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Quality of life in Malay and Chinese women newly diagnosed with breast cancer in Kelantan, Malaysia

Yusuf A, Ahmad Z, Keng SL

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2013;14(1):435-40.
PMID: 23534769

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death among women in Malaysia. A diagnosis is very stressful for women, affecting all aspects of their being and quality of life. As such, there is little information on quality of life of women with breast cancer across the different ethnic groups in Malaysia. The purpose of this study was to examine the quality of life in Malay and Chinese women newly diagnosed with breast cancer in Kelantan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive study involved 58 Malays and 15 Chinese women newly diagnosed with breast cancer prior to treatment. Quality of life was measured using the Malay version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) and its breast-specific module (QLQ-BR23). Socio-demographic and clinical data were also collected. All the data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0.
RESULTS: Most of the women were married with at least a secondary education and were in late stages of breast cancer. The Malay women had lower incomes (p=0.046) and more children (p=0.001) when compared to the Chinese women. Generally, both the Malay and Chinese women had good functioning quality-of-life scores [mean score range: 60.3-84.8 (Malays); 65.0-91.1 (Chinese)] and global quality of life [mean score 60.3, SD 22.2 (Malays); mean score 65.0, SD 26.6 (Chinese)]. The Malay women experienced more symptoms such as nausea and vomiting (p=0.002), dyspnoea (p=0.004), constipation (p<0.001) and breast-specific symptoms (p=0.041) when compared to the Chinese.
CONCLUSIONS: Quality of life was satisfactory in both Malays and Chinese women newly diagnosed with breast cancer in Kelantan. However, Malay women had a lower quality of life due to high general as well as breast-specific symptoms. This study finding underlined the importance of measuring quality of life in the newly diagnosed breast cancer patient, as it will provide a broader picture on how a cancer diagnosis impacts multi-ethnic patients. Once health care professionals understand this, they might then be able to determine how to best support and improve the quality of life of these women during the difficult times of their disease and on-going cancer treatments.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Fulltext Morbidity profiles at three primary care clinics in Perlis, Malaysia

Kamarudin MF, Mohamad Noh K, Jaafar S

Med J Malaysia, 2012 Aug;67(4):363-8.
PMID: 23082442 MyJurnal
Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Serum C-reactive protein level and prehypertension in two Asian populations

Sabanayagam C, Shankar A, Lee J, Wong TY, Tai ES

J Hum Hypertens, 2013 Apr;27(4):231-6.
PMID: 22418747 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2011.117

Few previous studies in Western populations have reported an association between C-reactive protein (CRP) and prehypertension. However, no previous study has examined this association in Asians. We examined individuals who were free of hypertension from two independent population-based studies in Singapore: the Singapore Prospective Study Programme (SP2, n=2843 Chinese, Malay and Indians aged 24 years) and the Singapore Malay Eye Study (SiMES, n=957 Malays, aged 40-80 years). Prehypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) 120-139 mm Hg or diastolic BP 80-89 mm Hg. CRP was analyzed as categories (<1, 1-3, >3 mg l(-1)). The prevalence of prehypertension increased with increasing categories of CRP in both cohorts (P for trend <0.05 in both cohorts). After adjusting for potential confounders including body mass index (BMI), smoking and diabetes, persons with higher levels of CRP were more likely to have prehypertension in both SP2 (compared with CRP <1 mg l(-1), odds ratio (OR) 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.48 for CRP 1-3 and OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.32-2.10 for >3 mg l(-1)) and SiMES (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.04-2.01 and OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.07-2.27) respectively. In conclusion, data from two population-based Asian cohorts suggest that elevated serum CRP levels are associated with prehypertension.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Prescribing patterns of low doses of antipsychotic medications in older Asian patients with schizophrenia, 2001-2009

Xiang YT, Dickerson F, Kreyenbuhl J, Ungvari GS, Wang CY, Si TM, et al.

Int Psychogeriatr, 2012 Jun;24(6):1002-8.
PMID: 22300452 DOI: 10.1017/S1041610211002791

This study examined the use of low doses of antipsychotic medications (300 mg/day CPZeq or less) in older Asian patients with schizophrenia and its demographic and clinical correlates.

Matched MeSH terms: China/epidemiology
Sun exposure and the risk of prostate cancer in the Singapore Prostate Cancer Study: a case-control study

Chia SE, Wong KY, Cheng C, Lau W, Tan PH

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2012;13(7):3179-85.
PMID: 22994730

BACKGROUND: Most of the epidemiology studies on the effects of sun exposure and prostate cancer were conducted among the temperate countries of North America and Europe. Little is known about the influence on Asian populations. The purpose of current study was to evaluate any association of sun exposure with risk of prostate cancer in Chinese, Malays and Indians who reside in the tropics.
METHODS: The Singapore Prostate Cancer Study is a hospital-based case-control study of 240 prostate cancer incident cases and 268 controls conducted in Singapore between April 2007 and May 2009. Detailed information on outdoor activities in the sun, skin colour, sun sensitivity and other possible risk factors were collected in personal interviews. Cases were further classified by Gleason scores and TNM staging. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age, ethnicity, education, family history of any cancers, BMI and skin colour.
RESULTS: We found that prostate cancer risk was increased in subjects with black/dark-brown eyes (OR 5.88, 95%CI 3.17-10.9), darker skin colour e.g. tan/dark brown/black (OR 7.62, 95%CI 3.41-17.0), frequent sunburn in lifetime (OR 4.30, 95%CI 1.7-11.2) and increased general sun exposure in adulthood per week (OR 2.03, 95%CI 1.09-3.81). The increased risk was consistent for high grade tumours and advanced stage prostate cancers.
CONCLUSION: The findings from this study suggest that excessive sun exposure is a risk factor for prostate cancer in Asians.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Can body fat distribution, adiponectin levels and inflammation explain differences in insulin resistance between ethnic Chinese, Malays and Asian Indians?

Gao H, Salim A, Lee J, Tai ES, van Dam RM

Int J Obes (Lond), 2012 Aug;36(8):1086-93.
PMID: 21946705 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.185

Diabetes in Asia constitutes approximately half of the global burden. Although insulin resistance and incidence of type 2 diabetes differ substantially between ethnic groups within Asia, the reasons for these differences are poorly understood. We evaluated to what extent body fatness, adiponectin levels and inflammation mediate the relationship between ethnicity and insulin resistance in an Asian setting.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Fulltext Somatisation disorder and its associated factors in multiethnic primary care clinic attenders

Khoo EM, Mathers NJ, McCarthy SA, Low WY

Int J Behav Med, 2012 Jun;19(2):165-73.
PMID: 21562781 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-011-9164-7

Background Somatisation disorder (SD) has been reported as common in all ethnic groups, but the estimates of its prevalence have varied and the evidence for its associated factors has been inconsistent.
Purpose This study seeks to determine the prevalence of SD and its associated factors in multiethnic primary care clinic attenders.
Methods This cross-sectional study was on clinic attenders aged 18 years and above at three urban primary care clinics in Malaysia. The operational definition of SD was based on ICD-10 criteria for SD for research, frequent attendance, and excluded moderate to severe anxiety and depression. The instruments used were the ICD-10 symptom list, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, a semi-structured questionnaire, and SF-36.
Results We recruited 1,763 patients (response rate 63.8%). The mean age of respondents was 44.7±15.8 years, 807 (45.8%) were male; there were 35.3% Malay, 30.1% Chinese and 34.6% Indian. SD prevalence was 3.7%; the prevalence in Malay was 5.8%, Indian 3.0% and Chinese 2.1%. Significant associations were found between SD prevalence and ethnicity, family history of alcoholism, blue-collar workers and the physical component summary (PCS) score of SF-36. Multivariate analysis showed that SD predictors were Malay ethnicity (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.6, 4.6), blue-collar worker (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2, 3.5) and impaired PCS score of SF-36 (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.90, 0.95).
Conclusion The prevalence of SD was relatively uncommon with the stringent operational criteria used. SD preponderance in blue-collar workers may be attributable to secondary gain from getting sickness certificates and being paid for time off work.
Keywords Somatisation disorder . Associated factors . Primary care . Ethnic groups . Prevalence Questionnaire: ICD-10 symptom list; Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale; HADS; SF-36

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Nasal allergies in the Asian-Pacific population: results from the Allergies in Asia-Pacific Survey

Katelaris CH, Lai CK, Rhee CS, Lee SH, Yun WD, Lim-Varona L, et al.

Am J Rhinol Allergy, 2011 Sep-Oct;25 Suppl 1:S3-15.
PMID: 22185687 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3674

The Allergies in Asia-Pacific Survey describes the symptoms, impact, and treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR) across Australia, China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The Allergies in Asia-Pacific Survey was undertaken to further clarify the prevalence of physician-diagnosed nasal allergies (NAs), impact on quality-of-life (QOL), existing treatment paradigms and gaps, and NA medications currently used in treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: China/epidemiology
Chelation therapy with desferrioxamine does not normalize ferritin level but attenuates oxidative damage and improves total antioxidant level in Malaysian Chinese beta-thalassaemia major patients

Kuppusamy UR, Tan JA

West Indian Med J, 2011 Jan;60(1):3-8.
PMID: 21809703

Beta-thalassaemia major causes severe anaemia and patients with it may be transfusion-dependent for life. Regular blood transfusions cause iron-overload that leads to oxidative damage which can hasten mortality. The objective of this research was to study the oxidant-antioxidant indices in beta-thalassaemia major patients at the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) who were on desferrioxamine-chelation or without chelation therapy. Blood was collected from 39 Chinese patients and 20 controls. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell lysates (PBMC) were extracted and biochemical tests to evaluate oxidative stress were performed. Oxidative stress was evident in these patients as advanced oxidized protein products (AOPP) and lipid hydroperoxides were elevated, whereas glutathione peroxidase activity and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were reduced. The catalase activity in the patients' PBMC was elevated, possibly as a compensatory mechanism for the reduced glutathione peroxidase activity in both red blood cells and PBMC. The lower FRAP and higher AOPP levels in the non-chelated patients compared with the chelated patients were indicative of a lower oxidative stress level in the chelated patients. The ferritin levels in the chelated and non-chelated patients were high and the mean levels of liver enzyme activities in the majority of patients were elevated regardless of chelation therapy. In conclusion, this study indicates that desferrioxamine chelation therapy does not normalize ferritin level but attenuates oxidative damage and improves total antioxidant level in Malaysian Chinese beta-thalassaemia major patients.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Fulltext Percutaneous coronary intervention in Asians--are there differences in clinical outcome?

Koh AS, Khin LW, Choi LM, Sim LL, Chua TS, Koh TH, et al.

BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 2011;11:22.
PMID: 21605387 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-11-22

Ethnic differences in clinical outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have been reported. Data within different Asian subpopulations is scarce. We aim to explore the differences in clinical profile and outcome between Chinese, Malay and Indian Asian patients who undergo PCI for coronary artery disease (CAD).

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Copy number polymorphisms in new HapMap III and Singapore populations

Ku CS, Teo SM, Naidoo N, Sim X, Teo YY, Pawitan Y, et al.

J Hum Genet, 2011 Aug;56(8):552-60.
PMID: 21677662 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2011.54

Copy number variations can be identified using newer genotyping arrays with higher single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) density and copy number probes accompanied by newer algorithms. McCarroll et al. (2008) applied these to the HapMap II samples and identified 1316 copy number polymorphisms (CNPs). In our study, we applied the same approach to 859 samples from three Singapore populations and seven HapMap III populations. Approximately 50% of the 1291 autosomal CNPs were found to be polymorphic only in populations of non-African ancestry. Pairwise comparisons among the 10 populations showed substantial differences in the CNPs frequencies. Additionally, 698 CNPs showed significant differences with false discovery rate (FDR)<0.01 among the 10 populations and these loci overlap with known disease-associated or pharmacogenetic-related genes such as CFHR3 and CFHR1 (age related macular degeneration), GSTTI (metabolism of various carcinogenic compounds and cancers) and UGT2B17 (prostate cancer and graft-versus-host disease). The correlations between CNPs and genome-wide association studies-SNPs were investigated and several loci, which were previously unreported, that may potentially be implicated in complex diseases and traits were found; for example, childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, age-related macular degeneration, breast cancer, response to antipsychotic treatment, rheumatoid arthritis and type-1 diabetes. Additionally, we also found 5014 novel copy number loci that have not been reported previously by McCarroll et al. (2008) in the 10 populations.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Fulltext Antibiotics for URTI and UTI -- prescribing in Malaysian primary care settings

Teng CL, Tong SF, Khoo EM, Lee V, Zailinawati AH, Mimi O, et al.

Aust Fam Physician, 2011 May;40(5):325-9.
PMID: 21597554

Background: Overprescription of antibiotics is a continuing problem in primary care. This study aims to assess the antibiotic prescribing rates and antibiotic choices for upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and urinary tract infections (UTI) in Malaysian primary care.
Method: Antibiotic prescribing data for URTI and UTI was extracted from a morbidity survey of randomly selected primary care clinics in Malaysia.
Results: Analysis was performed of 1163 URTI and 105 UTI encounters. Antibiotic prescribing rates for URTI and UTI were 33.8% and 57.1% respectively. Antibiotic prescribing rates were higher in private clinics compared to public clinics for URTI, but not for UTI. In URTI encounters, the majority of antibiotics prescribed were penicillins and macrolides, but penicillin V was notably underused. In UTI encounters, the antibiotics prescribed were predominantly penicillins or cotrimoxazole.
Discussion: Greater effort is needed to bring about evidence based antibiotic prescribing in Malaysian primary care, especially for URTIs in private clinics.
Keywords: general practice, prescriptions, drug; upper respiratory tract infection; urinary tract infection; antibiotics, guideline; evidence based medicine
Study site: Klinik Kesihatan, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Mammographic screening practices among Chinese-Australian women

Kwok C, Fethney J, White K

J Nurs Scholarsh, 2012 Mar;44(1):11-8.
PMID: 22151348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2011.01429.x

To report mammographic screening practice among Chinese-Australian women, and to examine the relationship between demographic characteristics, acculturation factors (English proficiency and length of stay in Australia), cultural beliefs, and having a mammogram as recommended.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Replication of 13 obesity loci among Singaporean Chinese, Malay and Asian-Indian populations

Dorajoo R, Blakemore AI, Sim X, Ong RT, Ng DP, Seielstad M, et al.

Int J Obes (Lond), 2012 Jan;36(1):159-63.
PMID: 21544081 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2011.86

Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 38 obesity-associated loci among European populations. However, their contribution to obesity in other ethnicities is largely unknown.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Fulltext Genetic risk factors of systemic lupus erythematosus in the Malaysian population: a minireview

Chai HC, Phipps ME, Chua KH

Clin. Dev. Immunol., 2012;2012:963730.
PMID: 21941582 DOI: 10.1155/2012/963730

SLE is an autoimmune disease that is not uncommon in Malaysia. In contrast to Malays and Indians, the Chinese seem to be most affected. SLE is characterized by deficiency of body's immune response that leads to production of autoantibodies and failure of immune complex clearance. This minireview attempts to summarize the association of several candidate genes with risk for SLE in the Malaysian population and discuss the genetic heterogeneity that exists locally in Asians and in comparison with SLE in Caucasians. Several groups of researchers have been actively investigating genes that are associated with SLE susceptibility in the Malaysian population by screening possible reported candidate genes across the SLE patients and healthy controls. These candidate genes include MHC genes and genes encoding complement components, TNF, FcγR, T-cell receptors, and interleukins. However, most of the polymorphisms investigated in these genes did not show significant associations with susceptibility to SLE in the Malaysian scenario, except for those occurring in MHC genes and genes coding for TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-1RN, and IL-6.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Screening for urinary tract infection in women with hyperemesis gravidarum

Tan PC, King AS, Omar SZ

J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 2012 Jan;38(1):145-53.
PMID: 21955280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2011.01652.x

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate urine microscopy, dipstick analysis and urinary symptoms in screening for urinary tract infection (UTI) in hyperemesis gravidarum (HG).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study was performed on women at first hospitalization for HG. A clean-catch mid-stream urine sample from each recruit was sent for microscopy (for bacteria, leucocytes and erythrocytes), dipstick analysis (for leukocyte esterase, nitrites, protein and hemoglobin) and microbiological culture. The presence of current urinary symptoms was elicited by questionnaire. UTI is defined as at least 10(5) colony-forming units/mL of a single uropathogen on culture. Screening test parameters were analyzed against UTI.
RESULTS: UTI was diagnosed in 15/292 subjects (5.1%). Receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis of microscopic urine leucocytes revealed area under the curve=0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.5-0.79, P=0.063 and erythrocytes area under the curve=0.53, 95%CI 0.39-0.67, P=0.67 for UTI indicating the limited screening utility of these parameters. Microscopic bacteriuria (likelihood ratio [LR] 1.1, 95%CI 0.7-1.5) and urine dipstick leukocyte esterase (LR 1.4, 95%CI 1.1-1.8), nitrites (LR 2.3, 95%CI 0.3-17.2), protein (LR 1.0, 95%CI 0.7-1.6) and hemoglobin (LR 0.8, 95%CI 0.4-1.5) were not useful screening tests for UTI in HG. Elicited symptoms were also not predictive of UTI.
CONCLUSION: Urine microscopy, dipstick analysis and urinary symptoms were not useful in screening for UTI in HG. UTI should be established by urine culture in HG before starting antibiotic treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Translational aspects of genetic factors in the prediction of drug response variability: a case study of warfarin pharmacogenomics in a multi-ethnic cohort from Asia

Chan SL, Suo C, Lee SC, Goh BC, Chia KS, Teo YY

Pharmacogenomics J, 2012 Aug;12(4):312-8.
PMID: 21383771 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2011.7

Genetic markers displaying highly significant statistical associations with complex phenotypes may not necessarily possess sufficient clinical validity to be useful. Understanding the contribution of these markers beyond readily available clinical biomarkers is particularly important in pharmacogenetics. We demonstrate the utility of genetic testing using the example of warfarin in a multi-ethnic setting comprising of three Asian populations that are broadly representative of the genetic diversity for half of the population in the world, especially as distinct interethnic differences in warfarin dose requirements have been previously established. We confirmed the roles of three well-established loci (CYP2C9, VKORC1 and CYP4F2) in explaining warfarin dosage variation in the three Asian populations. In addition, we assessed the relationship between ethnicity and the genotypes of these loci, observing strong correlations at VKORC1 and CYP4F2. Subsequently, we established the additional utility of these genetic factors in predicting warfarin dose beyond ethnicity and clinical biomarkers through performing a series of systematic cross-validation analyses of the relative predictive accuracies of various fixed-dose regimen, clinical and genetic models. Through a pharmacogenetics model for warfarin, we show the importance of genetic testing beyond readily available clinical biomarkers in predicting dose requirements, confirming the role of genetic profiling in personalized medicine.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Fulltext The prevalence of rheumatoid factor isotypes and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides in Malaysian rheumatoid arthritis patients

Gomez EL, Gun SC, Somnath SD, D'Souza B, Lim AL, Chinna K, et al.

Int J Rheum Dis, 2011 Feb;14(1):12-7.
PMID: 21303477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-185X.2010.01573.x

AIM: The purpose of this study is to compare the prevalence of rheumatoid factor (RF) isotypes and second generation anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP) in Malaysian rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.
METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 147 established RA patients from three ethnic groups were recruited from a major rheumatology clinic in Malaysia. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for serum RF isotypes IgA, IgG and IgM as well as second-generation anti-CCP were performed and the prevalence of each auto-antibody was compared in the three ethnic groups.
RESULTS: The anti-CCP was the most prevalent auto-antibody in each of the ethnic groups, followed closely by RF IgM and RF IgG. Rheumatoid factor IgA was the least prevalent across all three ethnic groups. The anti-CCP-RF IgM combination provided the best test sensitivity. Seroprevalence of anti-CCP was strongly associated with the presence of each of the RF isotypes. The seroprevalence of RF and anti-CCP did not increase or decrease with advancing age, age at onset and disease duration.
CONCLUSION: When used alone, anti-CCP provides a diagnostic advantage over RF IgM on the basis of test sensitivity. Considering the high cost of the anti-CCP assay, step-wise serum testing with IgM RF followed by anti-CCP may provide a more economically sensible option to optimize test sensitivity for RA.
Study site: Rheumatology clinic, Hospital Tuanku Jaafar, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Prevalence, risk factors, and predictors of female sexual dysfunction in a primary care setting: a survey finding

Ishak IH, Low WY, Othman S

J Sex Med, 2010 Sep;7(9):3080-7.
PMID: 20584130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01848.x

INTRODUCTION: Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a highly prevalent sexual health problem but poorly investigated at the primary care level.
AIM: This article examines the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and its possible risk factors associated with women at high risk of FSD in a hospital-based primary practice.
METHODS: A validated Malay version of the Female Sexual Function Index (MVFSFI) was utilized to determine FSD in a cross-sectional study design, involving 163 married women, aged 18-65 years, in a tertiary hospital-based primary care clinic in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Sociodemographic, marital profile, health, and lifestyle for women at high risk of FSD and those who were not at high risk were compared and their risk factors were determined.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of FSD in Malaysian women based on the MVFSFI, and its risk factors for developing FSD.
RESULTS: Some 42 (25.8%) out of 163 women had sexual dysfunction. Prevalence of sexual dysfunction increased significantly with age. Sexual dysfunctions were detected as desire problem (39.3%), arousal problem (25.8%), lubrication problem (21.5%), orgasm problem (16.6%), satisfaction problem (21.5%) and pain problems (16.6%). Women at high risk of FSD were significantly associated with age (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.9 to 9.0), husband's age (OR 4.3 95% C.I 1.9 to 9.3), duration of marriage (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.6 to 6.8), medical problems (OR 8.5, 95% CI 3.3 to 21.7), menopausal status (OR 6.6, 95% CI 3.1 to 14.3), and frequency of sexual intercourse (OR 10.7, 95% CI 3.6 to 31.7). Multivariate analysis showed that medical problem (adjusted OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.6 to 14.0) and frequency of sexual intercourse (adjusted OR 7.2, 95% CI 2.1 to 24.0) were associated with increased risk of having FSD. Those who practiced contraception were less likely to have FSD.
CONCLUSION: Sexual health problems are prevalent in women attending primary care clinic where one in four women were at high risk of FSD. Thus, primary care physician should be trained and prepared to address this issue.
Study site: Primary Care Clinic, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology
Interethnic comparisons of important pharmacology genes using SNP databases: potential application to drug regulatory assessments

Chen J, Teo YY, Toh DS, Sung C

Pharmacogenomics, 2010 Aug;11(8):1077-94.
PMID: 20712526 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.79

The frequencies of alleles implicated in drug-response variability provide vital information for public health management. Differences in frequencies between genetically diverse groups of individuals can hamper drug assessments, particularly in populations where clinical data are not readily available.

Matched MeSH terms: China/ethnology

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