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  1. Fulltext Cyclosporiasis in a HIV-positive patient
    Alias A, Shukri A
    Med J Malaysia, 1998 Sep;53(3):311-2.
    PMID: 10968174
  2. Hydroxyurea treatment for chronic myeloid leukaemia during pregnancy
    Jackson N, Shukri A, Ali K
    Br J Haematol, 1993 Sep;85(1):203-4.
    PMID: 8251394
    A patient being treated for chronic myeloid leukaemia with hydroxyurea became pregnant. Despite an increase in the dose of hydroxyurea (to 3 g per day) during the pregnancy, her white blood cell count could only be controlled at about 150 x 10(9)/l. A healthy baby girl was born at 37 weeks with normal blood counts and no evidence of congenital abnormality. There are now five reports of the use of hydroxyurea in pregnancy, and where leukapheresis is not available it may be the treatment of choice.
  3. Fulltext Comparison of teflon phantom image from pet/ct scanner and monte carlo simulation
    Rafidah, Z., Jaafar, M.S., Shukri, A., Khader, M.A.A., Abdel Munem, E.
    Journal of Nuclear and Related Technologies, 2009;2009(2):11-16.
    MyJurnal
    The objective of this study was to compare the acquired image of teflon, human bone equivalent material on a Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) scanner with Monte Carlo simulation (MCNP). The cylindrical shape teflon phantom with dimensions of 19.5 cm length and 5.0 cm diameter was used for imaging with different settings of kilovolts (kV) and milliamperes (mA) of PET/CT. In this simulation, the photon flux in each pixel was accumulated by the Flux Image Radiograph (FIR) tally as flux image detectors and the image was plotted using Microsoft Office Excel. Results show that MCNP image was comparable with that of CT image and the obtained MCNP image depends on pixels size of the FIR tally.
  4. A feasibility study: in vivo x-ray fluorescence of iron using 109Cd
    Shukri A, Green S, Bradley DA
    Appl Radiat Isot, 1995 6 1;46(6-7):625.
    PMID: 7633384
  5. Mass attenuation coefficients of natural Rhizophora spp. wood for X-rays in the 15.77-25.27 keV range
    Shakhreet BZ, Bauk S, Tajuddin AA, Shukri A
    Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2009 Jul;135(1):47-53.
    PMID: 19482883 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncp096
    The mass attenuation coefficients (mu/rho) of Rhizophora spp. were determined for photons in the energy range of 15.77-25.27 keV. This was carried out by studying the attenuation of X-ray fluorescent photons from zirconium, molybdenum, palladium, silver, indium and tin targets. The results were compared with theoretical values for average breast tissues in young-age, middle-age and old-age groups calculated using photon cross section database (XCOM), the well-known code for calculating attenuation coefficients and interaction cross-sections. The measured mass attenuation coefficients were found to be very close to the calculated XCOM values in breasts of young-age group.
  6. Contralateral breast dose from chest wall and breast irradiation: local experience
    Alzoubi AS, Kandaiya S, Shukri A, Elsherbieny E
    Australas Phys Eng Sci Med, 2010 Jun;33(2):137-44.
    PMID: 20309667 DOI: 10.1007/s13246-010-0011-y
    Second cancer induction in the contralateral breast (CB) is an issue of some concern in breast radiotherapy especially for women under the age of 45 years at the time of treatment. The CB dose from 2-field and 3-field techniques in post-mastectomy chest wall irradiations in an anthropomorphic phantom as well as in patients were measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) at the local radiotherapy center. Breast and chest wall radiotherapy treatments were planned conformally (3D-CRT) and delivered using 6-MV photons. The measured CB dose at the surface fell sharply with distance from the field edge. However, the average ratio of the measured to the calculated CB dose using the pencil beam algorithm at the surface was approximately 53%. The mean and median measured internal dose at the posterior border of CB in a phantom was 5.47+/-0.22 cGy and 5.44 cGy, respectively. The internal CB dose was relatively independent of depth. In the present study the internal CB dose is 2.1-4.1% of the prescribed dose which is comparable to the values reported by other authors.
  7. A study of Rhizophora spp wood phantom for dosimetric purposes using high-energy photon and electron beams
    Banjade DP, Tajuddin AA, Shukri A
    Appl Radiat Isot, 2001 Sep;55(3):297-302.
    PMID: 11515650
    Previous scattering and depth-dose investigations involving use of the Malaysian hardwood Rhizophora spp have shown this medium to produce good agreement with measurements made in water. Present study extends the comparison, now including measurements of percentage depth-dose made for photons at 6MV and 5 and 12MeV electron beams. For the 6 MV photon and 5 MeV electron beams, discrepancies between percentage depth-dose for Rhizophora spp and water, at all depths, are found to be within 2.6 and 2.4% respectively. At 12 MeV electron energies, measured percentage depth-doses in Rhizophora spp beyond 3.5cm depth are found to be in significant discord with those for water. The absorbed dose in water measured in Rhizophora spp at d(max) for all three beams produces discrepancies of no more than 1.1% when compared with measurements made in water.
  8. Determination of absorbed dose for photon and electron beams from a linear accelerator by comparing various protocols on different phantoms
    Banjade DP, Tajuddin AA, Shukri A
    Appl Radiat Isot, 2001 Aug;55(2):235-43.
    PMID: 11393765
    Protocols developed for high-energy dosimetry IAEA (Technical Reports Series No. 277, 1997), AAPM (Med. Phys. 10 (1983) 741: Med. Phys. 18 (1991) 73: Med. Phys. 21 (1994) 1251), IPEMB (Phys. Med. Biol. 41 (1996) 2557), and HPA (Phys. Med. Biol. 28 (1983) 1097) have continued to enhance precision in dose measurements and the optimization of radiotherapy procedures. While recent dosimetry protocols, including those due to the IAEA and IPEMB, have made a number of improvements compared with previous protocols, it is further desirable to develop absolute dosimetry methods of dose measurements. Measurements based on careful implementation of procedures contained within the various protocols have been carried out in an effort to determine the extent to which discrepancies exist among the protocols. Dose in water at dmax was measured using cylindrical and parallel-plate ionization chambers for 6 MV photon beams and 5 and 12 MeV electron beams. Results obtained from the use of the AAPM and HPA protocols for 6 MV photon beams were found to be 0.9% larger and 0.1% smaller, respectively, than those measured following the IAEA protocol. Calibration dose measurements for 5 and 12 MeV electron beams in water phantoms were found to agree to within 1%, this being well within recommendations from the ICRU and other sources regarding the accuracy of dose delivery.
  9. Morphologic changes in red blood cells: An illustrated review of clinically important light microscopic findings
    Tyrrell L, Rose G, Shukri A, Kahwash SB
    Malays J Pathol, 2021 Aug;43(2):219-239.
    PMID: 34448787
    In this article, we provide an illustrated review that may serve as a microscope companion, as well as a reference for the diagnosis of red blood cells alterations and the interpretation of their significance. Beginners in the fields of clinical haematology and haematopathology may benefit from this manuscript's brevity and practical points, while the more advanced will find it useful as a teaching tool.
  10. A novel approach of dose mapping using a humanoid breast phantom in radiotherapy
    Banjade DP, Ng BS, Zakir M, Tajuddin AA, Shukri A
    Br J Radiol, 2002 Oct;75(898):812-8.
    PMID: 12381690
    A study of dose mapping techniques to investigate the dose distribution throughout a planned target volume (PTV) in a humanoid breast phantom exposed to a 6 MV photon beam similar to that of treatment conditions is described. For tangential breast irradiation using a 6 MV accelerator beam, the dose is mapped at various locations within the PTV using thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLDs) and radiographic films. An average size perspex breast phantom with the ability to hold the dosemeters was made. TLDs were exposed after packing them in various locations in a particular slice, as planned by the treatment planning system (TPS). To map the dose relative to the isocenter, films were exposed after tightly packing them in between phantom slices, parallel to the central axis of the beam. The dose received at every location was compared with the given dose as generated by the TPS. The mapped dose in each location in the isocentric slice from superficial to deep region was found to be in close agreement with the TPS generated dose to within +/-2%. Doses at greater depths and distant medial and lateral ends, however, were found to be lower by as much as 9.4% at some points. The mapped dose towards the superior region and closest inferior region from the isocenter was found to agree with those for TPS. Conversely, results for the farthest inferior region were found to be significantly different with a variance as much as 17.4% at some points, which is believed to be owing to the variation in size and shape of the contour. Results obtained from films confirmed this, showing similar trends in dose mapping. Considering the importance of accurate doses in radiotherapy, evaluating dose distribution using this technique and tool was found to be useful. This provides the opportunity to choose a technique and plan to provide optimum dose delivery for radiotherapy to the breast.
  11. A simplified approach for exit dose in vivo measurements in radiotherapy and its clinical application
    Banjade DP, Shrestha SL, Shukri A, Tajuddin AA, Bhat M
    Australas Phys Eng Sci Med, 2002 Sep;25(3):110-8.
    PMID: 12416587
    This is a study using LiF:Mg;Ti thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) rods in phantoms to investigate the effect of lack of backscatter on exit dose. Comparing the measured dose with anticipated dose calculated using tissue maximum ratio (TMR) or percentage depth dose (PDD) gives rise to a correction factor. This correction factor may be applied to in-vivo dosimetry results to derive true dose to a point within the patient. Measurements in a specially designed humanoid breast phantom as well as patients undergoing radiotherapy treatment were also been done. TLDs with reproducibility of within +/- 3% (1 SD) are irradiated in a series of measurements for 6 and 10 MV photon beams from a medical linear accelerator. The measured exit doses for the different phantom thickness for 6 MV beams are found to be lowered by 10.9 to 14.0% compared to the dose derived from theoretical estimation (normalized dose at dmax). The same measurements for 10 MV beams are lowered by 9.0 to 13.5%. The variations of measured exit dose for different field sizes are found to be within 2.5%. The exit doses with added backscatter material from 2 mm up to 15 cm, shows gradual increase and the saturated values agreed within 1.5% with the expected results for both beams. The measured exit doses in humanoid breast phantom as well as in the clinical trial on patients undergoing radiotherapy also agreed with the predicted results based on phantom measurements. The authors' viewpoint is that this technique provides sufficient information to design exit surface bolus to restore build down effect in cases where part of the exit surface is being considered as a target volume. It indicates that the technique could be translated for in vivo dose measurements, which may be a conspicuous step of quality assurance in clinical practice.
  12. Fulltext Dynamic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Model Within a Liver Phantom for Multimodality Imaging
    Ahmad MS, Suardi N, Shukri A, Nik Ab Razak NNA, Oglat AA, Makhamrah O, et al.
    Eur J Radiol Open, 2020;7:100257.
    PMID: 32944594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejro.2020.100257
    Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancer in the world, and the effectiveness of its treatment lies in its detection in its early stages. The aim of this study is to mimic HCC dynamically through a liver phantom and apply it in multimodality medical imaging techniques including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound.

    Methods and materials: The phantom is fabricated with two main parts, liver parenchyma and HCC inserts. The liver parenchyma was fabricated by adding 2.5 wt% of agarose powder combined with 2.6 wt% of wax powder while the basic material for the HCC samples was made from polyurethane solution combined with 5 wt% glycerol. Three HCC samples were inserted into the parenchyma by using three cylinders implanted inside the liver parenchyma. An automatic injector is attached to the input side of the cylinders and a suction device connected to the output side of the cylinders. After the phantom was prepared, the contrast materials were injected into the phantom and imaged using MRI, CT, and ultrasound.

    Results: Both HCC samples and liver parenchyma were clearly distinguished using the three imaging modalities: MRI, CT, and ultrasound. Doppler ultrasound was also applied through the HCC samples and the flow pattern was observed through the samples.

    Conclusion: A multimodal dynamic liver phantom, with HCC tumor models have been fabricated. This phantom helps to improve and develop different methods for detecting HCC in its early stages.

  13. Measurement of radiation attenuation parameters of modified defatted soy flour-soy protein isolate-based mangrove wood particleboards to be used for CT phantom production
    Samson DO, Jafri MZM, Shukri A, Hashim R, Sulaiman O, Aziz MZA, et al.
    Radiat Environ Biophys, 2020 08;59(3):483-501.
    PMID: 32333105 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00844-z
    For the first time, Rhizophora spp. (Rh. spp.) particleboard phantoms were developed using defatted soy flour (DSF) and soy protein isolate (SPI) modified by sodium hydroxide and itaconic acid polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (IA-PAE) adhesive. The microstructural characterization and X-ray diffraction patterns of the material revealed that the modified DSF and SPI adhesives became more compact and homogeneous when NaOH/IA-PAE was added, which prevented damage by moisture. It was confirmed that the composite is crystalline with (101), (002), and (004) orientations. Phantoms made of this material were scanned with X-ray computed tomography (CT) typically used for abdominal examinations with varying energies corresponding to 80, 120, and 135 kVp, to determine CT numbers, electron densities, and density distribution profiles. The radiation attenuation parameters were found to be not significantly different from those of water (XCOM) with p values [Formula: see text] 0.05 for DSF and SPI. The DSF- and SPI-based particleboard phantoms showed CT numbers close to those of water at the three X-ray CT energies. In addition, electron density and density distribution profiles of DSF-SPI-Rh. spp. particleboard phantoms with 15 wt% IA-PAE content were even closer to those of water and other commercial phantom materials at the three X-ray CT energies. It is concluded that DSF-SPI with NaOH/IA-PAE added can be used as a potential adhesive in Rh. spp. particleboard phantoms for radiation dosimetry.
  14. Entrance dose measurement: a simple and reliable technique
    Banjade DP, Raj TA, Ng BS, Xavier S, Tajuddin AA, Shukri A
    Med Dosim, 2003;28(2):73-8.
    PMID: 12804703
    Verification of tumor dose for patients undergoing external beam radiotherapy is an important part of quality assurance programs in radiation oncology. Among the various methods available, entrance dose in vivo is one reliable method used to verify the tumor dose delivered to a patient. In this work, entrance dose measurements using LiF:Mg;Ti and LiF:Mg;Cu;P thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) without buildup cap was carried out. The TLDs were calibrated at the surface of a water equivalent phantom against the maximum dose, using 6- and 10-MV photon and 9-MeV electron beams. The calibration geometry was such that the TLDs were placed on the surface of the "solid-water" phantom and a calibrated ionization chamber was positioned inside the phantom at calibration depth. The calibrated TLDs were then utilized to measure the entrance dose during the treatment of actual patients. Measurements were also carried out in the same phantom simultaneously to check the stability of the system. The dose measured in the phantom using the TLDs calibrated for entrance dose to 6-and 10-MV photon beams was found to be close to the dose determined by the treatment planning system (TPS) with discrepancies of not more than 4.1% (mean 1.3%). Consequently, the measured entrance dose during dose delivery to the actual patients with a prescribed geometry was found to be compatible with a maximum discrepancy of 5.7% (mean 2.2%) when comparison was made with the dose determined by the TPS. Likewise, the measured entrance dose for electron beams in the phantom and in actual patients using the calibrated TLDs were also found to be close, with maximum discrepancies of 3.2% (mean 2.0%) and 4.8% (mean 2.3%), respectively. Careful implementation of this technique provides vital information with an ability to confidently accept treatment algorithms derived by the TPS or to re-evaluate the parameters when necessary.
  15. Chemical Characteristics, Motivation and Strategies in choice of Materials used as Liver Phantom: A Literature Review
    Ahmad MS, Suardi N, Shukri A, Mohammad H, Oglat AA, Alarab A, et al.
    J Med Ultrasound, 2020 01 28;28(1):7-16.
    PMID: 32368444 DOI: 10.4103/JMU.JMU_4_19
    Liver phantoms have been developed as an alternative to human tissue and have been used for different purposes. In this article, the items used for liver phantoms fabrication are mentioned same as in the previous literature reviews. Summary and characteristics of these materials are presented. The main factors that need to be available in the materials used for fabrication in computed tomography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear medicine were analyzed. Finally, the discussion focuses on some purposes and aims of the liver phantom fabrication for use in several areas such as training, diagnoses of different diseases, and treatment planning for therapeutic strategies - for example, in selective internal radiation therapy, stereotactic body radiation therapy, laser-induced thermotherapy, radiofrequency ablation, and microwave coagulation therapy. It was found that different liver substitutes can be developed to fulfill the different requirements.
  16. Fulltext Performance of natural product-based materials as adhesives in the fabrication of mangrove wood composites
    Samson DO, Shukri A, Aziz Hashikin NA, Zuber SH, Addo Buba AD, Abdul Aziz MZ, et al.
    Heliyon, 2023 Jan;9(1):e13032.
    PMID: 36711293 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13032
    Biodegradable adhesives prepared using three different forms of soy protein-based products (defatted soy flour/soy protein concentrate/soy protein isolate), sodium hydroxide, and itaconic acid polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin (IA-PAE) with 0 wt%-20 wt% substitution rates were utilized to enhance the production of mangrove wood composites. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry, and ultra-high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterize the composite samples. Other measurements involved the determination of viscosity, pH, physical, mechanical, dimensional stability, CT numbers, and relative electron density parameters. The ideal curing conditions for the composite bio-adhesives were found to be 15 wt% IA-PAE, 602.50 ± 172.21-391.11 ± 105.82 mPa s, pH 11.0, 180 °C, and 18 min, respectively. The improved physiochemical characteristics of DSF, SPC, and SPI confirmed that NaOH/IA-PAE was integrated into the adhesive system and ameliorated the overall performance of the resulting composites. The results showed that all composite samples, except for those bonded with 0 wt% and 5 wt% IA-PAE, matched up with the quality specification stated in the JIS A-5908 and ASTM D1037. Samples D1, D2, and D3 exhibited optimum characteristics, demonstrating their uses in the development of low-toxicity and sustainable reference tissue substitute phantom in radiological areas.
  17. Radiological and Dosimetric Evaluation of Biomaterial Composite Phantoms with High Energy Photons and Electrons
    Samson DO, Aziz MZA, Shukri A, Mat Jafri MZ, Hashim R, Zuber SH, et al.
    Health Phys, 2023 Aug 01;125(2):77-91.
    PMID: 36826380 DOI: 10.1097/HP.0000000000001688
    The current study was undertaken to investigate the radiological and dosimetric parameters of natural product-based composite (SPI/NaOH/IA-PAE/ Rhizophora spp .) phantoms. The radiological properties of the phantoms were measured at different gamma energies from Compton scatter of photons through angles of 0, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 degrees. Ionization chamber (IC) and Gafchromic EBT3 film dosimeters were employed to evaluate the dosimetric characteristics for photons (6-10 MV) and electrons (6-15 MeV). Radiological property results of the composite phantoms were consistent with good quality compared to those of solid water phantoms and theoretical values of water. Photon beam quality index of the SPI15 phantom with p-values of 0.071 and 0.073 exhibited insignificant changes. In addition, good agreement was found between PDD curves measured with IC and Gafchromic EBT3 film for both photons and electrons. The computed therapeutic and half-value depth ranges matched within the limits and are similar to those of water and solid water phantoms. Therefore, the radiological and dosimetric parameters of the studied composite phantom permit its use in the selection of convenient tissue- and water-equivalent phantom material for medical applications.
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