Displaying publications 121 - 140 of 319 in total

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  1. High-level aminoglycoside resistance and virulence characteristics among Enterococci isolated from recreational beaches in Malaysia
    Dada AC, Ahmad A, Usup G, Heng LY, Hamid R
    Environ Monit Assess, 2013 Sep;185(9):7427-43.
    PMID: 23417753 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3110-x
    We report the first study on the occurrence of high-level aminoglycoside-resistant (HLAR) Enterococci in coastal bathing waters and beach sand in Malaysia. None of the encountered isolates were resistant to high levels of gentamicin (500 μg/mL). However, high-level resistance to kanamycin (2,000 μg/mL) was observed in 14.2 % of tested isolates, the highest proportions observed being among beach sand isolates. High-level resistance to kanamycin was higher among Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium than Enterococcus spp. Chi-square analysis showed no significant association between responses to tested antibiotics and the species allocation or source of isolation of all tested Enterococci. The species classification of encountered Enterococci resistance to vancomycin was highest among Enterococcus spp. (5.89 %) followed by E. faecium (4.785) and least among E. faecalis. A total of 160 isolates were also tested for virulence characteristics. On the whole, caseinase production was profoundly highest (15.01 %) while the least prevalent virulence characteristic observed among tested beach Enterococci was haemolysis of rabbit blood (3.65 %). A strong association was observed between the source of isolation and responses for each of caseinase (C = 0.47, V = 0.53) and slime (C = 0.50, V = 0.58) assays. Analysis of obtained spearman's coefficient showed a strong correlation between caseinase and each of the slime production (p = 0.04), gelatinase (p = 0.0035) and haemolytic activity on horse blood (p = 0.004), respectively. Suggestively, these are the main virulent characteristics of the studied beach Enterococci. Our findings suggest that recreational beaches may contribute to the dissemination of Enterococci with HLAR and virulence characteristics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics*
  2. Antimicrobial susceptibility and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of Shigella sonnei strains in Malaysia (1997-2000)
    Hoe CH, Yasin RM, Koh YT, Thong KL
    J Appl Microbiol, 2005;99(1):133-40.
    PMID: 15960673
    Antimicrobial resistance of Shigella sonnei from Malaysia was determined and subtyping was carried by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to assess the extent of genetic diversity of these strains.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics*
  3. Public Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding the Use of Antibiotics and Resistance: Findings from a Cross-Sectional Study Among Palestinian Adults
    Abu Taha A, Abu-Zaydeh AH, Ardah RA, Al-Jabi SW, Sweileh WM, Awang R, et al.
    Zoonoses Public Health, 2016 09;63(6):449-57.
    PMID: 26752329 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12249
    Antibiotics are considered to be among the most commonly sold drug classes in Palestine. Resistance to antibiotics has increased for reasons relating to the use and misuse of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, and attitudes regarding antibiotic use and awareness about resistance among adults visiting the emergency departments at hospitals in North Palestine. A self-administered cross-sectional questionnaire survey involving participants aged 18 or over was conducted from June 2012 to February 2013. Adults who visited the emergency departments at hospitals in North Palestine were included. Demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic use were included in the questionnaire. Poor and good knowledge were defined as a total knowledge score of 0-7 and 8-15 of 15 questions, respectively. Attitude scores of 0-3 and 4-7 of 7 questions were considered poor and good, respectively. A total of 375 questionnaires were included in the study. A response rate of 83.3% was attained. About 55.0% of the participants had a good knowledge and 56.5% had a good attitude towards rational antibiotic use. A significant positive correlation was shown between participants' knowledge scores and participants' attitude scores towards antibiotic use (R = 0.344, P = 0.001. Participants with a high family income were more likely to be aware of appropriate antibiotic use than participants with a low family income (P-value <0.001). Participants with a higher educational level (university) had a good attitude towards rational antibiotic use than those with a lower education level (P-value <0.001). This study has documented important knowledge and attitude gaps in antibiotic use. These findings will help health policymakers in Palestine to implement intervention programmes to rationalize antibiotic use. Continuing medical education, professional development and training workshops for healthcare professionals regarding rational use of antibiotics and health risks associated with the spread of antibiotic resistance are needed. In addition, minimizing non-prescription use of antibiotics and increasing the public awareness about the health and economic hazards of antibiotic resistance are also required.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial*
  4. Antibiotic resistance, putative virulence factors and curli fimbrination among Cronobacter species
    Odeyemi OA, Abdullah Sani N
    Microb Pathog, 2019 Nov;136:103665.
    PMID: 31404630 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103665
    This study aimed to investigate antibiotic resistance and putative virulence factors among Cronobacter sakazakii isolated from powdered infant formula and other sources. The following 9 cultures (CR1-9) were collected from our culture collection: C. sakazakii and 3 Cronobacter species: C. sakazakii ATCC® 29544™, C. muytjensii ATCC® 51329™, C. turicensis E866 were used in this study. Isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility and the following virulence factors (protease, DNase, haemolysin, gelatinase, motility and biofilm formation) using phenotypic methods. All the bacteria were able to form biofilm on agar at 37 °C and were resistant to ampicillin, erythromycin, fosfomycin and sulphamethoxazole. It was observed from this study that tested strains formed weak and strong biofilm with violet dry and rough (rdar), brown dry and rough (bdar), red mucoid and smooth (rmas) colony morphotypes on Congo red agar. Rdar expresses curli and fimbriae, while bdar expresses curli. Both biofilm colony morphotypes are commonly found in Enterobacteriaceae including Salmonella species. This study also reveals a new colony morphotypes in Cronobacter species. Conclusively, there was correlation between putative virulence factors and antibiotic resistance among the tested bacteria. Further study on virulence and antibiotic resistance genes is hereby encouraged.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial*
  5. Interaction of LysM BON family protein domain with carbapenems: A putative mechanism of carbapenem resistance
    Ali A, Kumar R, Khan A, Khan AU
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2020 Oct 01;160:212-223.
    PMID: 32464197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.172
    Carbapenem resistance in Gram-negative pathogens has become a global concern for health workers worldwide. In one of our earlier studies, a Klebsiella pneumoniae-carbapenemase-2 producing strain was induced with meropenem to explore differentially expressed proteins under induced and uninduced conditions. There is, LysM domain BON family protein, was found over 12-fold expressed under the induced state. A hypothesis was proposed that LysM domain protein might have an affinity towards carbapenem antibiotics making them unavailable to bind with their target. Hence, we initiated a study to understand the binding mode of carbapenem with LysM domain protein. MICs of imipenem and meropenem against LysM clone were increased by several folds as compared to NP-6 clinical strain as well as DH5 α (PET-28a KPC-2) clone. This study further revealed a strong binding of both antibiotics to LysM domain protein. Molecular simulation studies of LysM domain protein with meropenem and imipenem for 80 ns has also showed stable structure. We concluded that overexpressed LysM domain under induced condition interacted with carbapenems, leading to enhanced resistance as proved by high MIC values. Hence, the study proved the proposed hypothesis that the LysM domain plays a significant role in the putative mechanism of antibiotics resistance.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects*
  6. Transcriptome analysis of Burkholderia pseudomallei SCV reveals an association with virulence, stress resistance and intracellular persistence
    Al-Maleki AR, Vellasamy KM, Mariappan V, Venkatraman G, Tay ST, Vadivelu J
    Genomics, 2020 01;112(1):501-512.
    PMID: 30980902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.04.002
    Differences in expression of potential virulence and survival genes were associated with B. pseudomallei colony morphology variants. Microarray was used to investigate B. pseudomallei transcriptome alterations among the wild type and small colony variant (SCV) pre- and post-exposed to A549 cells. SCV pre- and post-exposed have lower metabolic requirements and consume lesser energy than the wild type pre- and post-exposed to A549. However, both the wild type and SCV limit their metabolic activities post- infection of A549 cells and this is indicated by the down-regulation of genes implicated in the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrate, lipid, and other amino acids. Many well-known virulence and survival factors, including T3SS, fimbriae, capsular polysaccharides and stress response were up-regulated in both the wild type and SCV pre- and post-exposed to A549 cells. Microarray analysis demonstrated essential differences in bacterial response associated with virulence and survival pre- and post-exposed to A549 cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics
  7. Antimycobacterial activity: a facile three-component [3+2]-cycloaddition for the regioselective synthesis of highly functionalised dispiropyrrolidines
    Wei AC, Ali MA, Yoon YK, Ismail R, Choon TS, Kumar RS, et al.
    Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 2012 Aug 1;22(15):4930-3.
    PMID: 22749825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.06.047
    A series of twelve dispiropyrrolidines were synthesized using [3+2]-cycloaddition reactions. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis H(37)Rv and INH resistant M. tuberculosis strains using agar dilution method, four of them showed good activity with MIC of less than 1 μM. Compound 4'-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl]-1'-methyldispiro[indan-2,2' pyrrolidine-3',2″-indan]-1,3,1″-trione (4b) was found to be the most active with MIC of 0.1215 and 5.121 μM, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects
  8. Emergence of mcr-1-mediated colistin resistance in Escherichia coli in Malaysia
    Yu CY, Ang GY, Chin PS, Ngeow YF, Yin WF, Chan KG
    Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2016 Jun;47(6):504-5.
    PMID: 27208898 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.04.004
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial*
  9. Aeromonas aquariorum clinical isolates: antimicrobial profiles, plasmids and genetic determinants
    Puah SM, Puthucheary SD, Liew FY, Chua KH
    Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2013 Mar;41(3):281-4.
    PMID: 23312608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.11.012
    The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance patterns of 47 clinical isolates of Aeromonas aquariorum and to identify the presence of plasmids and the relevant antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Antibiotic susceptibilities were determined by the standard disc diffusion method. The presence of plasmids and ARGs was detected by gel electrophoresis and monoplex PCR. Resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (98%), amoxicillin (91%), gentamicin (13%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (11%) and kanamycin (6%) was observed, whilst no ciprofloxacin- or amikacin-resistant strains were detected. All isolates harboured plasmids with sizes ranging from ca. 2 kb to 10 kb. PCR revealed that A. aquariorum carried three β-lactam resistance genes (bla(TEM), bla(MOX) and bla(PSE)) and two sulphonamide resistance genes (sul1 and sul2). This study provides further understanding of the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of multiresistant A. aquariorum clinical isolates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial*
  10. Fulltext Isolation and Characterization of Aquatic-Borne Klebsiella pneumoniae from Tropical Estuaries in Malaysia
    Barati A, Ghaderpour A, Chew LL, Bong CW, Thong KL, Chong VC, et al.
    Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2016 Apr 15;13(4):426.
    PMID: 27092516 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13040426
    Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen that is responsible for causing nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Despite its common presence in soil and aquatic environments, the virulence potential of K. pneumoniae isolates of environmental origin is largely unknown. Hence, in this study, K. pneumoniae isolated from the estuarine waters and sediments of the Matang mangrove estuary were screened for potential virulence characteristics: antibiotic susceptibility, morphotype on Congo red agar, biofilm formation, presence of exopolysaccharide and capsule, possession of virulence genes (fimH, magA, ugE, wabG and rmpA) and their genomic fingerprints. A total of 55 strains of K. pneumoniae were isolated from both human-distributed sites (located along Sangga Besar River) and control sites (located along Selinsing River) where less human activity was observed, indicated that K. pneumoniae is ubiquitous in the environment. However, the detection of potentially virulent strains at the downstream of Kuala Sepetang village has suggested an anthropogenic contamination source. In conclusion, the findings from this study indicate that the Matang mangrove estuary could harbor potentially pathogenic K. pneumoniae with risk to public health. More studies are required to compare the environmental K. pneumoniae strains with the community-acquired K. pneumoniae strains.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects*
  11. High prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Asia (an ANSORP study)
    Song JH, Jung SI, Ko KS, Kim NY, Son JS, Chang HH, et al.
    Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2004 Jun;48(6):2101-7.
    PMID: 15155207
    A total of 685 clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from patients with pneumococcal diseases were collected from 14 centers in 11 Asian countries from January 2000 to June 2001. The in vitro susceptibilities of the isolates to 14 antimicrobial agents were determined by the broth microdilution test. Among the isolates tested, 483 (52.4%) were not susceptible to penicillin, 23% were intermediate, and 29.4% were penicillin resistant (MICs >/= 2 mg/liter). Isolates from Vietnam showed the highest prevalence of penicillin resistance (71.4%), followed by those from Korea (54.8%), Hong Kong (43.2%), and Taiwan (38.6%). The penicillin MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (MIC(90)s) were 4 mg/liter among isolates from Vietnam, Hong Kong, Korea, and Taiwan. The prevalence of erythromycin resistance was also very high in Vietnam (92.1%), Taiwan (86%), Korea (80.6%), Hong Kong (76.8%), and China (73.9%). The MIC(90)s of erythromycin were >32 mg/liter among isolates from Korea, Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, and Hong Kong. Isolates from Hong Kong showed the highest rate of ciprofloxacin resistance (11.8%), followed by isolates from Sri Lanka (9.5%), the Philippines (9.1%), and Korea (6.5%). Multilocus sequence typing showed that the spread of the Taiwan(19F) clone and the Spain(23F) clone could be one of the major reasons for the rapid increases in antimicrobial resistance among S. pneumoniae isolates in Asia. Data from the multinational surveillance study clearly documented distinctive increases in the prevalence rates and the levels of antimicrobial resistance among S. pneumoniae isolates in many Asian countries, which are among the highest in the world published to date.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial*
  12. Prevalence and Pattern of Antibiotic Resistant Strains of Helicobacter Pylori Infection in ASEAN
    Vilaichone RK, Quach DT, Yamaoka Y, Sugano K, Mahachai V
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2018 May 26;19(5):1411-1413.
    PMID: 29802708
    Objective: Antibiotic resistance has significantly impact on eradication rates for H. pylori infection and remains
    important cause of treatment failure worldwide including ASEAN countries. The aim of this study was to survey
    the prevalence and antibiotic resistant pattern of H. pylori infection in ASEAN. Methods: This study was a survey among
    26 experts from 9 ASEAN countries including Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,
    Singapore and Vietnam whom attended a meeting to develop the ASEAN consensus on H. pylori management in Bangkok
    in November 2015. A questionnaire was sent to each member of the consensus meeting. The detail of the questionnaire
    included information about prevalence of H. pylori infection, facilities to perform H. pylori culture, molecular testing
    for antibiotic resistance and antibiotic resistance rate in their countries. Results: H. pylori infection remain common
    in ASEAN ranging from 20% in Malaysia, 21-54% in Thailand and 69% in Myanmar. Most of ASEAN countries
    can perform H. pylori cultures and antibiotic susceptibility tests except Laos and Cambodia. In ASEAN countries,
    metronidazole resistant H pylori is quite common whereas amoxicillin resistance remain rare. Clarithromycin resistance
    results in a significant decrease in H. pylori eradication rate with clarithromycin-containing regimens. The prevalence of
    clarithromycin resistance varies in ASEAN countries being high in Vietnam (30%) and Cambodia (43%), moderate to high
    in Singapore (17%) and low in Malaysia (6.8%), Philippine (2%) and Myanmar (0%). In Thailand, clarithromycin
    resistance tends to higher in large cities (14%) than in rural areas (~3.7%). Conclusion: ASEAN countries should
    develop a standard protocol for regular susceptibility testing of H. pylori so that clinicians would be better able to
    choose reliably effective empiric therapies. The wide range of antibiotic resistance in ASEAN countries suggests that
    the preferred first line regimen should be depend on the local antibiotic resistance other than single recommendation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial*
  13. Changing drug resistance profile in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection among HIV patients from 2010-2017: A retrospective study
    Swathirajan CR, Rameshkumar MR, Solomon SS, Vignesh R, Balakrishnan P
    J Glob Antimicrob Resist, 2019 03;16:274-277.
    PMID: 30389636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.10.019
    OBJECTIVES: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important aetiological agent causing pneumonia, urinary tract infections and bacteraemia. High antibiotic use in nosocomial settings and for immunocompromised conditions results in increasing multidrug resistance. This study analysed the antimicrobial resistance profile of P. aeruginosa isolates in an HIV setting.

    METHODS: A total of 7386 clinical specimens were collected from HIV patients attending YRG CARE from 2010-2017. P. aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens were identified conventionally, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.

    RESULTS: A total of 260 P. aeruginosa strains were isolated, with 165 P. aeruginosa (63.5%) being isolated from hospitalised patients. A higher incidence of P. aeruginosa infection (25.8%) was observed in 2017, and most of the P. aeruginosa were isolated from sputum specimens (57.3%). A high level of resistance was noted to ceftazidime (49.6%), followed by ticarcillin (41.5%). Imipenem and meropenem resistance was observed in 15.0% and 16.9% of P. aeruginosa isolates, respectively. A high rate of imipenem resistance was noted in 2016 (46.2%) and a high rate of meropenem resistance was noted in 2017 (20.5%). An increasing resistance rate of P. aeruginosa was observed against aztreonam, cefepime, levofloxacin, meropenem, piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, ticarcillin and tobramycin from 2010 to 2017.

    CONCLUSION: A constant increase in drug-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates from HIV patients was observed from 2010 to 2017. Findings from this study urge the need for periodical monitoring and surveillance of the P. aeruginosa resistance profile, especially in hospitalised and immunocompromised patients in resource-limited settings.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial*
  14. Fulltext A small RNA decreases the sensitivity of Shigella sonnei to norfloxacin
    Gan IN, Tan HS
    BMC Res Notes, 2019 Feb 21;12(1):97.
    PMID: 30791948 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4124-4
    OBJECTIVES: Shigella is a human pathogen that causes shigellosis, an acute invasive intestinal infection. Recent studies in the model bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) provided evidence that small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) can contribute to antimicrobial resistance or susceptibility. One of the sRNAs is SdsR, which increases sensitivity of E. coli against fluoroquinolone by repressing the drug efflux pump, TolC. However, no reports exist about the effect of SdsR on fluoroquinolone resistance in Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei). In this study, we established the effect of SdsR on the sensitivity of S. sonnei to norfloxacin.

    DATA DESCRIPTION: We tested the effects of SdsR and SdsRv2 on fluoroquinolone resistance in S. sonnei in vivo. SdsRv2 is a synthetic version which promotes higher binding stability to tolC mRNA. Overexpression of either SdsR or SdsRv2 lowers the expression of tolC mRNA. Interestingly, SdsR and SdsRv2 promote the growth of S. sonnei in the presence of a sub-inhibitory concentration of norfloxacin. Mutant carrying SdsRv2 showed the highest growth advantage. This phenotype is opposite to the effect of SdsR reported in E. coli. This study is an example that demonstrates the difference in the phenotypic effect of a highly conserved sRNA in two closely related bacteria.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial*
  15. Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Meropenem and Fosfomycin Combination Against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Patients with Normal Renal Clearance: Can It Be a Treatment Option?
    Mohd Sazlly Lim S, Heffernan AJ, Roberts JA, Sime FB
    Microb Drug Resist, 2021 Apr;27(4):546-552.
    PMID: 32898467 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0197
    Background and Objective: Combination therapy may be a treatment option against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CR-AB) infections. In this study, we explored the utility of fosfomycin in combination with meropenem (FOS/MEM) against CR-AB isolates. Materials and Methods: Screening of synergistic activity of FOS/MEM was performed using the checkerboard assay. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis was performed for various FOS/MEM regimens using Monte Carlo simulations. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) required to inhibit the growth of 50% of the isolates (MIC50) and MIC required to inhibit the growth of 90% of the isolates (MIC90) of FOS and MEM were reduced fourfold and twofold, respectively. The combination was synergistic against 14/50 isolates. No antagonism was observed. Sixteen out of fifty isolates had MEM MICs of ≤8 mg/L when subjected to combination therapy, compared to none with monotherapy. Forty-one out of 50 isolates had FOS MICs of ≤128 mg/L when subjected to combination therapy, compared to 17/50 isolates with monotherapy. The cumulative fraction response for MEM and FOS improved from 0% to 40% and 40% to 80%, with combination therapy, respectively. Conclusions: Addition of MEM improved the in vitro activity of FOS against the CR-AB isolates. FOS/MEM could be a plausible option to treat CR-AB for a small fraction of isolates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial*
  16. Semi-mechanistic PK/PD modelling of meropenem and sulbactam combination against carbapenem-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii
    Mohd Sazlly Lim S, Heffernan AJ, Zowawi HM, Roberts JA, Sime FB
    Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2021 Sep;40(9):1943-1952.
    PMID: 33884516 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04252-z
    Due to limited treatment options for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CR-AB) infections, antibiotic combinations are commonly used. In this study, we explored the potential efficacy of meropenem-sulbactam combination (MEM/SUL) against CR-AB. The checkerboard method was used to screen for synergistic activity of MEM/SUL against 50 clinical CR-AB isolates. Subsequently, time-kill studies against two CR-AB isolates were performed. Time-kill data were described using a semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model. Subsequently, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to estimate the probability of 2-log kill, 1-log kill or stasis at 24-h following combination therapy. The MEM/SUL demonstrated synergy against 28/50 isolates. No antagonism was observed. The MIC50 and MIC90 of MEM/SUL were decreased fourfold, compared to the monotherapy MIC. In the time-kill studies, the combination displayed synergistic killing against both isolates at the highest clinically achievable concentrations. At concentrations equal to the fractional inhibitory concentration, synergism was observed against one isolate. The PK/PD model adequately delineated the data and the interaction between meropenem and sulbactam. The effect of the combination was driven by sulbactam, with meropenem acting as a potentiator. The simulations of various dosing regimens revealed no activity for the monotherapies. At best, the MEM/SUL regimen of 2 g/4 g every 8 h demonstrated a probability of target attainment of 2-log10 kill at 24 h of 34%. The reduction in the MIC values and the achievement of a moderate PTA of a 2-log10 reduction in bacterial burden demonstrated that MEM/SUL may potentially be effective against some CR-AB infections.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial*
  17. Potent antibacterial activity of halogenated compounds against antibiotic-resistant bacteria
    Vairappan CS, Kawamoto T, Miwa H, Suzuki M
    Planta Med, 2004 Nov;70(11):1087-90.
    PMID: 15549668
    Common Gram-positive clinical pathogens are showing an increasing trend for resistance to conventional antimicrobial agents. New drugs with potent antibacterial activities are urgently needed to remediate this problem. Halogenated compounds isolated from several species of the red algae genus Laurencia were examined for their antibacterial activity against 22 strains of human pathogenic bacteria, 7 strains of which were antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Four phenolic sesquiterpenes and a polybrominated indole showed wide spectra of antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium (VRE). In addition, laurinterol and allolaurinterol displayed potent bactericidal activity against three strains of MRSA at 3.13 microg mL(-1), and three strains of vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus, at 3.13 microg mL(-1) and 6.25 microg mL(-1), respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial*
  18. Fulltext Phylogenetically Diverse Escherichia coli Strains from Chicken Coharbor Multiple Carbapenemase-Encoding Genes (bla NDM -bla OXA-blaIMP)
    Aklilu E, Harun A, Singh KKB, Ibrahim S, Kamaruzzaman NF
    Biomed Res Int, 2021;2021:5596502.
    PMID: 34660793 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5596502
    Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) has been a public health risk in several countries, and recent reports indicate the emergence of CRE in food animals. This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence, resistance patterns, and phylogenetic diversity of carbapenem-resistant E. coli (CREC) from chicken. Routine bacteriology, PCR detection of E. coli species, multiplex PCR to detect carbapenemase-encoding genes, and phylogeny of CRE E. coli were conducted. The results show that 24.36% (19/78) were identified as CREC based on the phenotypic identifications of which 17 were positive for the tested carbapenemases genes. The majority, 57.99% (11/19), of the isolates harbored multiple carbapenemase genes. Four isolates harbored all bla NDM, bla OXA, and bla IMP, and five and two different isolates harbored bla NDM and bla OXA and bla OXA and bla IMP, respectively. The meropenem, imipenem, and ertapenem MIC values for the isolates ranged from 2 μg/mL to ≥256 μg/mL. Phylogenetic grouping showed that the CREC isolates belonged to five different groups: groups A, B1, C, D, and unknown. The detection of CREC in this study shows that it has become an emerging problem in farm animals, particularly, in poultry farms. This also implies the potential public health risks posed by CRE from chicken to the consumers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects
  19. Fulltext Next generation sequencing reveals the antibiotic resistant variants in the genome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    Ramanathan B, Jindal HM, Le CF, Gudimella R, Anwar A, Razali R, et al.
    PLoS One, 2017;12(8):e0182524.
    PMID: 28797043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182524
    Rapid progress in next generation sequencing and allied computational tools have aided in identification of single nucleotide variants in genomes of several organisms. In the present study, we have investigated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in ten multi-antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates. All the draft genomes were submitted to Rapid Annotations using Subsystems Technology (RAST) web server and the predicted protein sequences were used for comparison. Non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (nsSNP) found in the clinical isolates compared to the reference genome (PAO1), and the comparison of nsSNPs between antibiotic resistant and susceptible clinical isolates revealed insights into the genome variation. These nsSNPs identified in the multi-drug resistant clinical isolates were found to be altering a single amino acid in several antibiotic resistant genes. We found mutations in genes encoding efflux pump systems, cell wall, DNA replication and genes involved in repair mechanism. In addition, nucleotide deletions in the genome and mutations leading to generation of stop codons were also observed in the antibiotic resistant clinical isolates. Next generation sequencing is a powerful tool to compare the whole genomes and analyse the single base pair variations found within the antibiotic resistant genes. We identified specific mutations within antibiotic resistant genes compared to the susceptible strain of the same bacterial species and these findings may provide insights to understand the role of single nucleotide variants in antibiotic resistance.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics*
  20. Antibiotic susceptibility and REP-PCR fingerprints of Acinetobacter spp. isolated from a hospital ten years apart
    Misbah S, AbuBakar S, Hassan H, Hanifah YA, Yusof MY
    J Hosp Infect, 2004 Dec;58(4):254-61.
    PMID: 15564001
    The antibiotic susceptibility profiles and the repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (REP-PCR)-determined genotypes of 109 Acinetobacter strains collected from the University Malaya Medical Center (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in 1987 (N=21) and 1996-1998 (N=88) were established. Twelve antibiotic susceptibility profiles of antibiotics used at the UMMC were obtained. In descending order of effectiveness, imipenem, amikacin and ciprofloxacin were the most effective against the Acinetobacter strains. Compared with 1987 isolates, the isolates obtained in 1996-1998 had decreased susceptibility to these antibiotics and were tolerant to the antibiotics up to an MIC90 of > or =256 mg/L. REP-PCR DNA fingerprints of all the isolates revealed the presence of four Acinetobacter spp. lineages; 92% of all the isolates belonged to two dominant lineages (genotypes 1 and 4). Genotype 4 isolates predominant in 1987 showed increased resistance and antibiotic tolerance to imipenem, amikacin and ciprofloxacin compared with the 1996-1998 isolates. In contrast, genotype 1 isolates from 1996-1998 were mainly sensitive to these antibiotics. These findings demonstrate the presence of at least two independent Acinetobacter spp. lineages in the same hospital, and suggest the possibility that genotype 4 Acinetobacter spp. acquired the resistance phenotype in situ, whereas most of the genotype 1 isolates were probably introduced to the hospital in recent years.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Bacterial*
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