Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 46 in total

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  1. Food and Nutrition in Malaysian Children
    Karim NA, Razak NA
    Nestle Nutr Inst Workshop Ser, 2019;91:123-130.
    PMID: 30865965 DOI: 10.1159/000493704
    Two nationwide studies, namely the South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS Malaysia) and MyBreakfast study showed that 13-17% of children aged between 6 and 12 years were either overweight or obese. From dietary assessment, the majority of children achieved the Malaysian recommended nutrient intake (RNI) for energy and protein, but more than 50% did not fulfill the RNI for calcium and vitamin D. The majority of children consumed breakfast regularly; however, 20-30% of children skipped breakfast. The MyBreakfast study showed that 17.7% of the children consumed ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC) at breakfast, while among non-RTEC consumers, bread (44.2%), eggs (31.8%), and nasi lemak (23.9%) were the most common foods consumed. RTEC was the major contributor of whole grain (68.6%), followed by hot cereal (18.6%), biscuits (8.7%), and bread (1.8%). In the SEANUTS Malaysia, among children aged 7-9 years, 13.4 and 9.5% met the Malaysian Dietary Guideline (MDG) for fruits and vegetables while among children aged 10-12 years, only 19.6 and 16.1%, respectively, met the MDG for fruits and vegetables. For the milk group, only 5.5% of 7- to 9-year-old children and 3.7% of those 10-12 years old met the MDG for milk/dairy products per day.
  2. Fulltext Kinetics and mechanism of nanoparticles-catalyzed piperidinolysis of anionic phenyl salicylate
    Razak NA, Khan MN
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:604139.
    PMID: 25478597 DOI: 10.1155/2014/604139
    The values of the relative counterion (X) binding constant R(X)(Br) (=K(X)/K(Br), where K(X) and K(Br) represent cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTABr, micellar binding constants of X(v-) (in non-spherical micelles), v = 1,2, and Br(-) (in spherical micelles)) are 58, 68, 127, and 125 for X(v-) = 1(-), 1(2-), 2(-), and 2(2-), respectively. The values of 15 mM CTABr/[Na(v)X] nanoparticles-catalyzed apparent second-order rate constants for piperidinolysis of ionized phenyl salicylate at 35 °C are 0.417, 0.488, 0.926, and 0.891 M(-1) s(-1) for Na(v)X = Na1, Na2 1, Na2, and Na2 2, respectively. Almost entire catalytic effect of nanoparticles catalyst is due to the ability of nonreactive counterions, X(v-), to expel reactive counterions, 3(-), from nanoparticles to the bulk water phase.
  3. Fulltext 4-(Dimethyl-amino)benzaldehyde 4-ethyl-thio-semicarbazone
    Salhin A, Razak NA, Rahman IA
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2008;64(Pt 12):o2353.
    PMID: 21581327 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536808037148
    The title thio-semicarbazone derivative, C(12)H(18)N(4)S, features intra-molecular N-H⋯N and C-H⋯S hydrogen bonds which generate S(5) ring motifs. The dihedral angle between the benzene ring and the thio-urea unit is 6.30 (6)° indicating planarity in the mol-ecule. Inter-molecular N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds generate dimers with an R(2) (2)(8) ring motif. The methyl group of the N-ethyl residue is disordered and was refined with site occupancies of 0.521 (5) and 0.479 (5).
  4. Photoluminescence and thermoluminescence properties of Li2 O-Na2 O-B2 O3 glass
    Razak NA, Hashim S, Mhareb MH, Tamchek N
    Luminescence, 2016 May;31(3):754-9.
    PMID: 26333749 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3020
    Influence of Nd(3+) concentration on the optical and thermoluminescence (TL) properties of melt-annealed synthesized 10 Na2 O: 20 Li2 O: (70-x) B2 O3 : xNd2 O3 , where 0.1≤ x ≤0.7 (LNB) glasses are determined. The absence of sharp peaks in X-ray diffraction patterns confirms the amorphous nature of the prepared glasses. The photoluminescence spectra under 800 nm laser excitations at room temperature exhibit three prominent peaks centred at 538, 603 and 675 nm corresponding to the transitions of (4) G7/2 → (4) I9/2 , [(4) G7/2 → (4) I11/2 , (4) G5/2 → (4) I9/2 ] and [(4) G7/2 → (4) I13/2 , (4) G5/2 → (4) I11/2 ], respectively. The TL glow curve exhibits a prominent peak (Tm ) at 180°C. The best performance of the prepared glass was found at 0.5 mol% of Nd2 O3 . We achieved a good linearity of TL response against dose between 0.5 to 4.0 Gy. The calculated value of the effective atomic number, Zeff , is 7.55 which is nearly tissue equivalent (Zeff = 7.42). These promising features demonstrate the capability of the aforementioned glass to be used as a radiation dosimeter. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  5. Fulltext The aerodynamic cost of head morphology in bats: maybe not as bad as it seems
    Vanderelst D, Peremans H, Razak NA, Verstraelen E, Dimitriadis G, Dimitriadis G
    PLoS One, 2015;10(3):e0118545.
    PMID: 25739038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118545
    At first sight, echolocating bats face a difficult trade-off. As flying animals, they would benefit from a streamlined geometric shape to reduce aerodynamic drag and increase flight efficiency. However, as echolocating animals, their pinnae generate the acoustic cues necessary for navigation and foraging. Moreover, species emitting sound through their nostrils often feature elaborate noseleaves that help in focussing the emitted echolocation pulses. Both pinnae and noseleaves reduce the streamlined character of a bat's morphology. It is generally assumed that by compromising the streamlined charactered of the geometry, the head morphology generates substantial drag, thereby reducing flight efficiency. In contrast, it has also been suggested that the pinnae of bats generate lift forces counteracting the detrimental effect of the increased drag. However, very little data exist on the aerodynamic properties of bat pinnae and noseleaves. In this work, the aerodynamic forces generated by the heads of seven species of bats, including noseleaved bats, are measured by testing detailed 3D models in a wind tunnel. Models of Myotis daubentonii, Macrophyllum macrophyllum, Micronycteris microtis, Eptesicus fuscus, Rhinolophus formosae, Rhinolophus rouxi and Phyllostomus discolor are tested. The results confirm that non-streamlined facial morphologies yield considerable drag forces but also generate substantial lift. The net effect is a slight increase in the lift-to-drag ratio. Therefore, there is no evidence of high aerodynamic costs associated with the morphology of bat heads.
  6. Fulltext Prosthetics socket that incorporates an air splint system focusing on dynamic interface pressure
    Razak NA, Osman NA, Gholizadeh H, Ali S
    Biomed Eng Online, 2014;13:108.
    PMID: 25085005 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925X-13-108
    The interface pressure between the residual limb and prosthetic socket has a significant effect on an amputee's satisfaction and comfort. This paper presents the design and performance of a new prosthetic socket that uses an air splint system.
  7. Fulltext Clinical implication of interface pressure for a new prosthetic suspension system
    Gholizadeh H, Osman NA, Eshraghi A, Abd Razak NA
    Biomed Eng Online, 2014;13:89.
    PMID: 24981801 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925X-13-89
    Prosthesis suspension systems can alter the distribution of pressure within the prosthetic socket. This study evaluates a new suspension system for lower limb prostheses, and aims to compare the interface pressure and amputees' satisfaction with the new system compared with a common prosthetic suspension system (pin/lock).
  8. Transtibial prosthesis suspension systems: systematic review of literature
    Gholizadeh H, Abu Osman NA, Eshraghi A, Ali S, Razak NA
    Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 2014 Jan;29(1):87-97.
    PMID: 24315710 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2013.10.013
    Today a number of prosthetic suspension systems are available for transtibial amputees. Consideration of an appropriate suspension system can ensure that amputee's functional needs are satisfied. The higher the insight to suspension systems, the easier would be the selection for prosthetists. This review attempted to find scientific evidence pertaining to various transtibial suspension systems to provide selection criteria for clinicians.
  9. Semi-empirical spectrophotometric (SESp) method for the indirect determination of the ratio of cationic micellar binding constants of counterions X⁻ and Br⁻(K(X)/K(Br))
    Khan MN, Yusof NS, Razak NA
    J Oleo Sci, 2013;62(9):695-708.
    PMID: 24005014
    The semi-empirical spectrophotometric (SESp) method, for the indirect determination of ion exchange constants (K(X)(Br)) of ion exchange processes occurring between counterions (X⁻ and Br⁻) at the cationic micellar surface, is described in this article. The method uses an anionic spectrophotometric probe molecule, N-(2-methoxyphenyl)phthalamate ion (1⁻), which measures the effects of varying concentrations of inert inorganic or organic salt (Na(v)X, v = 1, 2) on absorbance, (A(ob)) at 310 nm, of samples containing constant concentrations of 1⁻, NaOH and cationic micelles. The observed data fit satisfactorily to an empirical equation which gives the values of two empirical constants. These empirical constants lead to the determination of K(X)(Br) (= K(X)/K(Br) with K(X) and K(Br) representing cationic micellar binding constants of counterions X and Br⁻). This method gives values of K(X)(Br) for both moderately hydrophobic and hydrophilic X⁻. The values of K(X)(Br), obtained by using this method, are comparable with the corresponding values of K(X)(Br), obtained by the use of semi-empirical kinetic (SEK) method, for different moderately hydrophobic X. The values of K(X)(Br) for X = Cl⁻ and 2,6-Cl₂C6H₃CO₂⁻, obtained by the use of SESp and SEK methods, are similar to those obtained by the use of other different conventional methods.
  10. Quantitative correlation between counterion (X) affinity to cationic micelles and X-induced micellar growth for X = 2,4-; 2,5-; 2,6- and 3,4-dichlorobenzoate ions
    Yusof NS, Razak NA, Khan MN
    J Oleo Sci, 2013;62(5):257-69.
    PMID: 23648400
    A semi empirical kinetic (SEK) method has been used to determine the ratio of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) micellar binding constants of counterion X⁻ and Br⁻ (a reference counterion), i.e. K(X)/K(Br) (=R(X)(Br)). The values of K(X) and K(Br) have been derived from the kinetic parameters obtained in the presence spherical/non-spherical and spherical micelles, respectively. This rather new method gives the respective mean values of R(X)(Br) as 45±2, 25±3, 4.7±0.6 and 119±10 for X=2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6- and 3,4-Cl₂C₆H₃CO₂⁻ (Cl₂Bz'Na). Literature lacks the report on the values of R(X)(Br) for all X except for X=2,6-Cl₂C₆H₃CO₂⁻ (2,6-Cl2Bz'⁻) for which the reported value is 5.0. Rheological properties, such as shear thinning behavior, reveal indirectly the presence of wormlike micelles (WM) in the CTABr micellar solutions containing MX for all X except X=2,6-Cl₂Bz'⁻. The micelles remain spherical within [2,6-Cl₂Bz'⁻] range 0.01-0.34 M at 0.015 M CTABr. The maxima of the plots of zero shear viscosity, η₀, (obtained from the initial plateau region of flow curves, i.e. η vs. γ curve) vs. [MX] (MX=2,4-, 2,5- and 3,4-Cl₂Bz'Na) at 0.015 M CTABr also support indirectly the presence of linear, entangled and branched WM.
  11. Kinematic comparison of the wrist movements that are possible with a biomechatronics wrist prosthesis and a body-powered prosthesis: a preliminary study
    Abd Razak NA, Abu Osman NA, Wan Abas WA
    Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol, 2013 May;8(3):255-60.
    PMID: 22830946 DOI: 10.3109/17483107.2012.704654
    This study examined the kinematic differences between a body-powered prosthesis and a biomechatronics prosthesis as a transradial amputee performed activities that involve flexion/extension and supination/pronation of the wrist.
  12. Awareness, potential factors, and post-amputation care of stump flexion contractures among transtibial amputees
    Ghazali MF, Abd Razak NA, Abu Osman NA, Gholizadeh H
    Turk J Phys Med Rehabil, 2018 Sep;64(3):268-276.
    PMID: 31453521 DOI: 10.5606/tftrd.2018.1668
    Objectives: This study aims to assess the level of awareness of transtibial amputee patients on stump contractures and their compliance with efforts implemented to prevent the condition.

    Patients and methods: This study included 50 unilateral transtibial amputees (26 males, 24 females; mean age 55.4±14.7 years; range, 18 to 78 years) who met the respondent criteria of the study. The respondents were randomly selected and were issued with a questionnaire.

    Results: The majority of the transtibial amputees were aware of stump contracture complications. It was found that they also preferred methods of prevention which required less effort, was cost-effective, and were also practical.

    Conclusion: More focus should be placed on contracture prevention methods which were most complied with by the patients. This is because the effectiveness of a prevention method is highly influenced by patients' compliance with the method. Patients with a higher risk of developing stump contractures should be also given more attention in post-amputation care.

  13. Fulltext Video Game-Based Rehabilitation Approach for Individuals Who Have Undergone Upper Limb Amputation: Case-Control Study
    Hashim NA, Abd Razak NA, Gholizadeh H, Abu Osman NA
    JMIR Serious Games, 2021 Feb 04;9(1):e17017.
    PMID: 33538698 DOI: 10.2196/17017
    BACKGROUND: Brain plasticity is an important factor in prosthesis usage. This plasticity helps with brain adaptation to learn new movement and coordination patterns needed to control a prosthetic hand. It can be achieved through repetitive muscle training that is usually very exhausting and often results in considerable reduction in patient motivation. Previous studies have shown that a playful concept in rehabilitation can increase patient engagement and perseverance.

    OBJECTIVE: This study investigated whether the inclusion of video games in the upper limb amputee rehabilitation protocol could have a beneficial impact for muscle preparation, coordination, and patient motivation among individuals who have undergone transradial upper limb amputation.

    METHODS: Ten participants, including five amputee participants and five able-bodied participants, were enrolled in 10 1-hour sessions within a 4-week rehabilitation program. In order to investigate the effects of the rehabilitation protocol used in this study, virtual reality box and block tests and electromyography (EMG) assessments were performed. Maximum voluntary contraction was measured before, immediately after, and 2 days after interacting with four different EMG-controlled video games. Participant motivation was assessed with the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI) questionnaire and user evaluation survey.

    RESULTS: Survey analysis showed that muscle strength and coordination increased at the end of training for all the participants. The results of Pearson correlation analysis indicated that there was a significant positive association between the training period and the box and block test score (r8=0.95, P

  14. Investigation of EMG parameter for transtibial prosthetic user with flexion and extension of the knee and normal walking gait: A preliminary study
    Sobh KNM, Abd Razak NA, Abu Osman NA
    Proc Inst Mech Eng H, 2021 Apr;235(4):419-427.
    PMID: 33517847 DOI: 10.1177/0954411920985753
    Electromyography signal has been used widely as input for prosthetic's leg movements. C-Leg, for example, is among the prosthetics devices that use electromyography as the main input. The main challenge facing the industrial party is the position of the electromyography sensor as it is fixed inside the socket. The study aims to investigate the best positional parameter of electromyography for transtibial prosthetic users for the device to be effective in multiple movement activities and compare with normal human muscle's activities. DELSYS Trigno wireless electromyography instrument was used in this study to achieve this aim. Ten non-amputee subjects and two transtibial amputees were involved in this study. The surface electromyography signals were recorded from two anterior and posterior below the knee muscles and above the knee muscles, respectively: tibial anterior and gastrocnemius lateral head as well as rectus femoris and biceps femoris during two activities (flexion and extension of knee joint and gait cycle for normal walking). The result during flexion and extension activities for gastrocnemius lateral head and biceps femoris muscles was found to be more useful for the control subjects, while the tibial anterior and also gastrocnemius lateral head are more active for amputee subjects. Also, during normal walking activity for biceps femoris and gastrocnemius lateral head, it was more useful for the control subjects, while for transtibial amputee subject-1, the rectus femoris was the highest signal of the average normal walking activity (0.0001 V) compared to biceps femoris (0.00007 V), as for transtibial amputee subject-2, the biceps femoris was the highest signals of the average normal walking activity (0.0001 V) compared to rectus femoris (0.00004 V). So, it is difficult to rely entirely on the static positioning of the electromyography sensor within the socket as there is a possibility of the sensor to contact with inactive muscle, which will be a gap in the control, leading to a decrease in the functional efficiency of the powered prostheses.
  15. Physiological Responses of Exergaming Boxing in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Mohd Jai NA, Mat Rosly M, Abd Razak NA
    Games Health J, 2021 Apr;10(2):73-82.
    PMID: 33297818 DOI: 10.1089/g4h.2020.0078
    Objective: Studies investigating the effects of exergaming in available platforms are still limited. This review aims to systematically identify available studies on physiological intensities of exergaming boxing in able-bodied adults and recategorize them based on different platforms or environments. The meta-analysis further analyzes the physiological responses during exergaming boxing into a set of pooled data for any evidence of outliers, heterogeneity, or publication bias. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted by using databases from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science. Population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes (PICO) and preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used in the study selection process for the review. Results: From the 1534 articles examined, 16 articles were included for further analyses. Results indicated that exergaming boxing exhibits a wide range of metabolic equivalent of task (MET) values and intensity, from very light to vigorous, with elements of heterogeneity and bias detected. The Xbox® Kinect boxing platform produced higher MET (mean = 5.3) compared with the Nintendo® Wii™ boxing (mean = 3.8). Conclusion: The results of this review suggest that boxing exergames can produce intensity-adequate physical activity among younger adults that are beneficial for cardiometabolic improvements, regardless of platforms used. Exergaming boxing may be employed as an effective exercise tool to increase energy expenditure and physical activity level in young adults.
  16. Compression and tension behavior of the prosthetic foam materials polyurethane, EVA, Pelite™ and a combination of polyurethane and EVA: a preliminary study
    Lutfi SNN, Abd Razak NA, Ali S, Gholizadeh H
    Biomed Tech (Berl), 2021 Jun 25;66(3):317-322.
    PMID: 34062632 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2019-0110
    Materials with low-strength and low-impedance properties, such as elastomers and polymeric foams are major contributors to prosthetic liner design. Polyethylene-Light (Pelite™) is a foam liner that is the most frequently used in prosthetics but it does not cater to all amputees' limb and skin conditions. The study aims to investigate the newly modified Foam Liner, a combination of two different types of foams (EVA + PU + EVA) as the newly modified Foam Liner in terms of compressive and tensile properties in comparison to Pelite™, polyurethane (PU) foam, and ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) foam. Universal testing machine (AGS-X, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) has been used to measure the tensile and compressive stress. Pelite™ had the highest compressive stress at 566.63 kPa and tensile stress at 1145 kPa. Foam Liner fell between EVA and Pelite™ with 551.83 kPa at compression and 715.40 kPa at tension. PU foam had the lowest compressive stress at 2.80 kPa and tensile stress at 33.93 kPa. Foam Liner has intermediate compressive elasticity but has high tensile elasticity compared to EVA and Pelite™. Pelite™ remains the highest in compressive and tensile stiffness. Although it is good for amputees with bony prominence, constant pressure might result in skin breakdown or ulcer. Foam Liner would be the best for amputees with soft tissues on the residual limbs to accommodate movement.
  17. Fulltext The role of local wisdom ``Ugahari'' and the impact of internet and mobile technology on work-life-balance during COVID-19 outbreak: Data set from malaysian workers
    Kusairi S, Muhamad S, Razak NA, Trapsila AP
    Data Brief, 2022 Feb;40:107779.
    PMID: 35036483 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107779
    This article presents internet and mobile technology (IMT) usage during the pandemic and examines its impact on Malaysian workers' work-life balance. This study also included the Malaysian local value, namely Ugahari, and its role in shaping individual work and personal/family life behavior. The operationalization of variables was developed based on the work-life balance from permeability and flexibility, type of work-life balance consequences, and the theory of planned behavior utilized for local wisdom to characterize the respondents. Data were collected through online surveys and distributed to industries and government agencies in the Urban Area of Malaysia. There are 466 valid and complete questionnaires. The data set has been collected as a reference source for further research regarding the role of local value "Ugahari, especially on work-life balance.
  18. Improvement on upper limb body-powered prostheses (1921-2016): A systematic review
    Hashim NA, Abd Razak NA, Abu Osman NA, Gholizadeh H
    Proc Inst Mech Eng H, 2018 Jan;232(1):3-11.
    PMID: 29199518 DOI: 10.1177/0954411917744585
    Body-powered prostheses are known for their advantages of cost, reliability, training period, maintenance, and proprioceptive feedback. This study primarily aims to analyze the work related to the improvement of upper limb body-powered prostheses prior to 2016. A systematic review conducted via the search of the Web of Science electronic database, Google Scholar, and Google Patents identified 155 papers from 1921 to 2016. Sackett's initial rules of evidence were used to determine the levels of evidence, and only papers categorized in the design and development category and patents were analyzed. A total of 40 papers in the sixth level of "Design and Development" of an upper limb body-powered prosthesis were found. Approximately 81% were categorized under mechanical alteration. Most papers were patent-type documents (48%), with the Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development publishing most of the articles related to the design and development of body-powered prostheses. Papers in the scope of the study were published once every 3 years in almost a century, proving that only a few studies were conducted to improve body-powered arms compared with myoelectric technology. Further research should be carried out mainly in areas that have received less attention.
  19. Fulltext Contributions of the Cybathlon championship to the literature on functional electrical stimulation cycling among individuals with spinal cord injury: A bibliometric review
    Hamdan PNF, Hamzaid NA, Abd Razak NA, Hasnan N
    J Sport Health Sci, 2022 Nov;11(6):671-680.
    PMID: 33068748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.10.002
    BACKGROUND: Due to its clinically proven safety and health benefits, functional electrical stimulation (FES) cycling has become a popular exercise modality for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Since its inception in 2013, the Cybathlon championship has been a platform for publicizing the potential of FES cycling in rehabilitation and exercise for individuals with SCI. This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of the Cybathlon championship to the literature on FES cycling for individuals with SCI 3 years pre and post the staging of the Cybathlon championship in 2016.

    METHODS: Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, IEEE Xplore, and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant studies published between January 2013 and July 2019. The quality of the included studies was objectively evaluated using the Downs and Black checklist.

    RESULTS: A total of 129 articles on FES cycling were retained for analysis. A total of 51 articles related to Cybathlon were reviewed, and 14 articles were ultimately evaluated for the quality. In 2017, the year following the Cybathlon championship, Web of Science cited 23 published studies on the championship, which was almost 5-fold more than that in 2016 (n = 5). Training was most often reported as a topic of interest in these studies, which mostly (76.7%) highlighted the training parameters of interest to participating teams in their effort to maximize their FES cycling performance during the Cybathlon championship.

    CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that the Cybathlon championship in 2016 contributed to the number of literature published in 2017 on FES cycling for individuals with SCI. This finding may contribute to the lessons that can be learned from participation in the Cybathlon and potentially provide additional insights into research in the field of race-based FES cycling.

  20. Fulltext Health, access and nutritional issues among low-income population in Malaysia: introductory note
    Shahar S, Lau H, Puteh SEW, Amara S, Razak NA
    BMC Public Health, 2019 Jun 13;19(Suppl 4):552.
    PMID: 31196021 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6852-8
    The current issue of BMC Public Health presents work by the Consortium of Low Income Population Research (CB40R), highlighting a comprehensive aspect of health, i.e., physical health, mental health, health behaviour and health financing; and also nutrition involving all stages of lifespan of the socioeconomic deprived group in Malaysia.Consortium of B40 Research (CB40R) reposited and harmonised shared, non-identifiable data from epidemiological studies involving low income population (B40) in Malaysia. CB40R also performed joint or mega-analyses using combined, harmonised data sets that yield collated results with enhanced statistical power, more variabilities (study population, geographical regions, ethnicities and sociocultural groups) to better understand the needs, characteristics and issues of B40 groups in Malaysia. It also aimed to develope a system/framework of minimum/standard variables to be collected in research involving B40 in future. For this special issues, members of the consortium have been invited to contribute an original article involving analysis of the health aspects, access to health and nutritional issues of the B40 samples.All the papers in this special issue have successfully highlighted the health and nutritional issues (i.e., non-communicable disease (NCD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), knowledge towards sexually transmitted disease (STD), low birth weight, Motoric Cognitive Risk (MCR) syndrome, urinary incontinence), mental health, oral health and inequalities among the low-income group in Malaysia, including the rural population and also the urban poor. The low-income population in Malaysia is also at risk of both under- and over nutrition, of which specific cost effective strategies are indeed needed to improve their quality of life.The low income population in Malaysia is facing various health challenges, particularly related to NCD and poor mental health, nutritional and physical function. There is a need for a sustainable intervention model to tackle the issues. It is also important to highlight that reducing SES disparities in health will require policy initiatives addressing the components of socioeconomic status (income, education, and occupation) as well as the pathways by which these affect health.
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