SUMMARY: The definition of distal arterial occlusion is however unclear, and we believe that a uniform nomenclature of distal arterial occlusions is essential for the design of robust randomized controlled studies. We undertook a systematic literature review and comprehensive analysis of 70 articles looking at distal arterial occlusions and previous attempts at classifying them as well as comparing their similarities and differences with a more selective look at the middle cerebral artery. Thirty-two articles were finally deemed suitable and included for this review. In this review article, we present 3 disparate classifications of distal arterial occlusions, namely, classical/anatomical, functional/imaging, and structural/calibre, and compare the similarities and differences between them.
KEY MESSAGES: We propose the adoption of functional/imaging classification to guide the identification of distal arterial occlusions with the M2 segment starting at the point of bifurcation of the middle cerebral artery trunk/M1 segment. With regards to the anterior temporal artery, we propose that it will be considered a branch of the M1 and only be considered as the M2 segment if it is a holo-temporal artery. We believe that this is a practical method of classification in the time-critical decision-making period.
METHODS: To address the challenges of achieving low energy consumption and efficiency in path planning for plant protection robots operating in mountainous environments, a multi-objective path optimization approach was developed. This approach combines the improved A* algorithm with the Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm (A*-IWOA), utilizing a 2.5D elevation grid map. First, an energy consumption model was created to account for the robot's energy use on slopes, based on its kinematic and dynamic models. Then, an improved A* search method was established by expanding to an 8-domain diagonal distance search and introducing a cost function influenced by cross-product decision values. Using the robot's motion trajectory as a constraint, the IWOA algorithm was applied to optimize the vector cross-product factor (p) by dynamically adjusting population positions and inertia weights, to minimize both energy consumption and path curvature. Finally, in simulation and orchard scenarios, the application effects of the proposed algorithm were evaluated and compared against notable variants of the A* algorithm using the robot ROS 2 operating system.
RESULTS: The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm substantially reduces the travel distance and enhances both path planning and computational efficiency. The improved approach meets the driving accuracy and energy consumption requirements for plant protection robots operating in mountainous environments.
DISCUSSION: This algorithm offers significant advantages in terms of computational accuracy, convergence speed, and efficiency. Moreover, the resulting paths satisfy the stringent energy consumption and path planning requirements of robots in unstructured mountain terrain. This improved algorithm could also be replicated and applied to other fields, such as picking robots, factory inspection robots, and complex industrial environments, where robust and efficient path planning is required.
RESULTS: Firstly, from the expression profiles of Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter, chloride channel protein 2, and ABC transporter, it turned out that the 24 h might be the most influenced duration in the short-term stress. We collected megalopa under different salinity for 24 h and then submitted to mRNA profiling. Totally, 57.87 Gb Clean Data were obtained. The comparative genomic analysis detected 342 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The most significantly DEGs include gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase-like, facilitated trehalose transporter Tret1, sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha, rhodanese 1-like protein, etc. And the significantly enriched pathways were lysine degradation, choline metabolism in cancer, phospholipase D signaling pathway, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, and sphingolipid signaling pathway. The results indicate that in the short-term salinity stress, the megalopa might regulate some mechanism such as metabolism, immunity responses, osmoregulation to adapt to the alteration of the environment.
CONCLUSIONS: This study represents the first genome-wide transcriptome analysis of S. paramamosain megalopa for studying its stress adaption mechanisms under different salinity. The results reveal numbers of genes modified by salinity stress and some important pathways, which will provide valuable resources for discovering the molecular basis of salinity stress adaptation of S. paramamosain larvae and further boost the understanding of the potential molecular mechanisms of salinity stress adaptation for crustacean species.