METHODS: We collected and analyzed functional near-infrared spectroscopy data of 38 participants while performing the revised lateralized attention network tast.
RESULTS: Elite players were significantly faster than novices (p = .005), and the experts' overall accuracy rate (ACC) was higher than that of novices (p = .001). The effect of the executive network on reaction time was higher in novices than in elite players (p = .008) and experts (p = .004). The effect of the executive network on the ACC was lower in elite players than in experts (p = .009) and novices (p = .010). Finally, elite player had higher flanker conflict effects on RT (p = .005) under the invalid cue condition. the effect of the alertness network and orientation on the ACC was lower in elite players than in novices (p = .000) and experts (p = .022). Changes in the blood oxygen level-dependent signal related to the flanker effect were significantly different in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (F=3.980, p = .028) and right inferior frontal gyrus (F=3.703, p = .035) among the three groups. Elit players showed more efficient executive control (reduced conflict effect on ACC) (p = .006)in the RH.The changes related to the effect of blood oxygen level on orienting were significantly different in the right frontal eye fields (F=3.883, p = .030) among the three groups, Accompanied by significant activation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(p = .026).
CONCLUSION: Our findings provide partial evidence of the superior cognitive performance and high neural efficiency of elite ice hockey players during cognitive tasks. These results demonstrate the right hemisphere superiority for executive control.We also found that specific brain activation in hockey players does not show a clear and linear relationship with skill level.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the optimal injection site for botulinum neurotoxin injections in the submandibular gland.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anatomical considerations when injecting botulinum neurotoxin into the submandibular gland were determined using ultrasonography. The thickness of the submandibular gland, its depth from the skin surface, and the location of the vascular bundle were observed bilaterally in 42 participants. Two cadavers were dissected to measure the location of the submandibular gland corresponding to the ultrasonographic observation.
RESULTS: The thickest part of the submandibular gland measured 11.12 ± 2.46 in width with a depth of 4.63 ± 0.76. At the point where it crosses the line of the lateral canthus, it measured 5.53 ± 1.83 in width and 8.73 ± 1.64 in depth.
CONCLUSION: The authors suggest optimal injection sites based on external anatomical landmarks. These guidelines aim to maximize the effects of botulinum neurotoxin therapy by minimizing its deleterious effects, which can be useful in clinical settings.
METHODS: We obtained sequencing data sets (SUB12404730, SUB12422862, and SUB12421357) and transcriptome sequencing data sets (GSE111708, GSE108925, and GSE18981) from mouse models of schizophrenia using the Sequence Read Archive and the Gene Expression Omnibus databases, respectively. We performed differential expression analysis on mRNA to identify differentially expressed genes. We conducted Gene Ontology (GO) functional and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses to determine differentially expressed genes. Subsequently, we determined the intersection of differentially expressed microRNAs in plasma exosomes and in prefrontal cortex tissue. We retrieved downstream target genes of mmu-miR-146a-5p from TargetScan and used Cytoscape to visualize and map the microRNA-target gene regulatory network. We conducted in vivo experiments using MK-801-induced mouse schizophrenia models and in vitro experiments using cultured mouse neurons. The role of plasma exosomal miR-146a-5p in schizophrenia was validated using a cell counting kit, detection of lactate dehydrogenase, dual-luciferase assay, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis.
RESULTS: Differential genes were mainly enriched in synaptic regulation-related functions and pathways and were associated with neuronal degeneration. We found that mmu-miR-146a-5p was highly expressed in both prefrontal cortical tissue and plasma exosomes, which may be transferred to lobe cortical vertebral neurons, leading to the synergistic dysregulation of gene network functions and, therefore, promoting schizophrenia development. We found that mmu-miR-146a-5p may inhibit the Notch signalling pathway-mediated synaptic activity of mouse pyramidal neurons in the lobe cortex by targeting NOTCH1, which in turn could promote the onset and development of schizophrenia in mice.
LIMITATIONS: The study's findings are based on animal models and in vitro experiments, which may not fully replicate the complexity of human schizophrenia.
CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that mmu-miR-146a-5p in plasma-derived exosomes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Our results provide new insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of the disease.
IMPORTANCE: Our study revealed that the components of DNA virus could be packaged and transmitted through the exosomes of lower invertebrates, which strongly demonstrated the diversity of exosome-mediated viral immunity and its universality in animals. Furthermore, we elucidated the mechanism of apoptotic signal transduction between cells from the perspective of exosomes and revealed a novel strategy for the host to cope with viral infection.
METHODS: We collected ECoG signal from SCZ rats. The frequency domain and time domain functional connectivity of SCZ rats were evaluated by magnitude square coherence and mutual information (MI). Permutation entropy (PE) and permutation Lempel-Ziv complexity (PLZC) were used to analyze the complexity of ECoG, and the relationship between them was evaluated. In addition, in order to further understand the causal structure of directional information flow among brain regions, we used phase transfer entropy (PTE) to analyze the effective connectivity of the brain.
RESULTS: Firstly, in the high gamma band, the complexity of brain regions in SCZ rats is higher than that in normal rats, and the neuronal activity is irregularity. Secondly, the information integration ability of SCZ rats decreased and the communication of brain network information was hindered at the cortical level. Finally, compared with normal rats, the causal relationship between brain regions of SCZ rats was closer, but the information interaction center was not clear.
CONCLUSION: The above findings suggest that at the cortical level, complexity and connectivity are valid biomarkers for identifying SCZ. This bridges the gap between peak potentials and EEG. This may help to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms at the cortical level in schizophrenics.