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Temporal and spatial trends in insecticide resistance in Anopheles arabiensis in Sudan: outcomes from an evaluation of implications of insecticide resistance for malaria vector control

Ismail BA 1 , Kafy HT 2 , Sulieman JE 3 , Subramaniam K 4 , Thomas B 4 , Mnzava A 5 Show all authors , Abu Kassim NF 2 , Ahmad AH 2 , Knox TB 6 , Kleinschmidt I 7 , Donnelly MJ 4

Affiliations 

  • 1 Khartoum Malaria Free Initiative, PO Box 1517, Khartoum, Khartoum State, Sudan. bashiradam69@yahoo.co.uk
  • 2 School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Pulau Penang, Malaysia
  • 3 Sennar Malaria Research and Training Centre, Federal Ministry of Health, PO Box 303, Sennar, Sudan
  • 4 Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
  • 5 African Leaders Malaria Alliance (ALMA), 14 Kanisa Road, Corridor Area, P.O. Box 1973, Arusha, Tanzania
  • 6 Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
  • 7 MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
Parasit Vectors, 2018 03 02;11(1):122.
PMID: 29499751 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2732-9

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) (with pyrethroids) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are the cornerstones of the Sudanese malaria control program. Insecticide resistance to the principal insecticides in LLINs and IRS is a major concern. This study was designed to monitor insecticide resistance in Anopheles arabiensis from 140 clusters in four malaria-endemic areas of Sudan from 2011 to 2014. All clusters received LLINs, while half (n = 70), distributed across the four regions, had additional IRS campaigns.

METHODS: Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) mosquitoes were identified to species level using PCR techniques. Standard WHO insecticide susceptibility bioassays were carried out to detect resistance to deltamethrin (0.05%), DDT (4%) and bendiocarb (0.1%). TaqMan assays were performed on random samples of deltamethrin-resistant phenotyped and pyrethrum spray collected individuals to determine Vgsc-1014 knockdown resistance mutations.

RESULTS: Anopheles arabiensis accounted for 99.9% of any anopheline species collected across all sites. Bioassay screening indicated that mosquitoes remained susceptible to bendiocarb but were resistance to deltamethrin and DDT in all areas. There were significant increases in deltamethrin resistance over the four years, with overall mean percent mortality to deltamethrin declining from 81.0% (95% CI: 77.6-84.3%) in 2011 to 47.7% (95% CI: 43.5-51.8%) in 2014. The rate of increase in phenotypic deltamethrin-resistance was significantly slower in the LLIN + IRS arm than in the LLIN-only arm (Odds ratio 1.34; 95% CI: 1.02-1.77). The frequency of Vgsc-1014F mutation varied spatiotemporally with highest frequencies in Galabat (range 0.375-0.616) and New Halfa (range 0.241-0.447). Deltamethrin phenotypic-resistance correlated with Vgsc-1014F frequency.

CONCLUSION: Combining LLIN and IRS, with different classes of insecticide, may delay pyrethroid resistance development, but the speed at which resistance develops may be area-specific. Continued monitoring is vital to ensure optimal management and control.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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