Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 28 in total

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  1. Nor Habibah Mohd Rosli, Wan Azlina Ahmad
    Science Letters, 2018;12(1):30-43.
    MyJurnal
    Wastewater from industrial plants such as textile, electroplating and petroleum refineries contains various substances that tend to increase the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the wastewater. Therefore, it is desired to develop a process suitable for treating the wastewater to meet the regulatory limits. This work was conducted to investigate the potential of adapted single culture of A. baumannii, A.calcoaceticus and C.cellulans in reducing COD in real textile wastewater. The study was carried out by adapting each single culture (10% inoculums) to increasing concentration (1%, 2.5 %, 5%, 7.5 % and 10%) of textile wastewater. Then it was introduced to the textile effluent without pH adjustment for five days and the COD values were measured. The textile wastewater was supplemented with pineapple waste for bacterial growth and metabolism. Results obtained showed that pineapple waste was a good nutrient supply for the growth of the bacteria and the best concentration of textile wastewater for adaptation was at 2.5%. The results also showed that A.calcoaceticus shows highest COD reduction with 67% removal whereas A. baumannii and C.cellulans with 60% and 58% removal respectively. The outcome supported that the single culture used in this study showed considerably high reduction of COD from real textile wastewater.
  2. Azlina Ahmad-Annuar, Ai Sze Ching
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:1481-1488.
    As researchers seek to determine the cellular mechanisms underlying biological processes, they have turned to analyze the functional role of microRNAs to understand this process in details. Here, we investigated the expression pattern of two microRNAs, miR-124 and -134 in maturing neurons and found that the choice of endogenous controls influenced the observed expression levels of these microRNAs. We have cultured rat hippocampal neurons and performed quantitative PCR on the microRNAs using Taqman gene expression assays. The expression of miRNAs was normalised with selected endogenous controls. Using BestKeeper and NormFinder software, we found that 18S rRNA and 5S rRNA to be unsuitable as endogenous controls in this system, while normalising to U6 snRNA produced more consistent results. Our study would like to highlight the importance of empirically testing proposed endogenous controls in any model system before data interpretation is carried out.
  3. Ezany Yusoff, Azlina Ahmad, Suharni Mohamad, Nadia Farahana Muhammada
    MyJurnal
    Euphorbia tirucalli Linn. is traditionally used as medicine especially in the treatment of diseases
    caused by bacterial pathogens. The objectives of the present study were to identify the bioactive
    compounds in the stem of Euphorbia tirucalli Linn. using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS)
    analysis, and to investigate their potentials as an alternative for antimicrobial activity. Two-microliters
    of dried powdered of Euphorbia tirucalli Linn. stem were mixed with methanol followed by injection into
    splitless mode of GC-MS. Separation was achieved by Elite-5MS fused capillary column. The mass spectra
    were compared with the spectra of known components stored in the NIST and WILEY databases for
    compound identification. Forty-six chemical constituents were identified. The major constituents were
    lanosta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3β)- (13.60%), (23S)-ethylcholest-5-en-(3β)-ol (7.02%), linoleic acid (2.96%) and
    viminalol (2.57%). Most of the active compounds present in the stem of Euphorbia tirucalli Linn. have
    previously been shown to exhibit antimicrobial properties.
  4. Chong, Jia-Woei, Azlina Ahmad Annuar, Wong, Kum-Thong, Thong, Meow-Keong, Goh, Khean-Jin
    Neurology Asia, 2014;19(1):27-36.
    MyJurnal
    Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions are a major cause of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) and Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS). We analyzed single mtDNA deletions in 11 CPEO and one KSS patients by means of Southern blot and long polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The deletion sizes ranged from 3.4 kb to 6.9 kb whereas the heteroplasmy level varied from 18.8% to 85.5%. Two unique deletions sized 4320 bp and 4717 bp were found. This study represents the first genetic screen of mtDNA disorders in Malaysia, and it follows the data seen in other published reports on CPEO and KSS genetic aetiology.
  5. Haslina Taib, Lau Xin Yu, Zurairah Berahim, Azlina Ahmad, Siti Lailatul Akmar Zainuddin
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:1021-1025.
    Previous studies on honey have shown its potential as an alternative approach in optimizing medical resources for periodontal treatment. However, to date, there has been no study published on the effects of honey on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLFs). The aimed of this study was to investigate the effect of Tualang honey on HPDLF proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level with an intention to establish honey as one of the natural products which may promote healing and regeneration of periodontium. The HPDLFs were cultured and treated with honey at four different concentrations (0.02, 0.3, 1 and 5%) in a 96-well plate and incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2. Proliferation test (MTT test) was assessed up to day 3 whereas ALP level (ALP assay) was assessed up to day 7. The αMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin streptomycin was used as control. The results for MTT showed that the cell proliferation for 0.02% honey concentration was significantly higher (p<0.05) on day 3 whereas the proliferation were decreased for 1% honey and 5% honey concentration (p<0.05) than control on all the 3 days. There was increased in ALP level in a similar pattern for all concentration groups from day 0 to day 7 without any significant difference compared with control. Therefore, the present data suggests that Tualang honey stimulated HPDLF proliferation at low concentrations and has an inhibitory effect at high concentrations. However, its role in osteoblastic differentiation requires further investigation.
  6. Kannan, Thirumulu Ponnuraj, Nik Ahmad Shah Nik Lah, Azlina Ahmad, Siti Fatimah Ramli, Narazah Mohd Yusof, Ab Rani Samsudin
    MyJurnal
    Some of the beneficial bio compatible properties of hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]; the major componentand an essential ingredient of normal bone and teeth, are that it is rapidly integrated into the human body and will bondto bone forming in distinguishable unions. But, before new materials are approved for medical use, mutagenesis systems to exclude cytotoxic, mutagenic or carcinogenic properties are applied worldwide. This study aimed to detectany chromosomal aberrations induced by the synthetic hydroxyapatite granules [Manufactured by Universiti Sains
    Malaysia, (USM) Penang, Malaysia] in the bone marrow cells of mice. The mitotic indices of the groups treated with synthetic hydroxya patite granules did not show any significant difference as compared to the negative control group treated with distilled water. Also the groups of mice treated with synthetic hydroxyapatite granules and distilled waterdid not induce significant change in chromosome aberrations as compared to the positive control group treated with Mitomycin C. The mitotic indices and chromosomal analyses indicate that under the present test conditions, synthetichydroxya patite granules (manufactured by USM) are non cytotoxic and do not induce chromosome aberrations in the bone marrow cells of mice.
  7. Wafa' Zahari, Ong, Wei Shen, Tan, Hong Jin, Azlina Ahmad, Khairul Bariah Ahmad Amin Noordin, Saaid Al Shehadat
    MyJurnal
    The present study aimed to determine the best polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions for
    amplification of odontoblast markers; alkaline phosphatase (ALP), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), dentin
    sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and osteopontin (OPN). Informed consent was obtained from the individuals
    prior to tooth extraction. RNA was extracted from odontoblasts obtained from extracted teeth using
    innuPREP RNA Mini kit (Analytik Jena, Germany). Five selected target factors in enhancing PCR: primer
    concentration, extension time, number of cycles, annealing time, and annealing temperature were
    manipulated to yield the correct size of amplicons. One step reverse transcriptase PCR reactions were
    performed using MyTaq One-Step RT-PCR kit (Bioline, USA) with a C1000 Thermal Cycler (Bio-Rad, USA)
    in a 25 µL reaction, keeping the amount of 2 ng/µL RNA, 0.25 µL reverse transcriptase, 0.5 µL RiboSafe
    Rnase inhibitor and 1X MyTaq One-Step Mix, constant. The optimal conditions were determined to be
    400nM of primers for DMP1 and DSPP, 200 nM for ALP and OPN; 30 seconds of extension time and 35
    PCR cycles for all genes; 10 seconds of annealing time for ALP, DMP1 and DSPP, 7 seconds for OPN. The
    annealing temperature were 56.4°C for ALP, 58.6°C for DMP1, 52.7°C for DSPP, and 56.3°C for OPN,
    respectively. The optimized PCR protocols produced the correct size of odontoblast markers.
  8. Mohamad S, Hamid SSA, Azlina A, Md Shukri N
    Asia Pac Allergy, 2019 Jul;9(3):e22.
    PMID: 31384577 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2019.9.e22
    Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the most common and complex chronic inflammatory disease of sinonasal mucosa. Even though the pathogenesis of CRS is multifactorial and still unclear, the role of cytokines especially interleukin-1 (IL-1) is being investigated worldwide in different population because of varying results obtained.

    Objective: To study the association of IL-1 (A and B) gene polymorphisms with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp (CRSwNP) and without nasal polyp (CRSsNP), and other factors related.

    Methods: This is a case-controlled study which include a total of 138 subjects recruited from Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery clinic in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Genotyping of the IL-1A (+4845G, +4845T) and IL-1B (-511C, -511T) were performed with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.

    Results: There was a statistical significant association between IL-1B (-511C, -511T) polymorphism with CRSwNP and CRSsNP (p < 0.001). The CT genotype of IL-1B was markedly increased in CRSwNP subjects (52.2%). However, there was no significant association found between IL-1A (+4845G, +4845T) with CRSwNP and CRSsNP (p = 0.093). No association was found in factors related to CRS, which included asthma, atopy, allergy, aspirin sensitivity, and family history of nasal polyp (p value of 0.382, 0.382, 0.144, >0.95, and 0.254, respectively).

    Conclusion: This study indicates an association of IL-1B (-511C, -511T) polymorphism with CRSwNP and CRSsNP in our population, hence there is a possibility of IL-1B involvement in modulating pathogenesis of CRS. There was no significant association of IL-1A (+4845G, +4845T) polymorphism with CRSwNP and CRSsNP, and other factors related.

  9. Nur Sazwi Nordin, Lokman Mohammad Isa, Syed Zahir Idid, Widya Lestari, Basma Ezzat Mustafa, Solachuddin Jauhari Arief Ikhwan, et al.
    MyJurnal
    Flaxseeds offer a wide range of pharmacological properties including antioxidant,
    antibacterial and anticancer. However its effect on mesenchymal stem cells has not been
    elucidated. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effects of flaxseed crude extract on stem cell
    from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) in terms of cell viability, morphology and
    proliferation activity. (Copied from article).
  10. Mohd Nor NH, Berahim Z, Azlina A, Kannan TP
    Clin Oral Investig, 2019 Nov;23(11):3959-3966.
    PMID: 30847574 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-02827-x
    OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to differentiate and characterize fibroblast-like cells from stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED).

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: The differentiation of fibroblast-like cells from SHED was carried out by using specific human recombinant connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). To characterize fibroblastic differentiation, the induced cells were subjected to morphological changes, proliferation rate, gene expression analysis using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining. The commercial primary human gingival fibroblasts served as positive control in this study.

    RESULTS: The results from characterization analysis were compared with that of commercial cells to ensure that the cells differentiated from SHED were fibroblast-like cells. The results showed the inductive effect of CTGF for fibroblastic differentiation in SHED. SHED-derived fibroblasts were successfully characterized despite having similar morphological appearance, i.e., (i) significant proliferation rate between fibroblast-like cells and SHED, (ii) high expression of fibroblast-associated markers in qRT-PCR analysis, and (iii) positive staining against collagen type 1, fibroblast-specific protein 1, and human thymic fibroblasts in flow cytometry analysis and immunofluorescence staining. The same expression patterns were found in primary human gingival fibroblasts, respectively. SHED as negative control showed lower expression or no signal, thus confirming the cells differentiated from SHED were fibroblast-like cells.

    CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the protocol adopted in this study suggests CTGF to be an appropriate inducer in the differentiation of SHED into fibroblast-like cells.

    CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The fibroblast-like cells differentiated from SHED could be used in future in vitro and in vivo dental tissue regeneration studies as well as in clinical applications where these cells are needed.

  11. Jawad MM, Husein A, Azlina A, Alam MK, Hassan R, Shaari R
    J Biomed Opt, 2013 Dec;18(12):128001.
    PMID: 24337495 DOI: 10.1117/1.JBO.18.12.128001
    Bone regeneration is essential in medical treatment, such as in surgical bone healing and orthodontics. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of different powers of 940 nm diode low-level laser treatment (LLLT) on osteoblast cells during their proliferation and differentiation stages. A human fetal osteoblast cell line was cultured and treated with LLLT. The cells were divided into experimental groups according to the power delivered and periods of exposure per day for each laser power. The (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay was used to determine cell proliferation. Both alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin activity assays were assessed for cell differentiation. All treatment groups showed a significant increase in cell proliferation and differentiation compared to the control group. Regarding the exposure time, the subgroups treated with the LLLT for 6 min showed higher proliferation and differentiation rates for the powers delivered, the 300-mW LLLT group significantly increased the amount of cell proliferation. By contrast, the 100 and 200 mW groups showed significantly greater amounts of cell differentiation. These results suggest that the use of LLLT may play an important role in stimulating osteoblast cells for improved bone formation.
  12. Musa M, Mohd Ali K, Kannan TP, Azlina A, Omar NS, Chatterji A, et al.
    Cell J, 2015;17(2):253-63.
    PMID: 26199904
    OBJECTIVE: Perivitelline fluid (PVF) of the horseshoe crab embryo has been reported to possess an important role during embryogenesis by promoting cell proliferation. This study aims to evaluate the effect of PVF on the proliferation, chromosome aberration (CA) and mutagenicity of the dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs).

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an in vitro experimental study. PVF samples were collected from horseshoe crabs from beaches in Malaysia and the crude extract was prepared. DPSCs were treated with different concentrations of PVF crude extract in an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay (cytotoxicity test). We choose two inhibitory concentrations (IC50 and IC25) and two PVF concentrations which produced more cell viability compared to a negative control (100%) for further tests. Quantitative analysis of the proliferation activity of PVF was studied using the AlamarBlue®assay for 10 days. Population doubling times (PDTs) of the treatment groups were calculated from this assay. Genotoxicity was evaluated based on the CA and Ames tests. Statistical analysis was carried out using independent t test to calculate significant differences in the PDT and mitotic indices in the CA test between the treatment and negative control groups. Significant differences in the data were P<0.05.

    RESULTS: A total of four PVF concentrations retrieved from the MTT assay were 26.887 mg/ml (IC50), 14.093 mg/ml (IC25), 0.278 mg/ml (102% cell viability) and 0.019 mg/ml (102.5% cell viability). According to the AlamarBlue®assay, these PVF groups produced comparable proliferation activities compared to the negative (untreated) control. PDTs between PVF groups and the negative control were insignificantly different (P>0.05). No significant aberrations in chromosomes were observed in the PVF groups and the Ames test on the PVF showed the absence of significant positive results.

    CONCLUSION: PVF from horseshoe crabs produced insignificant proliferative activity on treated DPSCs. The PVF was non-genotoxic based on the CA and Ames tests.

  13. Nasir NF, Kannan TP, Sulaiman SA, Shamsuddin S, Azlina A, Stangaciu S
    Age (Dordr), 2015 Jun;37(3):9797.
    PMID: 26028466 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-015-9797-6
    The belief that beekeepers live longer than anyone else is present since ages. However, no research has been done to explore the longevity of life in beekeepers. Here, we investigated the telomere length in 30 male beekeepers and 30 male non-beekeepers and associated them with the longevity of life using Southern analysis of terminal restriction fragments (TRFs) generated by Hinf I/Rsa I digestion of human genomic DNA using TeloTAGGG Telomere Length Assay. Interestingly, we found that the telomere length of male beekeepers was significantly longer than those of male non-beekeepers with a p value of less than 0.05, suggesting that beekeepers may have longer life compared to non-beekeepers. We further found that the consumption of bee products for a long period and frequent consumption of bee products per day are associated with telomere length. An increase of year in consuming bee products is associated with a mean increase in telomere length of 0.258 kbp. In addition, an increase in frequency of eating bee products per day was also associated with a mean increase of 2.66 kbp in telomere length. These results suggested that bee products might play some roles in telomere length maintenance.
  14. Hashim SNM, Yusof MFH, Zahari W, Noordin KBAA, Akamatsu T, Azlina A
    In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim, 2021 May;57(5):560-570.
    PMID: 34021476 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00588-0
    The nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT) signaling pathway is involved in angiogenesis following initiation by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). A number of angiogenic genes have been associated with calcineurin in the NFAT pathway, forming a calcineurin-NFAT pathway. This study aims to investigate the involvement of four angiogenic genes within the calcineurin-NFAT pathway in the endothelial-like differentiation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) cultured on a human amniotic membrane (HAM) induced by VEGF. SHED were induced with VEGF for 24 h, then cultured on the stromal side of HAM. The cells were then further induced with VEGF until days 1 and 14. To understand the role of calcineurin, its potent inhibitor, cyclosporin A (CsA), was added into the culture. Results from SEM and H&E analyses showed SHED grew on HAM surface. Gene expression study of Cox-2 showed a drastically reduced expression with CsA treatment indicating Cox-2 involvement in the calcineurin-NFAT pathway. Meanwhile, IL-8 was probably controlled by another pathway as it showed no CsA inhibition. In contrast, high expression of ICAM-1 and RCAN1.4 by VEGF and CsA implied that these genes were not controlled by the calcineurin-NFAT-dependent pathway. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest the involvement of Cox-2 in the calcineurin-NFAT-dependent pathway while RCAN1.4 was controlled by NFAT molecule in endothelial-like differentiation of SHED cultured on HAM with VEGF induction.
  15. Yusoff NH, Alshehadat SA, Azlina A, Kannan TP, Hamid SS
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2015 Apr;26(1):21-9.
    PMID: 26868590 MyJurnal
    In the past decade, the field of stem cell biology is of major interest among researchers due to its broad therapeutic potential. Stem cells are a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate into specialised cell types. Stem cells can be classified into two main types: adult stem cells (adult tissues) and embryonic stem cells (embryos formed during the blastocyst phase of embryological development). This review will discuss two types of adult mesenchymal stem cells, dental stem cells and amniotic stem cells, with respect to their differentiation lineages, passage numbers and animal model studies. Amniotic stem cells have a greater number of differentiation lineages than dental stem cells. On the contrary, dental stem cells showed the highest number of passages compared to amniotic stem cells. For tissue regeneration based on animal studies, amniotic stem cells showed the shortest time to regenerate in comparison with dental stem cells.
  16. Alazzawi MMJ, Husein A, Alam MK, Hassan R, Shaari R, Azlina A, et al.
    Prog Orthod, 2018 Apr 16;19(1):10.
    PMID: 29658096 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-018-0208-2
    BACKGROUND: Quality bone regeneration, which leads to the improvement of bone remodeling, is essential for orthodontic treatment. In order to improve bone regeneration and increase the amount of tooth movement, different techniques have been implemented. The object of this study is to compare the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT), low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), and their combination on bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement.

    METHODS: Eighty (80) male, 6-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were grouped in to four groups, the first group was irradiated with (940 nm) diode laser, second group with LIPUS, and third group with combination of both LLLT and LIPUS. A forth group used was a control group in an incomplete block split-mouth design. The LLLT and LIPUS were used to treat the area around the moving tooth once a day on days 0-7, then the experiment was ended in each experimental endpoint (1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days). For amount of tooth movement, models were imaged and analyzed. Histological examination was performed after staining with (hematoxylin and eosin) and (alizarin red and Alcian Blue) stain. One step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction RT-PCR was also performed to elucidate the gene expression of RANK, RANKL, OPG, and RUNX-2.

    RESULTS: The amount of tooth movement, the histological bone remodeling, and the RT-PCR were significantly greater in the treatment groups than that in the control group. Among the treatment groups, the combination group was the highest and the LIPUS group was the lowest.

    CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that LLLT and LIPUS can enhance the velocity of tooth movement and improve the quality of bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement.

  17. Kasiram MZ, Hapidin H, Abdullah H, Hashim NM, Azlina A, Sulong S
    Pharmacol Rep, 2022 Feb;74(1):175-188.
    PMID: 34652600 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00330-3
    BACKGROUND: The increase in cases of chemoresistance of cisplatin for osteosarcoma treatment has called for the need to establish a new treatment regime. Tannic acid (TA) possesses a potent antiproliferative effect against various cancers. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of TA combined with cisplatin on human osteosarcoma cell lines (U2OS).

    METHODS: MTT assay was used to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), while the combination index (CI) value was utilized to analyze the interaction within each combination. The antiproliferative effect of the treatment was evaluated by trypan blue exclusion assay. The morphological changes of cells were observed under a phase-contrast inverted microscope. The nuclear morphology and percentage of apoptosis cells were evaluated by using the Hoechst 33258 staining and annexin V/PI assay, respectively.

    RESULTS: The U2OS cells showed cytotoxic effect when treated with TA and cisplatin, with IC50 at 4.47 µg/mL and 16.25 µg/mL, respectively. The TA demonstrated no significant inhibition effect on the normal human fetal osteoblast cells (hFOB 1.19); yet, interestingly, a potent proliferative effect was indicated. Synergistic interaction was triggered when TA was combined with cisplatin at percentage ratios of 90:10 and 85:15. Meanwhile, antagonistic interaction was induced in the combination at percentage ratios of 75:25 and 50:50. On the other hand, a significant antiproliferative effect with prominent morphological alteration was detected in the cells treated with a combination of TA and cisplatin at the percentage ratio of 90:10. Additionally, combination-treated cells demonstrated the highest percentage of apoptosis cells, with distinct chromosomal condensation, nuclear fragmentation, reduction of nuclear volume, and notable apoptotic body.

    CONCLUSION: Therefore, there is a high potential for the inclusion of TA in the cisplatin-based chemotherapeutic regimen of osteosarcoma.

  18. Mohd Nor NH, Berahim Z, Azlina A, Mokhtar KI, Kannan TP
    Curr Stem Cell Res Ther, 2017;12(8):675-681.
    PMID: 28969579 DOI: 10.2174/1574888X12666170929124621
    BACKGROUND: Fibroblasts are the common cells used in clinical regenerative medicine and dentistry. These cells are known to appear heterogeneous in vivo. Previous studies have only investigated the biological properties of these cell subpopulations in vitro. Despite sharing similarity in their spindle-shaped appearance, previous literatures revealed that they play distinguished functional and biological activities in the body.

    OBJECTIVE: This paper highlights the similarities and differences among these cell subpopulations, particularly between intraoral fibroblasts (human periodontal ligament, gingival and oral mucosa fibroblasts) and dermal fibroblasts based on several factors including their morphology, growth and proliferation rate.

    RESULTS: It could be suggested that each subpopulation of fibroblasts demonstrate different positionspecified gene signatures and responses towards extracellular signals. These dissimilarities are crucial to be taken into consideration to employ specific methodologies in stimulating these cells in vivo.

    CONCLUSION: A comparison of the characteristics of these cell subpopulations is desired for identifying appropriate cellular applications.

  19. Atif S, Abdul Wahab N, Ghafoor S, Azlina A, Tauseef A, Rana S, et al.
    PLoS One, 2023;18(4):e0283995.
    PMID: 37027451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283995
    Xerostomia is a subjective condition of dryness of the oral cavity that may lead to several oral problems deteriorating oral health-related quality of life. This study aimed to (1) determine the prevalence of xerostomia, (2) compare the general health status, unstimulated salivary flow rate, and oral health-related quality of life in xerostomics and non-xerostomics, and (3) investigate the potential of salivary aquaporin-3 (AQP-3) as a screening biomarker for xerostomia in patients with periodontal disease. Demographics and systemic health data were collected from 109 healthy participants, 20 to 55 years old, with Community Periodontal Index (CPI) score ≥ 3. For subjective assessment of xerostomia, Shortened Xerostomia Inventory (SXI) was used. For objective assessment of xerostomia, unstimulated salivary flow rate was measured. Shortened Oral Health Impact Profile (S-OHIP) was utilized for oral health-related quality of life assessment. The collected saliva samples were processed and stored at -80°C. Quantification of salivary AQP-3 protein was done with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Xerostomia was reported in 78% of the subjects based on SXI score. Median concentration of AQP-3 was significantly higher in xerostomics compared to non-xerostomics, p = 0.001. Moreover, oral health-related quality of life was significantly poor in xerostomics compared to non-xerostomics, p = 0.002. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between AQP-3 and SXI (r = 0.21, p = 0.025), AQP-3 and S-OHIP (r = 0.2, p = 0.042), S-OHIP and SXI (r = 0.37, p < 0.001), unstimulated salivary flow rate and random blood glucose level (r = 0.32, p = 0.001), and body mass index and mean arterial pressure (r = 0.44, p < 0.001). Regression analysis showed that body mass index, CPI score 3, and salivary AQP-3 were suitable predictors for presence of xerostomia. AQP-3 could be a potential screening biomarker for xerostomia in patients with periodontal disease for its early identification may help improve oral health-related quality of life of the individuals.
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