Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 30 in total

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  1. Ohnmar H, Das S, Naicker AS
    Clin Ter, 2009;160(5):371-3.
    PMID: 19997683
    Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is not an uncommon clinical condition and it is usually detected in patients with complete spinal injuries at or above thoracic 6th vertebral level (T 6). This condition is reported to occur in 48- 60% of cases of spinal cord injury at or above the level of T6. But AD due to injury below T6 is rare. The basic mechanism is thought to be due to excessive, uncontrolled activation of sympathetic system. In the present case, we discuss a persistent AD in 55-yr-old tetraplegic patient with C5 American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grade A lesion due to a fall from 10 metre height. MRI examination showed C5 and C6 bi-facets fracture and dislocation with canal compromise. Wiring and fusion was performed but recurrent mucous plugging and aspiration pneumonia and urinary tract infection happened during the hospital stay. Three months later, he was re-admitted with multiple pressure sores, pneumonia, sepsis and high blood pressure. He was administered with nifedepine but the blood pressure kept fluctuating. The present study highlights how the precipitating factors like concomitant urinary tract infection, decubitus ulcers, spasticity triggered the AD attack. The knowledge of the AD and its proper diagnosis and management may be beneficial to all clinicians and the present article attempts to highlight such.
  2. Ohnmar H, Roohi SA, Naicker AS
    Clin Ter, 2010;161(6):529-32.
    PMID: 21181081
    Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the abnormal development of bone within soft tissue and a rare complication in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Only a few cases had been reported so far. We present the case of a 39-year-old man who had been diagnosed to have GBS about 10 years ago, presenting with severe limitation of both active and passive range of motion in bilateral shoulder, elbow and hip joints and was found to have massive heterotopic ossification. In our patient, it could be a myriad of factors such as prolonged ICU stay with mechanical ventilation and hypoxia, long-standing immobilization and hypomobility with incomplete flaccid paralysis.
  3. Rahimawati N, Roohi SA, Naicker AS, Zanariah O
    Malays Orthop J, 2010;4(3):32-35.
    MyJurnal
    We report a case of a 59-year-old female who presented in the general orthopaedic clinic with triggering of her right middle finger. She did not respond to conventional treatment methods; subsequently she underwent surgical open release under local anaesthesia. Five months postoperatively, the patient presented with signs and symptoms of acute flexor tenosynovitis, and was thought to have a postoperative infection. Re-examination by a hand surgeon raised the possibility of a different aetiology. Based on clinical findings and response to initial treatment, giant cell tumour of the flexor tendon sheath was suspected and later confirmed following surgical biopsy. A high index of suspicion and knowledge of the variegated presentations of giant cell tumour in the hand are beneficial in these types of cases.
  4. Htwe O, Swarhib M, Pei TS, Naicker AS, Das S
    Rom J Morphol Embryol, 2012;53(3):657-9.
    PMID: 22990563
    Congenital bilateral agenesis of the tibialis anterior muscles is a rare condition. We present a case of congenital absence of bilateral tibialis anterior muscles in a 6-year-old boy who presented with an abnormal gait. He was previously diagnosed to have bilateral congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV) deformity for which he underwent corrective surgery two times. However, he still had a residual foot problem and claimed to have difficulty in walking. On examination, he walked with a high stepping gait and muscle power of both lower limbs was 5/5 on the medical research council scale (MRCS) except for both ankle dorsiflexors and long toe extensors. The sensation was intact. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) study of both legs revealed that tibialis anterior muscles were not visualized on both sides suggestive of agenesis of the tibialis anterior muscles. The rest of the muscles appeared mildly atrophied. The electrophysiological study showed normal motor and sensory conduction in both upper and lower limbs. Electromyographic (EMG) study of the vastus medialis was within normal limit and no response could be elicited for EMG of tibialis anterior muscles suggesting possible absence of tibialis anterior muscles, bilaterally. The patient underwent split tibialis posterior tendon transfer to achieve a balanced and functional foot and was well on discharge. The present case describes the normal anatomy and embryology of tibialis anterior muscles as well as possible causes of its agenesis along with its clinical implications.
  5. Naicker AS, Roohi SA, Chan JL
    J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong), 2009 Apr;17(1):96-9.
    PMID: 19398803 DOI: 10.1177/230949900901700121
    A 56-year-old man became quadriplegic, bed bound, and carer-dependent secondary to cervical osteomyelitis. Three years later, he presented with generalised spasticity, crouched posture, and a large sacral pressure sore. The severe spasticity in his hips and knees prevented ischial sitting. Injections of botulinum toxin type A to both hamstrings and gastrosoleuii controlled the flexor spasticity of his lower limbs and facilitated rehabilitation and wound healing through proper positioning, wound care, stretching, and weight-bearing exercises. A few weeks later, the patient could better position himself in bed (prone lying) and on his wheelchair (ischial sitting). His spasm-related pain lessened and his mobility and activities of daily living improved. The sacral pressure sore healed completely a few months later. The patient could sleep better, feed with set-up and adaptive aids, groom, dress, and transfer himself with minimal assistance. The effects of botulinum toxin extended beyond just spasticity reduction. His upper extremity function, mobility, and social well-being were all improved through better positioning.
  6. Naicker AS, Roohi SA, Naicker MS, Zaleha O
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Jun;63(2):104-8.
    PMID: 18942293 MyJurnal
    Bowel Dysfunction is one of the least looked at problems in Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). The goals of this study are to understand bowel dysfunction in SCI and its effects on quality of life (QOL). Cross-sectional study based on interview and assessment of 41 clients. A majority of them were dissatisfied. Bowel opening time was long in about 65% while 76.6% were incontinent. Socially, approximately half refrained from outings even though 90.3% of them carried out bowel evacuation before going out. Attention to bowel education is necessary to improve social continence.
  7. Roohi SA, Naicker AS, Shukur MH, Mohammad AR
    Med J Malaysia, 2006 Feb;61 Suppl A:30-5.
    PMID: 17042226
    The incidence of spinal injuries in Malaysia is on the rise following similar trend of rapid development and increasing number of building constructions sites, and motor vehicles. This epidemiological study was aimed at compiling local data with a view to identifying target areas for preventive measures as well as improvement strategies in the management of these potentially devastating injuries. Seventy eight patients admitted with spine trauma in 1998 in a level-one trauma centre were retrospectively reviewed. All records were traced from the admission and discharge books of the orthopaedic wards, accident and emergency wards, operative registration book, spinal rehabilitation ward and orthopaedic registration data of the Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital Kuala Lumpur. Details on pre-treatment neurological and radiological level of injury and post-treatment outcomes were recorded according to the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale. Most patients (61.5%) were in the productive ages of less than 34 years with a 4:1 male to female ratio. Majority were due to motor vehicle accidents (57.7%) and fall from a height (28.3%). The thoraco-lumbar junction was the most common site of injury followed by the lower cervical region with 62.5% of which associated with neurological deficit. Neurological deficits: 11 ASIA-A, 1 ASIA-B, 6 ASIA-C, and 3 ASIA-D were detected in 21 (27%) patients with fall from height (50%) particularly landing on the feet (50%) and recreational sports (100%) were the risk factors. Less than 10% of patients were treated surgically and this explains an average 39.4 days of hospitalization (5 times longer in patients treated non-operatively). On discharge, four patients with incomplete neurology recovered to ASIA-E status and the remaining improved to ASIA-C and -D in one and five patients respectively. Only one patient with complete neurology improved to ASIA-B status following surgical treatment. The demographic profiles of our patients were comparable to other series in the literature but still inadequate to provide enough epidemiological data. A multicenter study to provide a larger pool of patients is needed.
  8. Joseph LH, Hussain RI, Pirunsan U, Naicker AS, Htwe O, Paungmali A
    Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc, 2014;48(2):169-74.
    PMID: 24747625 DOI: 10.3944/AOTT.2014.3184
    The aim of this study was to investigate the intra- and inter-rater reliability of ultrasonography (US) to measure anterior translation of the humeral head (ATHH) among healthy subjects and patients with sacroiliac joint dysfunction.
  9. Naicker AS, Htwe O, Tannor AY, De Groote W, Yuliawiratman BS, Naicker MS
    Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 2019 11;30(4):867-877.
    PMID: 31563176 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2019.07.009
    An increase in population and chronic conditions leading to disability require increasing emphasis on rehabilitation and health intervention. Poorer countries do not usually have the rehabilitation workforce needed to promote societal inclusion and participation. The roles of the rehabilitation workforce were often not clearly defined, leading to task shifting among rehabilitation professionals. Barriers to capacity building were poor availability of human resources and insufficient training program/supports for their professional development. Facilitators were local government support and international non-governmental organizations collaboration. Recommendations for capacity building effort are for collaboration with the developed nations to encourage funding, training, education, and sharing of resources.
  10. Naicker AS, Vinoshn DK, Yuliawiratman BS, Alaga A, Kevin Ng WS, Naicker MS, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2021 03;76(2):183-189.
    PMID: 33742626
    INTRODUCTION: In recent years, many unresolved issues pertaining to house officers in Malaysia have led to a longer waiting time and a 'glut' of medical graduates with a surprising 20% dropout amongst those who join the housemanship programme. This appears to reflect the changing times, mindsets and work expectations of millennials who comprise this cohort reflecting a need to consider possibilities of career shifts especially so in these uncertain times. This study explores the perceptions, awareness and interest in alternative career options amongst recent graduates and house officers.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a study done between 2018 and 2019 using a questionnaire which was shared on various social platforms. Data analysis was done using Excel spreadsheet.

    RESULTS: A total of 450 house officers and 657 medical graduates responded. Expectedly 66.8% claimed lifelong passion whilst another 12.1% claimed family influence as their reason to do medicine. Most were aware of their career challenges and 40% of them were keen to consider career change and reskilling indicating a possible shift from traditional expectations of a medical career.

    CONCLUSION: Whilst medicine is often considered a true calling, current challenges will require mental and emotional flexibility to explore other career opportunities. Thus, engagement programmes should be directed at medical graduates and house officers to identify and support those open to career transitions. This will help address current issues of internship bottleneck and rising dropout rates amongst internees. Early career change engagements will give them insight into their true career goals whilst opening up opportunities for those who wish to change.

  11. Paul AG, Ahmad NW, Lee HL, Ariff AM, Saranum M, Naicker AS, et al.
    Int Wound J, 2009 Feb;6(1):39-46.
    PMID: 19291114 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481X.2008.00564.x
    This is prospective case-control study of more than 18 months performed to assess the effectiveness of maggot debridement therapy (MDT) with the sterile larvae of Lucilia cuprina (a tropical blowfly maggot) for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Literature thus far has only reported results with the temperate maggot, Lucilia sericata. This study documents outcome in diabetic foot wounds treated with maggot debridement versus those treated by conventional debridement alone. In this series of 29 patients treated with MDT, 14 wounds were healed, 11 were unhealed and 4 were classified under others. The control group treated by conventional debridement had 30 patients of which 18 wounds were healed, 11 unhealed and 1 classified under others. There was no significant difference in outcome between the two groups. The conclusion that can be made from this study is that MDT with L. cuprina is as effective as conventional debridement in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. It would be a feasible alternative to those at high risk for surgery or for those who refuse surgery.
  12. Joseph LH, Paungmali A, Dixon J, Holey L, Naicker AS, Htwe O
    J Bodyw Mov Ther, 2016 Jul;20(3):650-6.
    PMID: 27634091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2016.01.010
    This study investigated the therapeutic effects of connective tissue manipulation (CTM) in diabetic foot ulcer (DFU). A total of 20 participants (10 in CTM group and 10 in conventional treatment group (CG)) with DFU underwent the conventional DFU treatment. In addition, the CTM group received CTM twice per week for 6 weeks. The percentage wound area reduction (PWAR) and bacterial colonization count (BCC) in log10 colony-forming units (CFU) per ml wound fluid was evaluated at baseline and six weeks. Results showed a significant change in PWAR in CTM (p 
  13. Awang NA, Chua SJL, Ali AS, Au-Yong CP, Naicker AS, Yuliawiratman BS
    Int J Health Care Qual Assur, 2021 Oct 04;ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print).
    PMID: 34595895 DOI: 10.1108/IJHCQA-08-2020-0165
    PURPOSE: This study aims to discover the perception of persons with disabilities (PWDs) towards facilities management (FM) service quality at hospital buildings in Malaysia.

    DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A questionnaire survey was conducted with 99 respondents in selected hospitals in Selangor, Malaysia.

    FINDINGS: This study aims to discover the perception of PWDs towards FM service quality, and it has found a gap for improvement. The area that requires the highest attention includes the importance of (1) assurance on accessibility despite maintenance activity being conducted (2) criticality of facilities maintenance itself, (3) assurance on comfort and safety, (4) reliable medium to ask for assistance or giving feedback, (5) signage that is clearly seen and easily understood and (6) staff responsiveness.

    RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: This instrument is validated by PWDs under the physical disability category only, specifically in the hospital context. Future research is recommended to identify the FM service quality aspect for different categories of disability (sensory, mental or intellectual impairment).

    PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The findings provide evidence for FM to consider PWDs' perceptions in FM strategy development. Even FM provides a healthcare support system. FM service quality partly reflects healthcare service quality.

    SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS: Accommodating the need of PWDs through the improvement of FM service quality aspect will partly fulfil the right of PWDs for equality of access to healthcare.

    ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This SERVQUAL tools can be improvised and used to measure the perception of PWDs on FM service quality systematically and holistically. Understanding the service quality aspect is important for a facility manager to precisely measure and prioritise what is truly important to the building users with special needs and try to accommodate this need in the management activity.

  14. Naicker AS, Roohi SA, Lee CS, Chan WH, Tay LS, Din XJ, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2006 Feb;61 Suppl A:10-3.
    PMID: 17042221
    Poor glycaemic control and the duration of diabetes mellitus are known to accelerate development and progression of neuropathy. Diabetic co-morbidities: hypertension and hyperlipidaemia, have been postulated to associate with development of neuropathy. A diabetic foot with low temperature and frequent exposure to low temperature environment has recently been hypothesized to be at higher risk to develop early neuropathy. This cross-sectional study is undertaken to identify risk factors for diabetic neuropathy and the association between foot temperature and development of diabetic neuropathy by using simple clinical examination in the outpatient setting. From April 18, to April 30, 2005, universal sampling method was used to select 134 diabetic patients (type 1 or type 2 for >1 year) with peripheral neuropathy. Excluded are those with chronic alcoholism, drug-induced neuropathy, dietary history of vitamin B deficiency and family history of porphyria and hereditary sensorimotor neuropathy. The patient's duration of diabetes, glycaemic control status and the presence of co-morbids: hypertension and hyperlipidemia, were recorded. The temperature of the foot was measured by using thermo buddy. Of 134 patients representing Malaysian ethnic distribution with an equal number of males and females, 20.1% were in the age group of 61 to 65 years and, 85.1% and 67.9% belonged to lower socioeconomic and educational groups respectively. Associations between diabetic neuropathy and glycaemic control (p = 0.018) and duration of diabetes (p < 0.05) were significant. However, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and low foot temperature were not significantly associated with development of diabetic neuropathy. Poor glycaemic control is significantly associated with diabetic neuropathy. Foot temperature alteration is merely an effect of autonomic neuropathy with a cold foot is attributed to co-existing peripheral arterial disease.

    Study site: Pusat Perubatan Primer Bandar Tasik Selatan, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  15. Syed A, Htwe O, Naicker MS, Rashid AHA, Yuliawiratman BS, Naicker AS
    Med J Malaysia, 2023 Sep;78(5):566-569.
    PMID: 37775480
    INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of cerebral palsy (CP) in Malaysia is estimated at 2.6 per 1000 live births which is comparable to that of Australian and European data with ranges of 2.3- 4.21,2. Surgical intervention for the improvement of gait function and mobility in CP is a common practice, however scarce literature of its outcomes is available in Southeast Asia. This paper aims to address and compare outcomes of surgical interventions in our centre with other countries.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients with Spastic CP with Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) I-III that underwent lower limb surgical intervention in our centre from 2008-2018 were retrospectively reviewed for The Spinal Alignment and Range of Motion Measure ROM subscale (SAROMM) scores and Functional Mobility Scale (FMS) 18 months after surgery. Changes in SAROMM, FMS scores and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) were determined.

    RESULTS: 19 patients were included in the study with mean age of 12.58. All patients underwent muscle tendon procedures. Box plot analysis of SAROMM showed reduction of median scores at 6(26.3%) and 12(47.4%) months which plateaus at 18 months post-surgery. Repeated measure ANOVA analysis showed there was a statistically significant effect of time on SAROMM scores (p <0.001) with MCID of 13.4. Improvement of FMS scores was the most at 50m with 13 children (p < 0.05), one at 5m and five at 500m. None reported worsening of FMS scores at 18 months. There were no changes of GMFCS levels by the end of 18 months.

    CONCLUSION: Surgeries performed on GMFCS I-III patients with the aim of gait improvement translates into improved mobility with results comparable to other countries.

  16. Lokanathan Y, Ng MH, Hasan S, Ali A, Mahmod M, Htwe O, et al.
    J Biosci Bioeng, 2014 Aug;118(2):231-4.
    PMID: 24598302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.02.002
    We evaluated bridging of 15 mm nerve gap in rat sciatic nerve injury model with muscle-stuffed vein seeded with olfactory ensheathing cells as a substitute for nerve autograft. Neurophysiological recovery, as assessed by electrophysiological analysis was faster in the constructed biological nerve conduit compared to that of autograft.
  17. Hassan NH, Sulong AF, Ng MH, Htwe O, Idrus RB, Roohi S, et al.
    J Orthop Res, 2012 Oct;30(10):1674-81.
    PMID: 22411691 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22102
    Autologous nerve grafts to bridge nerve gaps have donor site morbidity and possible neuroma formation resulting in development of various methods of bridging nerve gaps without using autologous nerve grafts. We have fabricated an acellular muscle stuffed vein seeded with differentiated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a substitute for nerve autografts. Human vein and muscle were both decellularized by liquid nitrogen immersion with subsequent hydrolysis in hydrochloric acid. Human MSCs were subjected to a series of treatments with a reducing agent, retinoic acid, and a combination of trophic factors. The differentiated MSCs were seeded on the surface of acellular muscle tissue and then stuffed into the vein. Our study showed that 35-75% of the cells expressed neural markers such as S100b, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), p75 NGF receptor, and Nestin after differentiation. Histological and ultra structural analyses of muscle stuffed veins showed attachment of cells onto the surface of the acellular muscle and penetration of the cells into the hydrolyzed fraction of muscle fibers. We implanted these muscle stuffed veins into athymic mice and at 8 weeks post-implantation, the acellular muscle tissue had fully degraded and replaced with new matrix produced by the seeded cells. The vein was still intact and no inflammatory reactions were observed proving the biocompatibility and biodegradability of the conduit. In conclusion, we have successfully formed a stable living nerve conduit which may serve as a substitute for autologous nerves.
  18. Tan CW, Ng MH, Ohnmar H, Lokanathan Y, Nur-Hidayah H, Roohi SA, et al.
    Indian J Orthop, 2013 Nov;47(6):547-52.
    PMID: 24379458 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5413.121572
    BACKGROUND AND AIM: Synthetic nerve conduits have been sought for repair of nerve defects as the autologous nerve grafts causes donor site morbidity and possess other drawbacks. Many strategies have been investigated to improve nerve regeneration through synthetic nerve guided conduits. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) that share both Schwann cell and astrocytic characteristics have been shown to promote axonal regeneration after transplantation. The present study was driven by the hypothesis that tissue-engineered poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) seeded with OECs would improve peripheral nerve regeneration in a long sciatic nerve defect.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sciatic nerve gap of 15 mm was created in six adult female Sprague-Dawley rats and implanted with PLGA seeded with OECs. The nerve regeneration was assessed electrophysiologically at 2, 4 and 6 weeks following implantation. Histopathological examination, scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination and immunohistochemical analysis were performed at the end of the study.

    RESULTS: Nerve conduction studies revealed a significant improvement of nerve conduction velocities whereby the mean nerve conduction velocity increases from 4.2 ΁ 0.4 m/s at week 2 to 27.3 ΁ 5.7 m/s at week 6 post-implantation (P < 0.0001). Histological analysis revealed presence of spindle-shaped cells. Immunohistochemical analysis further demonstrated the expression of S100 protein in both cell nucleus and the cytoplasm in these cells, hence confirming their Schwann-cell-like property. Under SEM, these cells were found to be actively secreting extracellular matrix.

    CONCLUSION: Tissue-engineered PLGA conduit seeded with OECs provided a permissive environment to facilitate nerve regeneration in a small animal model.

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