkan amaran
semasa proses menyembur racun dan membaja.
The aim of this paper is to share views on the Safety and Health Performance Indicators (SPIs) for the Small
Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to assist SMEs in improving their business performance, growth and resilience through
effective Safety and Health Performance Management framework. Traditionally, industries are relying on the “lagging”
indicators of safety and health performance. Lagging indicators are limited due to the reactive approach and to some
extent, they create complacency among the industries which do not have any accidents or to the SMEs which face
low risks at work. As a result to their limitation, there has been a move in using “leading” indicators in measuring
safety and health performance in the industries. SMEs are important to Malaysia. However their contribution to the
workplace accident statistics is equally substantial. They are the major contributors to 80% of the total accidents.
Hence, effective Safety and Health Performance Indicators is indeed crucial to assist SMEs in measuring their safety
performance to enable them to move forward in achieving safety culture which is good for their business to stay strong
and resilient in this new business millennium.
There were a number of accidents reported throughout the implementation of the National Services Training
Programme (NSTP) since 2004 until 2012. The National Services Training Department (NSTD) is responsible for
the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) aspects in the NSTP camps. The study was conducted with its objective
to compare the levels of OSH audit compliance at NSTP between 2011 and 2012. A cross sectional method was
used, involving a total of 67 randomly selected NSTP camps. The data analysis was conducted on two types of
audit checklists using SPSS version 2.1. The r-value of 0.197 obtained indicates a weak relationship between the
document review and physical training element. The p-value of 0.118, meanwhile, shows that there is no statistically
significant correlation between the results of document review and physical training element. Most of the elements
show an increased percentage of compliance as a result of initiatives taken by the Camp Training Management and
the Camp Operator. Despite an improved compliance level seen from 2011 to 2012, NSTD should look into certain
critical elements considered high risk by the regulatory requirements. NSTD should also continue with its initiatives
to enhance safety and health aspects in NSTP camps not only for the benefit of the trainees but also for themselves.
The increase in Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) cases in the context of manufacturing industry in Malaysia in
the recent years has become a national concern. Therefore, the study aims to compare the severity of the WMSDs cases
involving electronic workers by using survey, interview, observation and experimental methods. The questionnaire
was designed and distributed to 204 assembly workers performing printer and inserting semiconductor in the electronic
sector. The ergonomic risk was assessed through direct observation of workers’ posture at their workstation using
WERA. In addition, Electromyogram (EMG) analysis was used to measure the muscle activity of workers. The result
shows that standing workers are exposed to consistent MSD more than sitting workers in all body regions except for
the upper back. According to WERA results, both postures contribute to high risk of MSD especially at wrist and leg
regions. In conclusion, there is a significant correlation in the findings from the survey, observation and EMG analysis
about the prevalence of MSDs among the workers, although the degree of prevalence differs in some body regions.
Hence, there is a need to identify more interacting variables associated with the problem.
In Malaysia, the number of Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD) cases is increasing . Rapid Upper Limb Assessment
(RULA) is carried out in a physical paper form which is cumbersome and based on the complex nature and it should
consider human error. This project aims to create the RULA application for mobile devices featuring the android system
for this move will cut down the process time by more than half, create a more structured system and eliminate human
error wholly. The application will be designed on the App Inventor website which features a lot of handy tutorials
and takes the initiative to create a RULA mobile app for Android phones. The RULA mobile app for Android phones
is intended to make it easier and much more efficient to conduct a RULA analysis. Additionally, the analyses can be
conducted by minimally trained users, eliminating the need for highly trained technicians. RULA test is performed to
achieve accurate results and the mathematical processes will be programmed into the app so that the user will have a
friendly interface and will only be asked to tick boxes.
This study focused on noise exposure in quarrying industry. Quarry is one of the industries that have an exposure
of noise in particular processes. The quarries machinery noise is produced when the machines are running, but the
noise generated by the machines in the production environment includes both process-generated and machinerygenerated
noise. Survey method was used by distributing questionnaires comprising five parts which are, demography,
safety and health awareness, safety and health knowledge, safety and health compliances and compliances toward
noise exposure. However, the study emphasized only on the compliances toward noise exposure in quarrying
industry. Cronbach alpha (α) was used for the reliability of questionnaires. The study found that the mean value for
the perception of workers to noise control method compliances is 3.09 which indicates moderate compliances. It was
shown that, the total number of NIHL cases reported is related to the compliances of noise exposure control measures.
Compliance is one of the main factors to reduce NIHL among workers. For further development of methods for
controlling noise exposure, other studies can be done to find other information or methods on how to ensure that the
related organizations in quarrying industry give their commitment in compliance to noise control methods.
Working for a minimum of 8 hours, 6 days a week might have exposed the workers of public transportation to
high noise risks. However, occupational exposures in their workplace have not been adequately characterized and
identified. Assessment of occupational noise exposure among workers at five public transportation stations was made
using Sound Level Meter and through questionnaire survey. The data obtained was combined to estimate the work
shift exposure level and health impacts to the workers by using statistical analysis. The respondents participated in the
survey to identify the symptoms of noise-induced hearing loss and other health-related problems. Results of the study
indicated that occupational noise exposure among workers for Mean Continuous Equivalent Level, Leq= 76.17 dB(A)
presents small risks of developing a hearing disability. Some of the workers show symptoms of noise-induced hearing
loss and are annoyed by the sources of noise present at the public transportation.
Two EU directives which are RoHS and WEEE have restricted the usage of certain hazardous substances in
electrical and electronic equipment. This has led to the introduction of green compound which is halogen free. The
non-halogenated molding compound with different recipes was developed by compound manufacturers without
compromising the reliability performance of electronic packages. The focus, often, has been on product reliability
performance while qualifying new materials which overlook relevant safety and health concerns that might incur
during the production stage. This paper is intended to study the forming of crystalline deposits which are found at
the exhaust inlet of the Post Mold Cure Oven (PMC) arising from the usage of this green compound. The writers will
investigate the underlying reasons and the impact on the work environment and the potential risk on health. From the
initial evaluation result, the writers have indentified Compound A as the cause of this deposition. Data analyzed from
the Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) revealed higher weight loss which was 0.26% for compound A compared to
other green compounds which are also used. Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) test shows melting temperature
of crystallized particle at 139°C while cold crystallization temperature at 80°C. The temperature in the interior of the
oven is 180°C while the temperature at the exhaust inlet which is exposed to room temperature, and thus, providing
the opportunity for this deposition. Further study carried out using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
on one of the ingredient of the green compound (material C) observed a 95% spectrum matching compared to the
crystallized particle. Material C is a catalyst added to the mold compound for epoxy-phenolic reaction. It is also
considered to have the capability to enhance flame retardation. This paper will discuss in detail the characteristics of
Compound A green compound and its impact on human and environment.