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Survey of the Anopheles maculatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in peninsular Malaysia by analysis of cuticular lipids

Kittayapong P, Clark JM, Edman JD, Lavine BK, Marion JR, Brooks M

J Med Entomol, 1993 Nov;30(6):969-74.
PMID: 8271255

Anopheles maculatus Theobald sensu lato is a species complex now consisting of eight sibling species; An. maculatus is still represented by two cytologically distinct forms; i.e., the widely distributed sensu strictu or B, and E from southern Thailand and adjacent areas in northern Malaysia. Cuticular lipid profiles in conjunction with principal component analysis was used to separate An. maculatus form E from sensu stricto form B in a preliminary survey of the An. maculatus complex at five locations spanning peninsular Malaysia. The relative rank orders, from the areas of the five gas chromatographic peaks used to determine lipid differences for specimens from peninsular Malaysia, matched well with those from cytogenetically identified colony specimens of An. maculatus forms B and E. The two-dimensional principal component pattern of specimens identified as form E was highly clumped, which indicated that very similar cuticular lipids were present within this putative malaria vector. Both forms coexisted in peninsular Malaysia, but form E may be dominant except in the south.

Matched MeSH terms: Anopheles/classification; Anopheles/chemistry*
Female body size, parity, and malaria infection of Anopheles maculatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in peninsular Malaysia

Kittayapong P, Edman JD, Harrison BA, Delorme DR

J Med Entomol, 1992 May;29(3):379-83.
PMID: 1625287

The relationship among body size (as indicated by wing length), age (as indicated by parity dissections), and malaria infection were observed in host-seeking Anopheles maculatus Theobald females collected in aboriginal villages of peninsular Malaysia. Both ELISA and salivary gland dissections were used to determine malaria infection. The wings of parous females were significantly longer than those of nulliparous females, suggesting that larger females live longer than smaller ones, and thus have a higher vectorial capacity. Body size differences were not detected between infected parous and uninfected parous females. Females infected with only oocysts were significantly larger than females infected with sporozoites. No correlation was found between the number of oocysts or sporozoites and body size in this small sample.

Matched MeSH terms: Anopheles/anatomy & histology*; Anopheles/parasitology
Exoerythrocytic schizonts of Plasmodium silvaticum of the orang-utan

Killick-Kendrick R, Garnham PC, Cheong WH, Cadigan FC, Peters W, Rajapaksa N

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1972 Sep;3(3):454.
PMID: 4652473
Matched MeSH terms: Anopheles
Status of malaria vectors in Malaysia

Khoon CC

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1985 Mar;16(1):133-8.
PMID: 4023806
Matched MeSH terms: Anopheles/parasitology*
Fulltext Human blood type influences the host-seeking behavior and fecundity of the Asian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi

Khan SA, Kassim NFA, Webb CE, Aqueel MA, Ahmad S, Malik S, et al.

Sci Rep, 2021 12 21;11(1):24298.
PMID: 34934127 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03765-z

The nutritional requirements of mosquitoes include both sugar (generally derived from the nectar of flowers) and blood (humans or animals). Mosquitoes express different degrees of preferences towards hosts depending on behavioral, ecological, and physiological factors. These preferences have implications for mosquito-borne disease risk. The present study is directed to reveal the effect of the human blood groups on the fecundity and fertility of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi. In laboratory tests, mosquitoes were fed on ABO blood groups via artificial membrane feeders, and the level of attraction against different blood groups was tested by the electroantennogram and wind tunnel bioassay under control conditions. Results indicate that the female mosquitoes had a strong preference towards the blood group B, while in the case of females fed on O blood group had the highest digestibility rate. Overall, the human blood type had a significant impact on the fecundity and fertility of female An. stephensi. The highest numbers of eggs are laid, in the case of blood group B, (mean (± SD)) 216.3 (8.81) followed by the AB, 104.06 (7.67), and O, 98.01 (7.04). In the case of blood group B, females attain the highest fertility of about 92.1 (9.98). This study provides novel insight into the ABO blood type host choice of the mosquitoes that are still partially unknown and suggests encouraging personal protection for relevant individuals within communities at risk, which is a useful tool for preventing malaria where the An. stephensi is present as a dominant vector.

Matched MeSH terms: Anopheles/physiology*
Role of NF-kβ factor Rel2 during Plasmodium falciparum and bacterial infection in Anopheles dirus

Khan MB, Liew JW, Leong CS, Lau YL

Parasit Vectors, 2016 Sep 29;9(1):525.
PMID: 27688040

Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria which is one of the world's most threatening diseases. Anopheles dirus (sensu stricto) is among the main vectors of malaria in South East Asia. The mosquito innate immune response is the first line of defence against malaria parasites during its development. The immune deficiency (IMD) pathway, a conserved immune signaling pathway, influences anti-Plasmodium falciparum activity in Anopheles gambiae, An. stephensi and An. albimanus. The aim of the study was to determine the role of Rel2, an IMD pathway-controlled NF-kappaβ transcription factor, in An. dirus.

Matched MeSH terms: Anopheles
Fulltext Impact of insecticide resistance in Anopheles arabiensis on malaria incidence and prevalence in Sudan and the costs of mitigation

Kafy HT, Ismail BA, Mnzava AP, Lines J, Abdin MSE, Eltaher JS, et al.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2017 12 26;114(52):E11267-E11275.
PMID: 29229808 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713814114

Insecticide-based interventions have contributed to ∼78% of the reduction in the malaria burden in sub-Saharan Africa since 2000. Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors could presage a catastrophic rebound in disease incidence and mortality. A major impediment to the implementation of insecticide resistance management strategies is that evidence of the impact of resistance on malaria disease burden is limited. A cluster randomized trial was conducted in Sudan with pyrethroid-resistant and carbamate-susceptible malaria vectors. Clusters were randomly allocated to receive either long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) alone or LLINs in combination with indoor residual spraying (IRS) with a pyrethroid (deltamethrin) insecticide in the first year and a carbamate (bendiocarb) insecticide in the two subsequent years. Malaria incidence was monitored for 3 y through active case detection in cohorts of children aged 1 to <10 y. When deltamethrin was used for IRS, incidence rates in the LLIN + IRS arm and the LLIN-only arm were similar, with the IRS providing no additional protection [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.36-3.0; P = 0.96)]. When bendiocarb was used for IRS, there was some evidence of additional protection [interaction IRR = 0.55 (95% CI: 0.40-0.76; P < 0.001)]. In conclusion, pyrethroid resistance may have had an impact on pyrethroid-based IRS. The study was not designed to assess whether resistance had an impact on LLINs. These data alone should not be used as the basis for any policy change in vector control interventions.

Matched MeSH terms: Anopheles*
Entomologic investigation of Plasmodium knowlesi vectors in Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia

Jiram AI, Vythilingam I, NoorAzian YM, Yusof YM, Azahari AH, Fong MY

Malar J, 2012;11:213.
PMID: 22727041

The first natural infection of Plasmodium knowlesi in humans was recorded in 1965 in peninsular Malaysia. Extensive research was then conducted and it was postulated that it was a rare incident and that simian malaria will not be easily transmitted to humans. However, at the turn of the 21st century, knowlesi malaria was prevalent throughout Southeast Asia and is life threatening. Thus, a longitudinal study was initiated to determine the vectors, their seasonal variation and preference to humans and macaques.

Matched MeSH terms: Anopheles/classification*; Anopheles/parasitology*
Fulltext Evaluation of Mosquito Magnet and other collection tools for Anopheles mosquito vectors of simian malaria

Jeyaprakasam NK, Pramasivan S, Liew JWK, Van Low L, Wan-Sulaiman WY, Ngui R, et al.

Parasit Vectors, 2021 Apr 01;14(1):184.
PMID: 33794965 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04689-3

BACKGROUND: Vector surveillance is essential in determining the geographical distribution of mosquito vectors and understanding the dynamics of malaria transmission. With the elimination of human malaria cases, knowlesi malaria cases in humans are increasing in Malaysia. This necessitates intensive vector studies using safer trapping methods which are both field efficient and able to attract the local vector populations. Thus, this study evaluated the potential of Mosquito Magnet as a collection tool for Anopheles mosquito vectors of simian malaria along with other known collection methods.
METHODS: A randomized 4 × 4 Latin square designed experiment was conducted to compare the efficiency of the Mosquito Magnet against three other common trapping methods: human landing catch (HLC), CDC light trap and human baited trap (HBT). The experiment was conducted over six replicates where sampling within each replicate was carried out for 4 consecutive nights. An additional 4 nights of sampling was used to further evaluate the Mosquito Magnet against the "gold standard" HLC. The abundance of Anopheles sampled by different methods was compared and evaluated with focus on the Anopheles from the Leucosphyrus group, the vectors of knowlesi malaria.
RESULTS: The Latin square designed experiment showed HLC caught the greatest number of Anopheles mosquitoes (n = 321) compared to the HBT (n = 87), Mosquito Magnet (n = 58) and CDC light trap (n = 13). The GLMM analysis showed that the HLC method caught significantly more Anopheles mosquitoes compared to Mosquito Magnet (P = 0.049). However, there was no significant difference in mean nightly catch of Anopheles mosquitoes between Mosquito Magnet and the other two trapping methods, HBT (P = 0.646) and CDC light traps (P = 0.197). The mean nightly catch for both An. introlatus (9.33 ± 4.341) and An. cracens (4.00 ± 2.273) caught using HLC was higher than that of Mosquito Magnet, though the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). This is in contrast to the mean nightly catch of An. sinensis (15.75 ± 5.640) and An. maculatus (15.78 ± 3.479) where HLC showed significantly more mosquito catches compared to Mosquito Magnet (P

Matched MeSH terms: Anopheles/parasitology*
Fulltext Blood meal analysis of Anopheles vectors of simian malaria based on laboratory and field studies

Jeyaprakasam NK, Low VL, Liew JWK, Pramasivan S, Wan-Sulaiman WY, Saeung A, et al.

Sci Rep, 2022 01 10;12(1):354.
PMID: 35013403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04106-w

Blood feeding and host-seeking behaviors of a mosquito play an imperative role in determining its vectorial capacity in transmitting pathogens. Unfortunately, limited information is available regarding blood feeding behavior of Anopheles species in Malaysia. Collection of resting Anopheles mosquitoes for blood meal analysis poses a great challenge especially for forest dwelling mosquitoes. Therefore, a laboratory-based study was conducted to evaluate the potential use of mosquitoes caught using human landing catch (HLC) for blood meal analysis, and subsequently to document blood feeding behavior of local Anopheles mosquitoes in Peninsular Malaysia. The laboratory-based experiment from this study revealed that mosquitoes caught using HLC had the potential to be used for blood meal analysis. Besides HLC, mosquitoes were also collected using manual aspirator and Mosquito Magnet. Overall, 47.4% of 321 field-caught Anopheles mosquitoes belonging to six species were positive for vertebrate host DNA in their blood meal. The most frequent blood meal source was human (45.9%) followed by wild boar (27.4%), dog (15.3%) and monkey (7.5%). Interestingly, only Anopheles cracens and Anopheles introlatus (Leucosphyrus Group) fed on monkey. This study further confirmed that members of the Leucosphyrus Group are the predominant vectors for knowlesi malaria transmission in Peninsular Malaysia mainly due to their simio-anthropophagic feeding behavior.

Matched MeSH terms: Anopheles/metabolism*
Fulltext Falciparum Malaria Outbreak in Sabah Linked to an Immigrant Rubber Tapper

Jeffree SM, Ahmed K, Safian N, Hassan R, Mihat O, Lukman KA, et al.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2018 Jan;98(1):45-50.
PMID: 29141714 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0081

Sabah is a Malaysian state situated in the northern part of Borneo, and it is endemic for malaria. The incidence of malaria is the lowest (0.05/1,000 population) in Penampang districts of Sabah. In June 26, 2012, two Plasmodium falciparum malaria cases were notified to public health department from a village in Penampang. Immediate investigation was initiated to identify the risk factors and to institute control measures. We performed active case finding by asking household members of all houses in the village regarding malaria symptoms and by examining blood smears. Environmental investigation was performed by collecting samples to detect mosquito breeding sites and to identify malaria transmitting vector mosquitoes. A case-control study with a ratio of 1:4 (11 cases and 44 controls) was conducted using self-administered questionnaire. The microscopic examination of blood smear for malarial parasite and entomology sampling was carried out. The malarial attack rate was 2.3%, 6/11 smears have gametocyte, and the case fatality rate was 9.1%. One case was a migrant rubber tapper from Indonesia which happened to be the first case with gametocyte positive. Overall, the incidence of malaria was higher (6/11) among rubber tappers. The odds of cases for those living nearby stagnant water were 7.3 [95% confidence interval: 1.2-43.5] times higher. In conclusion, an outbreak of P. falciparum malaria was introduced into a malaria-free village by a migrant rubber tapper, by whom the imported parasite was introduced to the community via vector Anopheles balabacensis. Living near stagnant water bodies was the risk factor in this outbreak.

Matched MeSH terms: Anopheles/parasitology
Earthworm-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles: A potent tool against hepatocellular carcinoma, Plasmodium falciparum parasites and malaria mosquitoes

Jaganathan A, Murugan K, Panneerselvam C, Madhiyazhagan P, Dinesh D, Vadivalagan C, et al.

Parasitol Int, 2016 Jun;65(3):276-84.
PMID: 26873539 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.02.003

The development of parasites and pathogens resistant to synthetic drugs highlighted the needing of novel, eco-friendly and effective control approaches. Recently, metal nanoparticles have been proposed as highly effective tools towards cancer cells and Plasmodium parasites. In this study, we synthesized silver nanoparticles (EW-AgNP) using Eudrilus eugeniae earthworms as reducing and stabilizing agents. EW-AgNP showed plasmon resonance reduction in UV-vis spectrophotometry, the functional groups involved in the reduction were studied by FTIR spectroscopy, while particle size and shape was analyzed by FESEM. The effect of EW-AgNP on in vitro HepG2 cell proliferation was measured using MTT assays. Apoptosis assessed by flow cytometry showed diminished endurance of HepG2 cells and cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. EW-AgNP were toxic to Anopheles stephensi larvae and pupae, LC(50) were 4.8 ppm (I), 5.8 ppm (II), 6.9 ppm (III), 8.5 ppm (IV), and 15.5 ppm (pupae). The antiplasmodial activity of EW-AgNP was evaluated against CQ-resistant (CQ-r) and CQ-sensitive (CQ-s) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. EW-AgNP IC(50) were 49.3 μg/ml (CQ-s) and 55.5 μg/ml (CQ-r), while chloroquine IC(50) were 81.5 μg/ml (CQ-s) and 86.5 μg/ml (CQ-r). EW-AgNP showed a valuable antibiotic potential against important pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Concerning non-target effects of EW-AgNP against mosquito natural enemies, the predation efficiency of the mosquitofish Gambusia affinis towards the II and II instar larvae of A. stephensi was 68.50% (II) and 47.00% (III), respectively. In EW-AgNP-contaminated environments, predation was boosted to 89.25% (II) and 70.75% (III), respectively. Overall, this research highlighted the EW-AgNP potential against hepatocellular carcinoma, Plasmodium parasites and mosquito vectors, with little detrimental effects on mosquito natural enemies.

Matched MeSH terms: Anopheles/drug effects*; Anopheles/parasitology
A mark-release-recapture experiment with Anopheles lesteri paraliae in northwest Peninsular Malaysia

Jaal Z, MacDonald WW

Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 1992 Aug;86(4):419-24.
PMID: 1463364

In a coastal village in northwest Malaysia, 3231 fed Anopheles females of eight to 10 species were collected, marked with fluorescent dust, and released on three consecutive nights. In collections made on the 10 nights after the first release, 58 mosquitoes of three species, An. lesteri paraliae, An. subpictus and An. vagus, were recaptured; the recapture rates were 3.42%, 1.19% and 0.97%, respectively. The data for An. subpictus and An. vagus were insufficient for further analysis. Those for An. l. paraliae were plotted against time of recapture and, from the regression coefficient, an estimate of 0.68 was obtained for the daily survival rate. An independent estimate based on the parous rate during the previous year was 0.55. The temporal distribution of the recaptures strongly suggested a gonotrophic cycle and oviposition cycle of two days.

Matched MeSH terms: Anopheles/anatomy & histology; Anopheles/physiology*
Fulltext Anopheline mosquitos of northwest coastal Malaysia

Jaal Z, MacDonald WW

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1992 Sep;23(3):479-85.
PMID: 1488703

Collections of adult anopheline mosquitos were made from a cow-baited trap in nine coastal villages located along nearly 160km of northwest peninsular Malaysia. Two collections, separated by 1.5 to 6 months, were made at each site. Nearly 6,000 anophelines of 19 species were collected. The dominant species were Anopheles peditaeniatus. An. sinensis, An. subpictus and An. lesteri paraliae. Small numbers of the malaria vectors An. maculatus (at one site) and An. campestris (at four sites) were collected, but no An. sundaicus were recorded.

Matched MeSH terms: Anopheles*
Fulltext The ecology of anopheline mosquitos in northwest coastal Malaysia: host preferences and biting-cycles

Jaal Z, Macdonald WW

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1993 Sep;24(3):530-5.
PMID: 8160064

The host preferences of eight species of anophelines were studied in two coastal Malaysian villages, Kampung Permatang Rawa and Sungai Udang Kecil, by seven 12-hour catches in each village. Collections were made concurrently from a human-baited net trap, a cow-baited net trap and by human-bait landing catches. Anopheles campestris was attracted almost equally to man and cow, but An. lesteri paraliae, An. nigerrimus, An. peditaeniatus, An. sinensis, An. indefinitus, An. subpictus and An. vagus showed a strong preference for the cow bait. The human-bait landing catches were more productive than the human-baited net trap, which attracted very few mosquitos. Seven more all-night catches were made at each village employing only the cow-baited trap, and the combined data were used to plot the biting-cycles of each species at each site. Although the biting-cycles at the two localities were in general agreement, there were notable differences. At Sungai Udang Kecil, where the collection site was relatively sheltered, several species showed a steady decline in numbers from sunset to sunrise. At Kampung Permatang Rawa, on the other hand, where the site was more exposed and close to the sea, the same species showed a bimodal pattern of activity with an early evening peak followed by a decline then a period of increased activity before sunrise rising to a second, lesser peak at 0500-0600 hours.

Matched MeSH terms: Anopheles/classification; Anopheles/physiology*
Fulltext Temporal and spatial trends in insecticide resistance in Anopheles arabiensis in Sudan: outcomes from an evaluation of implications of insecticide resistance for malaria vector control

Ismail BA, Kafy HT, Sulieman JE, Subramaniam K, Thomas B, Mnzava A, et al.

Parasit Vectors, 2018 03 02;11(1):122.
PMID: 29499751 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2732-9

BACKGROUND: Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) (with pyrethroids) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are the cornerstones of the Sudanese malaria control program. Insecticide resistance to the principal insecticides in LLINs and IRS is a major concern. This study was designed to monitor insecticide resistance in Anopheles arabiensis from 140 clusters in four malaria-endemic areas of Sudan from 2011 to 2014. All clusters received LLINs, while half (n = 70), distributed across the four regions, had additional IRS campaigns.
METHODS: Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) mosquitoes were identified to species level using PCR techniques. Standard WHO insecticide susceptibility bioassays were carried out to detect resistance to deltamethrin (0.05%), DDT (4%) and bendiocarb (0.1%). TaqMan assays were performed on random samples of deltamethrin-resistant phenotyped and pyrethrum spray collected individuals to determine Vgsc-1014 knockdown resistance mutations.
RESULTS: Anopheles arabiensis accounted for 99.9% of any anopheline species collected across all sites. Bioassay screening indicated that mosquitoes remained susceptible to bendiocarb but were resistance to deltamethrin and DDT in all areas. There were significant increases in deltamethrin resistance over the four years, with overall mean percent mortality to deltamethrin declining from 81.0% (95% CI: 77.6-84.3%) in 2011 to 47.7% (95% CI: 43.5-51.8%) in 2014. The rate of increase in phenotypic deltamethrin-resistance was significantly slower in the LLIN + IRS arm than in the LLIN-only arm (Odds ratio 1.34; 95% CI: 1.02-1.77). The frequency of Vgsc-1014F mutation varied spatiotemporally with highest frequencies in Galabat (range 0.375-0.616) and New Halfa (range 0.241-0.447). Deltamethrin phenotypic-resistance correlated with Vgsc-1014F frequency.
CONCLUSION: Combining LLIN and IRS, with different classes of insecticide, may delay pyrethroid resistance development, but the speed at which resistance develops may be area-specific. Continued monitoring is vital to ensure optimal management and control.

Matched MeSH terms: Anopheles/drug effects*; Anopheles/genetics
Fulltext Serological measures to assess the efficacy of malaria control programme on Ambae Island, Vanuatu

Idris ZM, Chan CW, Mohammed M, Kalkoa M, Taleo G, Junker K, et al.

Parasit Vectors, 2017 Apr 26;10(1):204.
PMID: 28441959 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2139-z

BACKGROUND: Seroepidemiology can provide evidence for temporal changes in malaria transmission and is an important tool to evaluate the effectiveness of control interventions. During the early 2000s, Vanuatu experienced an acute increase in malaria incidence due to a lapse in funding for vector control. After the distribution of subsidised insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) resumed in 2003, malaria incidence decreased in the subsequent years. This study was conducted to find the serological evidence supporting the impact of ITN on exposure to Anopheles vector bites and parasite prevalence.
METHODS: On Ambae Island, blood samples were collected from 231 and 282 individuals in 2003 and 2007, respectively. Parasite prevalence was determined by microscopy. Antibodies to three Plasmodium falciparum (PfSE, PfMSP-119, and PfAMA-1) and three Plasmodium vivax (PvSE, PvMSP-119, and PvAMA-1) antigens, as well as the Anopheles-specific salivary antigen gSG6, were detected by ELISA. Age-specific seroprevalence was analysed using a reverse catalytic modelling approach to estimate seroconversion rates (SCRs).
RESULTS: Parasite rate decreased significantly (P

Matched MeSH terms: Anopheles/growth & development*
Barrier spraying at the Kelantan side of the Thai-Malaysia border

Huehne WH

J Trop Med Hyg, 1971 May;74(5):106-9.
PMID: 5580454
Matched MeSH terms: Anopheles
Fulltext Species composition and pyrethroid susceptibility status of Anopheles mosquitoes from two different locations in Malaysia

Ho LY, Zairi J

Trop Biomed, 2013 Mar;30(1):125-30.
PMID: 23665718 MyJurnal

A 14-months survey was carried out to identify the species composition of Anopheles mosquitoes from Kampung Bongor, Grik, Perak. Adding to that, a preliminary one month mosquito population screening was done at Kampung Tepin, Serian, Sarawak. Consequently, the insecticide susceptibility status of a pyrethroid was tested against two selected species of Anopheles collected from these two locations in Malaysia. A total of 4,497 Anopheles from 11 species were identified from collections in Kampung Bongor, whereas 2,654 An. letifer were collected from Kampung Tepin. The An. maculatus of Kampung Bongor and An. letifer of Kampung Tepin were then selected and tested using WHO standard diagnostic test kits and impregnated papers with 0.75% permethrin. The response values of KT50 and KT95 for An. maculatus were recorded at 28.09 minutes and 62.98 minutes respectively. Anopheles letifer recorded much slower response values of KT50 and KT95, which was at 35.09 minutes and 73.03 minutes respectively. Both An. maculatus and An. letifer showed 100% mortality after 24 hours holding period. The results indicate that both species were still susceptible to the tested pyrethroid. For effective vector control and resistance management, accurate and periodic insecticide resistance monitoring should be undertaken especially in rural areas with agricultural usage of insecticides.

Matched MeSH terms: Anopheles/anatomy & histology; Anopheles/classification*; Anopheles/drug effects*; Anopheles/growth & development
Anopheles (Cellia) balabacensis Baisas is a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti in Sabah, Malaysia

Hii JL, Kan S, Foh CK, Chan MK

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1984;78(2):281-2.
PMID: 6380019
Matched MeSH terms: Anopheles/parasitology*

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