Cheiloscopy is recognized as a tool for personal identification due to its strength in criminalistics. In this study, the lip print of Malaysian Chinese population in Klang Valley was used for gender determination using lipstick-cellophane technique. 412 subjects (203 males and 209 females) were selected conveniently. Lipstick was first applied on the lips and the lip print was lifted using cellophane tape prior to pasting them onto a plain A4 paper and analysis using magnifying glass. Six topography areas of lip prints were classified using Suzuki and Tsuchihashi’s classification, including upper left, upper middle, upper right, lower right, lower middle and lower left. Chi-square test showed that all lip sections were significantly different from each other (p < 0.05). Type II was the dominant pattern in four lip sections for both genders: upper left (male 81.3%, female 57.4%), upper right (male 71.9%, female 42.9%), lower left (male 98.0%, female 90.0%) and lower right (male 96.1%, female 86.1%). Type IV was the dominant pattern for both middle part of the lips; upper middle (male 56.2%, female 50.7%) and lower middle (male 62.6%, female 50.2%). The results showed that gender can be differentiated based on lip print patterns. This finding suggested that cheiloscopy could be used in aiding personal identification for forensic investigation.
Penentuan kumpulan bangsa dalam analisis rambut pada kepala adalah satu cabaran yang dihadapi dalam analisis forensik untuk mengenal pasti mangsa, suspek dan tempat kejadian jenayah. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti perbezaan antara dua kaum terbesar di Malaysia iaitu Melayu dan Cina melalui penelitian ciri-ciri rambut. Ini termasuklah ciri umum rambut, corak kutikel, warna, taburan pigmen kortek dan ciri medula – jenis, ketebalan dan indeks medula. Kajian ini telah dijalankan dengan menggunakan mikroskop cahaya dan terdiri daripada lima langkah iaitu penyediaan sampel, penelitian ciri umum rambut, penyediaan dan penelitian slaid acuan corak sisik kutikel, slaid kortek serta medula. Hasil daripada kajian in mendapati bahawa kebanyakan Melayu mempunyai warna pigmen yang bercoklat gelap manakala Cina mempunyai pigmen coklat cerah. Kami juga mendapati bahawa ketebalan medula boleh juga digunakan untuk membezakan antara Melayu dan Cina di mana nilai purata bagi Melayu dan Cina masing-masing adalah 7.59 ± 1.45 μm dan 9.12 ± 1.85 μm. Nilai purata indeks medula bagi Melayu dan Cina pula adalah 0.17 ± 0.02 μm dan 0.18 ± 0.02 μm masing-masing. Walaupun begitu, ciri-ciri seperti tekstur, ketebalan rambut, corak sisik kutikel, taburan pigmen dan jenis medula pula menunjukkan perbezaan yang tidak ketara antara Melayu dan Cina. Kesimpulannya, kajian ini telah menunjukkan bahawa warna pigmen, ketebalan medula dan indeks medula adalah ciri-ciri penting yang boleh digunakan untuk menentukan bangsa.
Individual identification is an important and challenging task in forensic investigation. Lip print on drinking glass or cigarette butt found at crime scenes may link to a suspect. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in lip print between sexes or races, differences in lip measurement between sexes or races and determine a way to estimate sex and race by using lip print or lip measurements for main races in Malaysia. A total of 134 subjects (67 males and 67 females) of Malay, Chinese and India were recruited from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Campus Kuala Lumpur (UKMKKL), Malaysia. Lip prints were taken by using a lipstick and a transparent cellophane tape. Lip measurements were taken by using electronic digital callipers. Lip prints were classified according to Tsuchihashi classification. Statistical analysis indicated that there was a significant difference in lip print between sexes (p < 0.001) but not in races (p > 0.05). Width of oral opening and the height of lower lip both indicated significant differences between sexes (p < 0.001) while the height of upper lip and lower lip each indicated significant differences between races (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant interaction between sexes and races for all lip measurements. Formulae for sex and race determination were calculated with Classification Tree when there was significant difference between every comparison. Tables of accuracy percentage and performance evaluation for method in categorizing sex or race by using lip print or lip measurement were made. For validation of method in sex determination based on the formulae formed, accuracy in females is 90% and 65% in males. Therefore, overall percentage of accuracy in sex determination was 77.5%. This study can provide a preliminary idea about the use of lip prints in sex or race determination among Malaysian population.
The abdominal pelvic cavity has always been regarded as one of the most vulnerable regions of the body. Injuries to this part have been known to be very serious. Based on this a retrospective study was performed on postmortem cases with abdominal and pelvic trauma from 1 October 2002 to 31 January 2003 at the Forensic Institute, Hospital Kuala Lumpur to determine the common pattern of abdomino-pelvic injuries, the injury’s relationship to epidemiological and socio-economic factors, risk organ within the abdominopelvic region and relationship between injuries and survival period. A total of 122 cases abdomino-pelvic were obtained stemming from medico legal postmortems procedures. Results indicated that those aged between 21 to 30 years (38.5%) had the highest incidence of this type of injury. Categorization based on gender showed that males (90.2%) dominated most of the cases. Prevalence based on socio-economic status showed that lower socioeconomy class (52.5%) had the highest incident. This was followed by the middle income (39.3%) and finally the higher income group. The most numerous type of trauma was non-penetrating trauma (94.3%). It was also found that victims with low injury severity score (ISS) had a longer survival period as compared to those with high ISS. It was also noted that victims with two or more region injuries either were spot dead or brought dead. The most common combination of injuries was abdomen, pelvic, chest and limb. In most blunt trauma cases majority of victims had one or two organ involvement while penetrating injuries were difficult to asses. The most common organ involved in this type of trauma was liver (72.1%), pelvic bone (47.5%) and spleen (43.4%). In conclusion, abdomino-pelvic injury is a serious condition and should not be overlooked. Proper attention towards their diagnosis and management is important and so any patient of head injury with coma must be considered as having intra-abdominal injury until proven otherwise.
Establishing time of death has been extensively studied for the last 30 years. Parameters that have been studied included body temperature, biochemistry of rigor mortis, putrefactive changes and entomology. Despite an extensive study in these parameters it was found that all of the parameters were very much dependent on external factors like changes in surrounding temperature and activities done prior to death. To solve this problem, we decided to monitor the mechanism that occurs during death. Until now, various researches have found that during the early stage of death, heart and perfusion to the cells will stop. This will cause the cells to start the death process. The death of the cell will occurs either through apoptosis or necrosis. During apoptosis the cells will switch on and off a few proteins in a sequence. Based on this understanding, a study was conducted to determine if area ratio of apoptosis: necrosis and apoptotic p53 and Bcl-2 markers can be used as a reliable postmortem interval marker (PMI). Sampling of the study had involved 100 dead human skins with a known PMI. All samples were obtained from forensic unit of Hospital Kuala Lumpur (UFHKL). Ratio of apoptosis: necrosis areas were determined using hematoxilin and eosin staining while apoptosis p53 and Bcl-2 markers were done using an apoptosis kit. All staining were then indexed and plotted against PMI data obtained from UFHKL. Results indicated that there were no significant correlations between ratio of apoptosis: necrosis area against PMI (p = 0.144). Whereas for both apoptotic markers p53 and Bcl-2 PMI had shown a significant correlation (p < 0.000 for both results). In conclusion, we suggest that p53 and Bcl-2 parameters should be studied further since it is very likely that it could be a good indicator for PMI.
A study was conducted to determine the radioprotective effects of Citrullus vulgaris on the lymphocyte sub-membrane particularly the actin layer. A total of 30 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three equal groups of positive control, negative control and treatment. The positive and negative control groups were force fed with 40 ml/kg body weight of normal saline while the treatment group received 40 g/kg body weight of fresh juice of C. vulgaris daily. After a week the positive control and treatment groups were irradiated with 90 rad gamma radiation. Viable lymphocytes were determined using propidium iodine and acridine orange stain and observed under a fluorescent microscope. The percentage of viable lymphocytes of the treatment group (71.0%; p = 0.03) was significantly higher than the positive control group. The results showed that C. vulgaris possessed radioprotective effects because the lymphocyte actin was not damaged. The radioprotection effects could be due to the presence of antioxidants in C. vulgaris.
Identifi cation of unknown suspect through bite marks has always been challenging. Narrowing list of suspects through sex and race markers is always recommend but rarely utilized due to limited publication in this area. Thus, this preliminary research was aimed to study the difference of bite mark made on dental wax between sex and race. A sample size of 40 UKM undergraduates comprising of Malay (male = 10, female = 10) and Chinese (male = 10, female = 10) were used in this study. Bite mark of subject was obtained through dental wax, digitally scanned and analyzed using Image-J software. Parameters measured were anterior teeth size, intercanine width and anterior teeth relative rotation. Result indicated that mandible left canine tooth size had signifi cant sexual dimorphism (p < 0.05) in differentiating sex. The means for male and female measured were 4.63 ± 1.05 mm and 5.35 ± 0.87 mm respectively. In addition to the result, tooth size of maxillary left canine and mandible left lateral incisor were signifi cantly different (p < 0.05) between races. Means for mandible left canine Malay and Chinese were 5.27 ± 1.01 mm and 4.50 ± 1.22 mm respectively. Furthermore, left lateral incisor mandible had means of 5.15 ± 0.87 mm and 4.60 ± 0.74 mm for Malay and Chinese respectively. Unfortunately, there were no signifi cant differences for intercanine width and anterior teeth relative rotation between the two major races in Malaysia. In conclusion, this research has demonstrated the possibility of using tooth size of mandible left canine, maxillary left canine and mandible left lateral discriminate sex and race.
Ketidaksuburan idiopati dalam kalangan lelaki telah dikaitkan dengan kesan psikostres. Walaupun begitu, hubungan langsung antara psikostres dan ketaknormalan kualiti semen masih samar. Maka, kajian ini dijalankan untuk menentukan kesan psikostres terhadap kualiti semen terutama kesan berdasarkan residu sitoplasma dan kerosakan DNA sperma. Dalam kajian ini, responden lelaki berumur antara 25-45 tahun dipilih secara rawak dalam kalangan pesakit yang mendapatkan rawatan di Pusat Kesuburan Lembaga Penduduk dan Pembangunan Keluarga Negara (LPPKN). Seramai 331 responden akhirnya telah dipilih daripada 628 responden selepas mengambil kira faktor penolakan. Setiap responden perlu menjawab borang keizinan dan soal selidik GHQ-12 bagi penentuan tahap stres sebelum pengambilan sampel semen mengikut piawaian WHO (2010). Tahap stres diukur berdasarkan keadaan semasa responden dalam tempoh 3-4 minggu sebelum kajian. Analisis semen, pewarnaan papanicolau dan asai komet neutral digunakan untuk penentuan kualiti semen dan kerosakan DNA sperma. Keputusan menunjukkan tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara psikostres dan ketaknormalan residu sitoplasma (U=895.50, p=0.08). Namun begitu, psikostres memberi kesan kepada peratus morfologi normal (U=6317.50, p<0.05) dan kerosakan DNA sperma (U=1047.00, p<0.01). Kesimpulannya, psikostres kronik boleh menjejaskan kualiti semen dan kerosakan DNA sperma serta mempengaruhi kesuburan.
Selenium memainkan peranan penting dalam mengekalkan status kesihatan manusia. Pengambilan selenium yang tidak mencukupi boleh menjadi penyebab kepada kejadian penyakit. Satu kajian hirisan lintang telah dijalankan untuk menilai paras selenium serum dalam kalangan populasi di Daerah Hulu Langat, Selangor, Malaysia. Seterusnya taburan menurut faktor sosiodemografi dikenal pasti. Populasi di Daerah Hulu Langat dipilih secara persampelan rawak yang melibatkan enam mukim iaitu Ulu Langat, Ampang, Kajang, Cheras, Beranang dan Semenyih. Seramai 415 orang subjek berumur antara 5-64 tahun telah mengambil bahagian dalam kajian ini. Sampel darah diambil untuk melihat paras selenium dalam serum. Hasil mendapati paras selenium keseluruhan subjek ialah 1.67 + 0.44 μmol/l. Hasil ujian ANOVA dua hala mendapati tiada perbezaan paras selenium yang bererti menurut jantina dengan nilai p=0.981 (p>0.05). Manakala terdapat perbezaan paras selenium yang bererti menurut kumpulan umur dengan nilai p<0.001. Kesan interaksi jantina dan kumpulan umur pula menunjukkan tiada interaksi yang bererti antara kedua faktor tersebut dengan p=0.362 (p>0.05). Perbezaan paras selenium adalah bererti menurut lokasi (p<0.05) bagi kedua-dua jantina. Semakin jauh lokasi dari pusat bandaraya Kuala Lumpur, semakin tinggi paras selenium subjek. Kesimpulannya, paras selenium serum populasi penduduk di Daerah Hulu Langat adalah normal berbanding nilai rujukan dari Makmal Unsur Surih, Institut Robens, University of Surrey iaitu 0.89-1.65 μmol/l untuk dewasa.
Health hazard through smart phone radiation has been associated with male infertility. The suspected prime mediator is
the NOX5 enzyme. When activated, the additional pathway for free radical production will damage sperm’s DNA. However,
conclusive evidence is still lacking. Thus, this study was conducted to comprehend the detrimental effect of the radiation
towards sperm parameters by using rat as a model. Parameters measured include sperm concentration, viability, DNA
damage status and NOX5 level on sperm. This study consisted of two phases. The first phase was conducted to determine
the optimal radiation frequency emitted from the smart phone. The radiation frequencies that were evaluated were 0 MHz
(control), 4200 MHz without multiple connection mode (minimum frequency) and 9700 MHZ with multiple connection
modes (maximum frequency). Each exposure setting represented one group. Each group consists of eight rats, which
received exposure for 6 h/day for two consecutive weeks. All parameters measured showed significant differences.
Optimum frequency for significant changes to sperm parameters were identified as the minimum frequency. Second part
of the research involved the determination of optimum exposure duration. The optimal frequency obtained was used in
combination with exposure duration of 0 h (control), 2, 4 and 6 h. Each group had 8 rats and exposure was conducted
for 2 weeks. The results showed a significant difference for all parameters following 4 h of exposure. Following this,
evaluation of DNA damage status through NOX5 activity was done by using the optimum setting where 0 MHz/0 h as a
control and 4200 MHz/4 h per day for up to 2 weeks. The results showed significant differences of NOX5 fluorescent
intensity between the two groups. In conclusion, although smart phone emitted low radiation, it can decrease sperm
concentration, viability and increase
Wood is one of the most common material found in homes and industrial fires, particularly in Malaysia. The abundance of different types of wood used to build structures, frames, furniture and others are important to take note as wood is a conducive material that can be used to initiate and propagate a fire, particularly in forensic fire cases. This study was conducted to provide the volatile chemical fingerprint of burnt Merbau (Intsia sp.) wood using gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). The wood samples were prepared under two conditions; fully dried and partially dried. Six study replications of each condition were burnt outdoors and underwent an extraction process using activated carbon tablets. The tablets were incubated in an oven for 16 hours at 80ºC. Next, the tablets were desorbed in two different types of solvent; pentane and ethanol. The pentane- and ethanol-desorbed volatile products were then introduced into the GC-MS. Volatile organic compounds obtained across both conditions were in the range of volatile acids, aromatics and its derivatives, D-glucopyranose, phenolic derivatives and cycloalkane. The compounds emitted by fully and partially dried Merbau wood samples were similar, differing only in the absence of malonic acid and succinic acid in partially dried Merbau wood samples. Both solvents desorbed different types of volatile compounds. The burning behaviour of partially dried Merbau wood were different to those documented from fully dried Merbau wood and is attributed to the composition of wood rather than the dry or wet conditions.
This study was conducted to evaluate the oxidative damage in diabetic mellitus induced rats. The evaluation of DNA damage was carried out by the Alkaline Comet Assay using peripheral lymphocyte cells taken from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (50 mg/kg) and control rats. The levels of malondealdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and HbA1c were also measured. All the induced diabetic rats were hyperglycemic until the end of the study with significantly higher levels of FBG and HbA1c as compared to the control rats. The results showed the percentage of tail DNA and tail moment values were also significantly higher in the diabetic induced rats. The same observations were made on the levels of plasma MDA and 4-HNE. In conclusion, this study indicated that hyperglycemic condition in diabetic induced rats could generate oxidative DNA damage.
Kajian ini dijalankan untuk membentuk formula demi menganggar ketinggian tubuh badan dan menentukan jantina dengan menggunakan panjang dan lebar kaki. Seramai 150 orang subjek yang berumur 20-30 tahun diambil dari Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Kampus Kuala Lumpur (UKMKKL). Subjek tersebut adalah Melayu (45 lelaki dan 45 perempuan) dan Cina (30 lelaki dan 30 perempuan). Ketinggian, panjang dan lebar kaki diukur menggunakan alatan antropometrik dalam ukuran milimeter. Hasil statistik menunjukkan bahawa pelbagai ukuran kaki kanan dan kiri tidak mempunyai perbezaan yang signifikan (Panjang kaki/FL: t(298) = -0.235, p = 0.815; Lebar kaki/FW: t(298) = 0.932, p = 0.352). Perbezaan yang signifikan pada semua ukuran pula dapat dilihat pada jantina (Tinggi/S: t(148) = 12.550, p < 0.05; FL:t(148) = 11.692, p < 0.05; FW:t(148) = 8.321, p < 0.05). Bagi kaum, ketinggian tubuh badan kaum Cina adalah lebih tinggi berbanding kaum Melayu secara signifikan (t(148) = -3.103, p < 0.05) tetapi tiada perbezaan yang signifikan diperhatikan pada ukuran kaki (FL: t(148) = 0.002, p = 0.999; FW:t(148) = 1.362, p = 0.175). Korelasi yang paling tinggi telah ditunjukkan antara ketinggian tubuh badan dengan panjang kaki pada semua kumpulan. Analisis Regresi Garis Lurus dan Regresi Berganda telah digunakan untuk membentuk formula menganggar ketinggian tubuh badan. Walau bagaimanapun, didapati formula yang dibentuk dari Regresi Berganda adalah lebih tepat kerana kombinasi panjang dan lebar kaki menghasilkan korelasi koefisen yang lebih tinggi dalam semua formula (S = 585.298+(4.898xFL)-(1.453xFW), F(2,149 = 149.324, p < 0.01, R2 = 0.670). Formula untuk penentuan jantina juga telah dibina menggunakan Analisis Pokok Klasifikasi. Keputusan menunjukkan ketepatan untuk menentukan jantina seseorang adalah di antara 86.3-87.5% bagi perempuan dan 85.2-85.7% bagi lelaki dengan menggunakan panjang kaki manakala di antara 68.4-76.8% bagi perempuan dan 77.8-81.0% bagi lelaki dengan menggunakan lebar kaki.
Radiotherapy causes various complications including low immunity. Past research has shown that the low immunity is due to the low amount of lymphocytes and consumption of citrullus vulgaris will alleviate this problem. Based on this a study was conducted to identify how citrullus vulgaris was able to produce radioprotection on the lymphocyte membrane. A total of 30 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used and divided into three equals groups of positive control, negative control and treatment. For seven days, positive control and negative control were force fed with normal saline of 40 ml/kg animal weight while the treatment group received 40 g/kg animal weight fresh juice of citrullus vulgaris daily. After a week positive control and treatment group were irradiated with 0.9 Gy gamma ray. Viable lymphocyte were determined using propidium iodine and acridine orange stain. Results clearly shows that positive control, negative and treatment group were significantly different at 34 3% , 80 2% and 71 2% respectively. SEM results shows that pores were present on the membrane of the positive control while the negative control had none. Similar results were also found on the treatment group. Based on the result it had shown that citrullus vulgaris had radioprotection properties and lymphocytes were destroyed by the formation of pores on their membrane. It is very likely that the radioprotection properties could be due to the presence of antioxidants particularly vitamin A, C and lycopene. In conclusion, citrullus vulgaris could be used as a safe radioprotection agent.
The study was conducted to create specific formulae for stature estimation of adult male population in Malaysia based on measurements of femur, tibia and fibula lengths using radiographic method. A number of thirty two Malaysians from hospitals involved as subjects in this study. The subjects were Malays (14), Chinese (8) and Indians (10) from 25-45 years old. The standing height of the subject was recorded before femur, tibia and fibula were scanned with an x-ray
machine. The bones length was measured on the x-ray film in centimetres (cm) and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19.0 for Windows. The results showed a significant relationship (p < 0.05) between stature and measurements of length of femur, tibia and fibula. Stature of Malays and Indians were significant (p < 0.05) with measurements of length of femur, tibia and fibula but insignificant in Chinese. Simple Linear Regression Analysis was used to derive regression equation for single bone and Multiple Linear Regression Analysis was used to derive regression equation for combination of femur, tibia and fibula. Six formulae for stature estimation of adult male population in Malaysia were derived. The formulae consist of three formulae for single bone, a formulae for combination bones with unknown race, a formulae for combination bones of Malays population and a formulae for combination bones of Indians population. Formulae for combination bones had the highest correlation coefficient compared to the formula using a single bone. Standard error was found to be high in all the formulae due to small sample size. Extension for this study is essential to provide Malaysia with accurate formulae.
Mammography is used as a screening tool for early detection of breast cancer. However, the radiation dose used should be as low as possible to minimize any effects on asymptomatic woman while maintaining the diagnostic value of the image as mammography is done annually. This study was done to determine the optimum exposure parameter in exposure control mode (AEC) for two combinations of anode/filter which were molybdenum/molybdenum (Mo/Mo) and molybdenum/rhodium (Mo/Rh) using the Lorad Selenia digital mammography system at the Women’s Breast Clinic, National Cancer Society (NCS). A CIRS012A mammography research of phantom 4 cm thickness with 50% glandularity was exposed in the cranio-caudal projection. TLD 100H was used to measure the entrance surface air kerma (ESAK). The AGD values were then calculated from the ESAK values, incorporating three correction factors (g, c and s) according to Euref protocol. Image quality was evaluated using signal to noise ratio (SNR). Figure of Merit (FOM) which is the ratio of the square of SNR to the AGD shows that 30 kVp is the optimum exposure parameter for a 4 cm thickness phantom with the use of Mo/Rh and Mo/Mo anode/filter combination. Non-parametric Spearman correlation test showed a negative linear relationship between AGD and SNR with increasing tube voltage for both anode/filters.
Keywords: Average glandular dose; CIRS012A phantom; exposure; full field digital mammography
Study site: Women’s Breast Clinic, National Cancer Society (NCS), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
In this study, the effects of palm vitamin E (PV) supplementation on glycemic control and lipid profile in diabetic-induce Sprague-Dawley rats have been evaluated. Diabetes in the rats was induced by a single intravenous streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body weight). The diabetic rats were divided into two groups; supplemented with 200 mg/kg body weight/day of PV and non-supplemented with PV (No PV group). Non-diabetic rats (NDM) formed the control group and only received saline injection. After eight weeks of daily supplementation, PV significantly lowered the fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (p
Entomologi forensik dapat ditakrifkan sebagai pengetahuan mengenai serangga yang berkait rapat dengan bangkai terutamanya manusia, dengan tujuan ia dapat digunakan dalam penentuan jangka masa pascakematian. Jangka masa pascakematian (PMI) dapat ditentukan dengan mengambil kira spesies serangga dan peringkat perkembangan setiap spesies tersebut. Oleh kerana penentuan jenis spesies memerlukan serangga berkembang ke peringkat dewasa dan ini mengambil masa yang lama, maka objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengoptimumkan suhu dan kelembapan terhadap perkembangan serangga dengan menggunakan larva Chrysomya megacephala sebagai spesimen. Larva C. megacephala dipindahkan ke dalam bekas khas, kemudiannya dimasukkan ke dalam pengeram yang telah dilaraskan suhunya kepada 27, 30, 33, 36 dan 39°C. Selepas menentukan suhu optimum perkembangan larva, aras kelembapan relatif ditentukan. Ini dilakukan dengan menentukan tempoh masa yang diperlukan untuk mengembangkan telur C. megacephala hingga ke peringkat dewasa. Untuk itu aras kelembapan relatif dalam pengeram tersebut dilaraskan kepada 54.2, 57.6, 76.0 dan 67.5% (kawalan). Peringkat perkembangan C. megacephala direkodkan. Hasil yang diperolehi menunjukkan perkembangan C. megacephala lebih pantas pada suhu 33oC berbanding suhu-suhu lain yang digunakan. Aras kelembapan relatif yang optimum juga telah dikenal pasti iaitu pada 76.0%. Dengan menggunakan keduadua data didapati keseluruhan peringkat perkembangan C. megacephala iaitu daripada peringkat telur hingga dewasa dapat dipendekkan daripada 8 hingga 9 hari kepada 5 hari.
The role of heat shock protein in reproduction is widely known as a molecular chaperone in aiding and repairing protein
formation when stress occurred. The present objectives were to evaluate the effect of different thawing temperature and
time on the expression of HSP70 gene expression and the capacitation status in cryopreserved bovine spermatozoa. Briefly,
fresh ejaculates were obtained from three different adult bulls. The semen then underwent a sperm washing technique
known as Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting System (MACS) and later on, cryopreserved. The sperm- containing straws
were then thawed at five different thawing temperatures and time post-cryostorage; 20°C for 13 s, 37°C for 30 s, 40°C
for 7 s, 60°C for 6 s and 80°C for 5 s. The RNA was extracted from each of the sperm’s pellets and converted to cDNA
prior to the qPCR process. Capacitation status was then determined by means of CTC assay. The results showed that after
the process of amplification, there is a significant different of HSP70 gene expression in MACS process samples when the
thawing process was performed at 37°C for 30 s, with p<0.05. Furthermore, the CTC assay also showed that thawing at
the same temperature gave less capacitated spermatozoa with p<0.05. As a conclusion, MACS yield spermatozoa with a
better expression of HSP70 gene and less capacitated spermatozoa when thawing was done at 37°C for 30 s.
A novel electrophoretic separation system has been successfully applied for the preparation of human sperm prior to the execution of assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs). This new system is designed to overcome the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through centrifugation in conventional sperm preparation. Since the previous study showed favorable outcomes in humans, this study intends to implement this new system for animal sperm preparation particularly in bull. Fresh semen from adult bulls were used. Optimization of the electrophoretic system for optimum bull sperm separation involved different strength of voltage and separation time. The voltages applied were 10V, 20V, 30V, 40V, 50V, and 60V. For each voltage applied, the system was operated for a duration of 12 min. An average of 10 μl fractionalized semen was taken out at the collection site at every 2-min interval. Every fractionated sperm was then evaluated for percentage of viability, motility, and DNA damage assessment. Result showed that electrophoresis at 20V and 6 min yielded more than 80% viable and more than 70% motile sperm population with the lowest DNA damage. In conclusion, the system was able to fractionate high quality bull sperm at 20V and 6 min.