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Fulltext Rapid assays to screen marine flora and fauna for their inhibitory activity against antimicrobial enzymes

Gopalakrishnan, V., Thyagrajan, S.P.

Asian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2018;1(1):13-21.
MyJurnal

The worlds land and sea represent a limitless reserve of natural, biological and potentially
active useful pharmaceutical products. Renewed interest in drugs from natural reserves,
advances in chemical separation and analysis have identified hundreds of unique exotic
physiologically active substances with antimicrobial, anti-tumor and other potentialities
more rapidly, from terrestrial plants, marine flora and various classes of marine fauna.
Development of practical and rapid methods for detection of plant products with activity
against infectious disease producing organisms is the need of the hour. Rapid assays for
antiviral studies using isotopic reverse transcriptase, E. coli DNA polymerase and HBV
DNA polymerase inhibition assays were standardized. Extracts of marine flora and fauna
collected under the DOD National project were assessed. Of the extracts assessed for virus
specific enzyme inhibitions, 24.35% possessed RT inhibition activity, 15.83% E. coli
DNA polymerase Inhibition activity, 42.72% of 35 extracts tested possessed HBV DNA
polymerase inhibition activity and 11.42% of 35 extracts tested possessed inhibition
activity against all three enzymes tested. The great potential of ocean’s flora and fauna is
there to be used for its antimicrobial activity in general and antiviral activity in particular,
which will suit our ever increasing need, is to be harnessed for the welfare of the human
community at large.
Pre-operative identification of the level of obstruction in non-apnoeic snoring

Raman R, Gopalakrishnan G

Trop Doct, 1999 Jul;29(3):160-1.
PMID: 10448240
Fulltext Oropharyngeal flora changes in patients with head and neck malignancy post radiotherapy

Muthu K, Raman R, Gopalakrishnan G

Med J Malaysia, 2004 Dec;59(5):585-90.
PMID: 15889559

Radiotherapy has been recognized as a valuable modality of treatment in the management of head and neck cancers. It can have a direct bactericidal effect on the normal flora of the oropharynx. The objective of this study is to determine the changes in the oropharyngeal flora after external beam radiation. This prospective non randomized control study was performed to aid in identification of organisms involved in sepsis, as well as aid in choosing appropriate antibiotics for surgical procedures in irradiated patient. Forty patients with various head and neck malignancy and thirty control patients were selected. Oropharyngeal swabs were taken prior to radiotherapy, at the end and one month after radiotherapy. A single swab was taken from the control group. A full bacteriological analysis was performed. There was a statistically significant decrease in Alpha Hemolytic Streptococci and Neisseria species post radiotherapy. B Proteus and Candida Albicans showed a statistical significant increase in patients with head and neck cancer post radiotherapy. These changes remained even one month after radiotherapy.
What is the ultimate goal in acid-base regulation?

Balakrishnan S, Gopalakrishnan M, Alagesan M, Prakash ES

Adv Physiol Educ, 2007 Mar;31(1):51-4.
PMID: 17327583

It is common to see chapters on acid-base physiology state that the goal of acid-base regulatory mechanisms is to maintain the pH of arterial plasma and not arterial Pco(2) (Pa(CO(2))) or plasma HCO(3). A hypothetical situation in which the Pa(CO(2)) of arterial plasma is 80 mmHg and the plasma HCO(3) concentration is 48 mM is presented and analyzed to get over this misconception. As per the modified Henderson equation, the pH of arterial plasma would be 7.4; however, we explain that this may be associated with intracellular acidosis due to intracellular hypercapnia and that derangement of homeostasis is evident from the occurrence of respiratory depression and, eventually, coma in the patient described. This suggests that the ultimate goal of acid-base regulatory mechanisms is not just the maintenance of the pH of arterial plasma but the maintenance of the steady-state pH of intracellular fluid as well.
Locally transmitted malaria in Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia

Jayaraj VJ, Baharaja D, Gopalakrishnan N, Kaco Y

Malariaworld J, 2017;8:16.
PMID: 34532239

Background: Tawau was the epicentre of malaria infections in the 1970-1990's, when industrialisation swept across the state of Sabah, Malaysia. Since then, effective public health intervention, mainly the Malaria Elimination Programme, introduced in 1998, has seen the disease shrivel down into its final elimination phase. Here we retrospectively analyse the case of a 63 year old male with multiple comorbidities who had no exposure to localities with high risk of infection- thus raising the question regarding the means of transmission.
Materials and methods: Multiple interviews and an entomological survey were conducted to elucidate the possible mechanism of infection in this patient.
Results: Findings point to locally-transmitted malaria, likely introduced by a patient from an endemic region in Tawau. Transmission via this route is rare, and has never before been reported in our setting.
Conclusions: This rare case highlights the need for constant vigilance in malaria control and elimination, especially when the target of country-wide elimination is close.
Developing a dengue prediction model based on climate in Tawau, Malaysia

Jayaraj VJ, Avoi R, Gopalakrishnan N, Raja DB, Umasa Y

Acta Trop, 2019 Sep;197:105055.
PMID: 31185224 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105055

Dengue is fast becoming the most urgent health issue in Malaysia, recording close to a 10-fold increase in cases over the last decade. With much uncertainty hovering over the recently introduced tetravalent vaccine and no effective antiviral drugs, vector control remains the most important strategy in combating dengue. This study analyses the relationship between weather predictors including its lagged terms, and dengue incidence in the District of Tawau over a period of 12 years, from 2006 to 2017. A forecasting model purposed to predict future outbreaks in Tawau was then developed using this data. Monthly dengue incidence data, mean temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, mean relative humidity and mean rainfall over a period of 12 years from 2006 to 2017 in Tawau were retrieved from Tawau District Health Office and the Malaysian Meteorological Department. Cross-correlation analysis between weather predictors, lagged terms of weather predictors and dengue incidences established statistically significant cross-correlation between lagged periods of weather predictors-namely maximum temperature, mean relative humidity and mean rainfall with dengue incidence at time lags of 4-6 months. These variables were then employed into 3 different methods: a multivariate Poisson regression model, a Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model and a SARIMA with external regressors for selection. Three models were selected but the SARIMA with external regressors model utilising maximum temperature at a lag of 6 months (p-value:0.001), minimum temperature at a lag of 4 months (p-value:0.01), mean relative humidity at a lag of 2 months (p-value:0.001), and mean rainfall at a lag of 6 months (p-value:0.001) produced an AIC of 841.94, and a log-likelihood score of -413.97 establishing it as the best fitting model of the methodologies utilised. In validating the models, they were utilised to develop forecasts with the model selected with the highest accuracy of predictions being the SARIMA model predicting 1 month in advance (MAE: 7.032, MSE: 83.977). This study establishes the effect of weather on the intensity and magnitude of dengue incidence as has been previously studied. A prediction model remains a novel method of evidence-based forecasting in Tawau, Sabah. The model developed in this study, demonstrated an ability to forecast potential dengue outbreaks 1 to 4 months in advance. These findings are not dissimilar to what has been previously studied in many different countries- with temperature and humidity consistently being established as powerful predictors of dengue incidence magnitude. When used in prognostication, it can enhance- decision making and allow judicious use of resources in public health setting. Nevertheless, the model remains a work in progress- requiring larger and more diverse data.
The effectiveness of the McIsaac clinical decision rule in the management of sore throat: an evaluation from a pediatrics ward

Thillaivanam S, Amin AM, Gopalakrishnan S, Ibrahim B

Pediatr Res, 2016 Oct;80(4):516-20.
PMID: 27331353 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.113

BACKGROUND: Sore throats may be due to either viral or group A beta hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) infections; but diagnosis of the etiology of a sore throat is difficult, often leading to unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions and consequent increases in bacterial resistance. Scoring symptoms using the McIsaac clinical decision rule can help physicians to diagnose and manage streptococcal infections leading to sore throat and have been recommended by the Ministry of Health, Malaysia. In this paper, we offer the first assessment of the effectiveness of the McIsaac rule in a clinical setting in Malaysia.
METHOD: This study is a retrospective review of 116 pediatric patients presenting with sore throat. Group A comprised patients before the implementation of the McIsaac rule and Group B comprised patients after the implementation.
RESULTS: Unnecessary throat swab cultures were reduced by 40% (P = 0.003). Redundant antibiotic prescriptions were reduced by 26.5% (P = 0.003) and the overall use of antibiotics was reduced by 22.1% (P = 0.003). The pediatricians' compliance rate to McIsaac rule criteria was 45% before implementation of the McIsaac rule, but improved to 67.9% (P = 0.0005) after implementation.
DISCUSSION: The McIsaac rule is an effective tool for the management of sore throat in children in Malaysia.
Fulltext Determination of vulnerable regions of SARS-CoV-2 in Malaysia using meteorology and air quality data

Mohan Viswanathan P, Sabarathinam C, Karuppannan S, Gopalakrishnan G

Environ Dev Sustain, 2022;24(6):8856-8882.
PMID: 34393622 DOI: 10.1007/s10668-021-01719-z

This study aims to explore the state-wise assessment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic spread in Malaysia with focus on influence of meteorological parameters and air quality. In this study, state-wise COVID-19 data, meteorological parameters and air quality index (AQI) were collected from March 13 to April 30, 2020, which encompass three movement control order (MCO) periods in the country. Overall, total infected cases were observed to be higher in MCO phase 1 and 2 and significantly reduced in MCO phase 3. Due to the variation in the spatial interval of population density and individual immunity, the relationship of these parameters to pandemic spread could not be achieved. The study infers that temperature (T) between 23 and 25 °C and relative humidity (RH) (70-80%) triggered the pandemic spread by increase in the infected cases in northern and central Peninsular Malaysia. Selangor, WP Kuala Lumpur and WP Putrajaya show significantly high infected cases and a definite trend was not observed with respect to a particular meteorological factor. It is identified that high precipitation (PPT), RH and good air quality have reduced the spread in East Malaysia. A negative correlation of T and AQI and positive correlation of RH with total infected cases were found during MCO phase 3. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that T, RH, PPT, dew point (DP) and AQI are the main controlling factors for the spread across the country apart from social distancing. Vulnerability zones were identified based on the spatial analysis of T, RH, PPT and AQI with reference to total infected cases. Based on time series analysis, it was determined that higher RH and T in Peninsular Malaysia and high amount of PPT, RH and good air quality in East Malaysia have controlled the spreading during MCO phase 3. The predominance of D614 mutant was observed prior to March and decreases at the end of March, coinciding with the fluctuation of meteorological factors and air quality. The outcome of this study gives a general awareness to the public on COVID-19 and the influence of meteorological factors. It will also help the policymakers to enhance the management plans against the pandemic spreading apart from social distancing in the next wave of COVID-19.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10668-021-01719-z.
Fulltext Prevalence of overweight/obesity among the medical students, Malaysia

Gopalakrishnan S, Ganeshkumar P, Prakash MVS, Christopher, Amalraj V

Med J Malaysia, 2012 Aug;67(4):442-4.
PMID: 23082463

BACKGROUND: Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health. Body mass index is a simple index of weight-for-height that is commonly used in classifying overweight and obesity in adult populations and individuals.
OBJECTIVES: A study was conducted to screen the medical students of AIMST University for overweight/obesity using Body Mass Index(BMI) and to determine the prevalence among them.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is an institution based cross sectional study was conducted among 290 medical students using a pre-tested questionnaire and measured their Body Mass Index (BMI). Data obtained was analyzed statistically by calculating proportions.
RESULTS: Out of 290 students who participated in the study, 45.2% were males. In the study, 14.8% were found to be overweight (BMI 23-24.9 kg/m2); 13.7% of males and 15.7% of females. Pre-obese students (BMI 25-29kg/m2) accounted for 15.9% of the total (males 18.3% and females 13.8%). 5.2% were found to be obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2): males 9.2% and females 1.9%. Also 14.8% were found to be underweight (males 12.2% and females 17.0%). The study group consisted of 63.8% Indian, 32.4% Chinese and 3.8% Malay students.
CONCLUSIONS: The study reveals that the prevalence of overweight and obesity among the medical students of AIMST University is on the high, which is comparable to the findings of earlier studies conducted in Malaysia, reinforcing the need to encourage healthy lifestyle, healthy food habits and a physically active daily routine, among the adolescents and youth of this country.
Fulltext The role of unsaponifiable components in the lipidemic property of olive oil

Khor H, Rajendra R, Gopalakrishnan M, Tee ES

Malays J Nutr, 1998 Dec;4(1):81-90.
PMID: 22692344

Pure olive oil triglycerides (POLO), free from all unsaponifiable matter, were isolated from Virgin Spanish olive oil (COLO) by alumina-charcoal column chromatography. COLO and POLO were used as sources of dietary fat in two animal studies. The responses of serum and liver lipids to the two types of dietary fat were examined. Our results show that animals fed POLO-diet gave somewhat higher serum total and LDL cholesterol levels as compared to those on COLO-diet. The increase in serum cholesterol level is followed by a parallel increase in liver cholesterol content. These results indicate that the hypocholesterolemic effect of olive oil was partly due to the presence of the unsaponifiable matter. Supplement of the POLO-diet separately with a-tocopherol and squalene resulted in serum lipid responses similar to that observed with the COLO-diet. The serum and liver triglyceride levels are not affected by the removal of unsaponifiable components but addition of a--T and squalene to the POLO-diet appeared to lower both the cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the serum but increased only the liver cholesterol content. These results show that the unsaponifiable components modulate the hypocholesterolemic effect of olive oil.
Neoplasia in goldlined seabream, Rhabdosargus sarba (Forsskål, 1775)

Singaravel V, Gopalakrishnan A, Raja K, Rajkumar M, Ferguson HW

J Fish Dis, 2018 Feb;41(2):405-411.
PMID: 29125189 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12737
Fulltext Leptospirosis in Kuala Lumpur and the comparative evaluation of two rapid commercial diagnostic kits against the MAT test for the detection of antibodies to leptospira interrogans

Sekhar WY, Soo EH, Gopalakrishnan V, Devi S

Singapore Med J, 2000 Aug;41(8):370-5.
PMID: 11256343

The aim of the study was to look into the epidemiology of serodiagnosed cases of leptospirosis at the University Hospital and compare two commercial ELISA Assays to the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). Demographic data for all serodiagnosed cases for the years 1991-1997 were collected. From this data, 104 sera (n = 104) were selected as samples for comparative evaluation of the commercial ELISAs (INDX Dip-S-Ticks and PanBio ELISA) to the MAT test. Thirty two (n = 32) negative control sera were selected from serodiagnosed cases of other differential diagnosis of leptospira infection. The MAT test is a standard test that detects agglutination antibodies to leptospira biflexa, while the INDX Dip-S-Ticks is an ELISA dot test assaying for total anti-leptospira antibodies. The PanBio ELISA is a colorometric assay in test well strips to detect anti-leptospira IgM. The sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of tests were calculated at a MAT cut-off value of 1:320. Demographic data showed that leptospirosis peaks during March-May and Aug-Nov coinciding with the inter-monsoon period with more men being infected than women and more adults than children. The sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of test for the INDX Dip-S-Ticks were 83.3%, 93.8% and 87.5% while the values for the PanBio ELISA were 54.2%, 96.9% and 71.3%. The suboptimal PanBio result could be related to the blocking effect of high IgG titres or could be related to the diagnostic MAT cut-off values used in this study. The data hence reflects a pattern of transmission that is related to "wet" occupational risk factors. The commercial assays evaluated, are easier to perform but interpretation of results should be based on level of endemicity. The INDX Dip-S-Ticks allows this flexibility and is a practical alternative to the MAT test.
Papillary carcinoma arising in a thyroglossal duct cyst

Jayalakshmi P, Prepageran N, Jayaram G, Gopalakrishnan

Malays J Pathol, 2002 Jun;24(1):67-70.
PMID: 16329558

A 21-year-old lady was admitted with a one year history of painless swelling in the neck. The clinical features and radiological findings suggested a thyroglossal duct cyst. Histology of the excised duct cyst showed papillary carcinoma. Ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland was normal. The patient is on regular follow-up and is well two years following surgery.
Fulltext Design of Household Products Ingredients with Minimum Safety and Health Risk

Rafeqah Raslan, Mimi Haryani Hassim, Nishanth Gopalakrishnan Chemmangattuvalappil, Denny Kok Sum Ng, Joon Yoon Ten

Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 2020;28(101):0-0.
MyJurnal

In household products, specific chemical ingredients are used to satisfy the desired target properties as required by the consumers. However, some of these ingredients may result in safety risks and adverse health effects. Early consideration of safety and health aspects during product design is vital to minimize the impact on consumers. Safety and health aspects have not been strongly emphasized before in many product design methodologies. Therefore, a systematic methodology is proposed to assess the safety and health effects of the potential ingredients, before they are used in the product formulation. The chemical ingredient candidate may be a novel ingredient or a typical ingredient used in formulated product design. In this work, a computer-aided molecular design (CAMD) technique was used to design the novel ingredient candidates with the integration of safety and health aspects. Then, the safety and health performance of the ingredient candidates were assessed by inherent safety and health sub-indexes. Each safety or health parameter was assigned with a score, based on the degree of the potential hazards. A higher score was given to the ingredients with higher safety risk or more severe health effect, and vice versa. The result of the safety and health assessment based on the score allocation had contributed to the selection of chemical ingredient. This new approach ensures that the selected ingredient possesses desirable properties as well as low safety and health effects. A case study on surfactant design is presented to illustrate the incorporation of safety and health aspects into product design methodologies.
Fulltext Antibacterial property of locally produced hydroxyapatite

Tin-Oo, M.M., Gopalakrishnan, V., Samsuddin, A.R., Al Salihi, K.A., Shamsuria, O.

Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2007;2(1):41-44.
MyJurnal

Use of synthetic hydroxyapatite (HA) in biomedical applications is well warranted. It has shown to have an excellent biocompatibility in human tooth and bones. Additionally it has been documented to possess antibacterial potentials. The present study was conducted to assess the presence of any such potential in locally produced (HA) using Streptococcus mutans, a common pathogen in the oral cavity. The study was carried out using 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400 and 800 mg/ml concentration of HA. The antibacterial property of HA was assessed using Miles and Misra method. Our studies showed that bacterial growth inhibitions of S. mutans occurred from 50 mg/ml, and complete inhibition was perceived at concentrations at 200mg/ml of HA. The antibacterial property HA should be used to good advantage as a bioactive biomaterial in dental and maxillofacial applications.
Fulltext Stress perceived by houseman in a hospital in northern Malaysia

Gopalakrishnan V, Umabalan T, Affan M, Zamri AA, Kamal A, Sandheep S

Med J Malaysia, 2016 02;71(1):8-11.
PMID: 27130736

INTRODUCTION: Being a houseman in Malaysian hospitals can be very stressful. Stress can affect decision making to a great extent while addressing the needs of the patient in an emergency setting. This necessitated a study to find out the main sources of stress among housemen.
METHODS: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out among 55 housemen using a questionnaire on sources of stress. The data was analysed using SPSS version 17.
RESULTS: A total of 16 factors leading to stress were studied among the housemen. Poor work and social life balance, annoying non-clinical personnel and medico-legal threats were among the top causes of stress.
CONCLUSION: The factors leading to stress among housemen should be considered for effective working of the hospital and improving the workplace atmosphere for the housemen.
Fulltext The role of worm infestation in allergic rhinitis

Manuel AM, Kuljit S, Gopalakrishnan G, Suresh KG, Balraj P

Trop Biomed, 2012 Sep;29(3):360-5.
PMID: 23018498 MyJurnal

The purpose of this study is to determine the relevance of the hygiene hypothesis; that is to determine if worm infestation has a protective role against the development of allergic rhinitis. A prospective case controlled study was conducted. Specific IgG levels to Toxocara were studied in 85 patients confirmed to have allergic rhinitis and were compared to levels in another 85 controls, with no form of allergy. The IgG assay was done using ELISA technique. There was a higher incidence of positive specific IgG to Toxocara in the controls as compared to allergic patients. The values were statistically significant [Chi square test (p=0.002)]. This negative association between worm infestation and allergic rhinitis suggests that a previous worm infestation could protect against the development of allergic rhinitis.
Fulltext Bopyrid isopods parasitizing on the cultured fresh water prawn,Macrobrachiummalcolmsoniiin South India

Gopalakrishnan A, Raja K, Trilles JP, Rajkumar M, Rahman MM, Saravanakumar A

J Parasit Dis, 2017 Mar;41(1):93-96.
PMID: 28316394 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-016-0756-7

The bopyrid isopods are common in wildMacrobrachiumspp. but not common in aquaculture condition. This is the first study that reports the parasitizing of bopyrid isopods on the culturedM. malcolmsonii. Bopyrid isopod (Probopyrus buitendijki) was identified in the branchial cavities of the fresh water prawn,M. malcolmsoniifrom grow-out culture pond at Kuriyamangalam, India.Macrobrachium malcolmsoniiis a new host forP. buitendijki. A total of 1323M. malcolmsoniiwere checked for this study. The overall prevalence of the parasitic infestation was reached 46.2 %. The parasitic infection was higher in female (83 %) than in male (3.4 %). Highest prevalence of infestation was found in the median size group (7-8 cm) (58.7 %). Infected females were not berried unlike uninfected prawns. The parasites cause infertility and does not found any organ deformities due to the infestation. The parasite was inversely attached in the gill chamber with no lesion on the gill but the infected branchial chamber became bulged.
Fulltext A comparative analysis of the effect of low-cost fish and commercially compounded feed on growth performance and organoleptic quality of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × Epinephelus lanceolatus) in cage farming in Kuala Penyu, Sabah, and nutritional costs

Wei, Kang Chor, Victor Charlie Andin, Chitra Devi Gopalakrishnan, Amierah Amer, Shaheera Mohamed, Hiroyoshi Matsumoto, et al.

Borneo Journal of Marine Science and Aquaculture, 2020;4(1):52-56.
MyJurnal

A 25-week feeding trial was conducted to assess the growth performance, organoleptic quality, and to estimate the viability of nourishing hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus x Epinephelus lanceolatus) with low-cost fish (LCF) and commercially compound feed (CCF). A group of 3600 juvenile fish (182g) were released in four sea cages and fed with either LCF or CCF in duplicate. At the end of the trial, the hybrid grouper provided LCF attained a significantly higher (P0.05). Although technicalities of fish fed with LCF suggest that LCF is more efficient than CCF, feeding LCF to high-value fish is an unsustainable practice as LCF is usually obtained through trawling – a destructive fishing method for the marine ecosystem. Therefore, feeding with CCF without the use of LCF as the source of protein for its fishmeal will contribute to sustainable aquaculture. In order to convince the local farmers in Sabah to adopt the practice of feeding CCF, future research should focus on completing the species-specific diet formulation to promote optimum growth, and find ways to reduce the CCF local selling price.
Fulltext Extended survival of Pleistocene Siberian wolves into the early 20th century on the island of Honshū

Niemann J, Gopalakrishnan S, Yamaguchi N, Ramos-Madrigal J, Wales N, Gilbert MTP, et al.

iScience, 2021 Jan 22;24(1):101904.
PMID: 33364590 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101904

The Japanese or Honshū wolf was one the most distinct gray wolf subspecies due to its small stature and endemicity to the islands of Honshū, Shikoku, and Kyūshū. Long revered as a guardian of farmers and travellers, it was persecuted from the 17th century following a rabies epidemic, which led to its extinction in the early 20th century. To better understand its evolutionary history, we sequenced the nuclear genome of a 19th century Honshū wolf specimen to an average depth of coverage of 3.7✕. We find Honshū wolves were closely related to a lineage of Siberian wolves that were previously believed to have gone extinct in the Late Pleistocene, thereby extending the survival of this ancient lineage until the early 20th century. We also detected significant gene flow between Japanese dogs and the Honshū wolf, corroborating previous reports on Honshū wolf dog interbreeding.

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