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  1. Fulltext Evaluation of two transformation protocols and screening of positive plasmid introduction into Bacillus cereus EB2, a gram-positive bacterium using qualitative analyses
    Sirajuddin SA, Sundram S
    Braz J Microbiol, 2020 Sep;51(3):919-929.
    PMID: 32078730 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00241-0
    Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria can take up exogenous DNA when they are in a competent state either naturally or artificially. However, the thick peptidoglycan layer in Gram-positive bacteria's cell wall is considered as a possible barrier to DNA uptake. In the present work, two transformation techniques have been evaluated in assessing the protocol's ability to introduce foreign DNA, pBBRGFP-45 plasmid which harbors kanamycin resistance and green fluorescent protein (GFP) genes into a Gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus cereus EB2. B. cereus EB2 is an endophytic bacterium, isolated from oil palm roots. A Gram-negative bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa EB35 was used as a control sample for both transformation protocols. The cells were made competent using respective chemical treatment to Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and kanamycin concentration in the selective medium was also optimized. Preliminary findings using qualitative analysis of colony polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-GFP indicated that the putative positive transformants for B. cereus EB2 were acquired using the second transformation protocol. The positive transformants were then verified using molecular techniques such as observation of putative colonies on specific media under UV light, plasmid extraction, and validation analyses, followed by fluorescence microscopy. Conversely, both transformation protocols were relatively effective for introduction of plasmid DNA into P. aeruginosa EB35. Therefore, this finding demonstrated the potential of chemically prepared competent cells and the crucial step of heat-shock in foreign DNA transformation process of Gram-positive bacterium namely B. cereus was required for successful transformation.
  2. Regional update: Cambodia
    Deva MP, D'Souza R, Sundram S
    Asian J Psychiatr, 2009 Oct;2(3):120-1.
    PMID: 23051055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2009.09.001
    Cambodia is a developing south-east Asian country located in the fertile Mekong delta. Its recent past has been complicated by European colonialism and internal conflict. Health including mental health services are limited and sparse in regional and rural areas. Very constrained public mental health facilities and services are hampered by a shortage of a skilled workforce and insufficient training programs. The recent formation of the Mental Health Association of Cambodia promises to be a positive step forward in promoting mental health throughout the country.
  3. Developing mental health resources for low and medium income countries of the Pacific-The Cook Islands experience
    Deva MP, D'Souza R, Sundram S
    Asian J Psychiatr, 2010 Mar;3(1):47-8.
    PMID: 23051142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2010.01.007
  4. Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with Pseudomonas aeruginosa UPMP3 reduces the development of Ganoderma basal stem rot disease in oil palm seedlings
    Sundram S, Meon S, Seman IA, Othman R
    Mycorrhiza, 2015 Jul;25(5):387-97.
    PMID: 25492807 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-014-0620-5
    The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in combination with endophytic bacteria (EB) in reducing development of basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) was investigated. BSR caused by Ganoderma boninense leads to devastating economic loss and the oil palm industry is struggling to control the disease. The application of two AMF with two EB as biocontrol agents was assessed in the nursery and subsequently, repeated in the field using bait seedlings. Seedlings pre-inoculated with a combination of Glomus intraradices UT126, Glomus clarum BR152B and Pseudomonas aeruginosa UPMP3 significantly reduced disease development measured as the area under disease progression curve (AUDPC) and the epidemic rate (R L) of disease in the nursery. A 20-month field trial using similar treatments evaluated disease development in bait seedlings based on the rotting area/advancement assessed in cross-sections of the seedling base. Data show that application of Glomus intraradices UT126 singly reduced disease development of BSR, but that combination of the two AMF with P. aeruginosa UPMP3 significantly improved biocontrol efficacy in both nursery and fields reducing BSR disease to 57 and 80%, respectively. The successful use of bait seedlings in the natural environment to study BSR development represents a promising alternative to nursery trial testing in the field with shorter temporal assessment.
  5. Symbiotic interaction of endophytic bacteria with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and its antagonistic effect on Ganoderma boninense
    Sundram S, Meon S, Seman IA, Othman R
    J Microbiol, 2011 Aug;49(4):551-7.
    PMID: 21887636 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-011-0489-3
    Endophytic bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa UPMP3 and Burkholderia cepacia UMPB3), isolated from within roots of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) were tested for their presymbiotic effects on two arbuscular mcorrhizal fungi, Glomus intraradices UT126 and Glomus clarum BR152B). These endophytic bacteria were also tested for antagonistic effects on Ganoderma boninense PER 71, a white wood rot fungal pathogen that causes a serious disease in oil palm. Spore germination and hyphal length of each arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) pairing with endophytic bacteria was found to be significantly higher than spores plated in the absence of bacteria. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the endophytic bacteria were scattered, resting or embedded on the surface hyaline layer or on the degraded walls of AMF spores, possibly feeding on the outer hyaline spore wall. The antagonistic effect of the endophytic bacteria was expressed as severe morphological abnormalities in the hyphal structures of G. boninense PER 71. The effects of the endophytic bacteria on G. boninense PER 71 hyphal structures were observed clearly under SEM. Severe inter-twisting, distortion, lysis and shriveling of the hyphal structures were observed. This study found that the effect of endophytic bacteria on G. intraradices UT126 and G. clarum BR152B resembled that of a mycorrhiza helper bacteria (MHB) association because the association significantly promoted AMF spore germination and hyphal length. However, the endophytic bacteria were extremely damaging to G. boninense PER 71.
  6. Fulltext Expression of Genes Encoding Manganese Peroxidase and Laccase of Ganoderma boninense in Response to Nitrogen Sources, Hydrogen Peroxide and Phytohormones
    Ho PY, Namasivayam P, Sundram S, Ho CL
    Genes (Basel), 2020 10 26;11(11).
    PMID: 33114747 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111263
    Ganoderma produces lignolytic enzymes that can degrade the lignin component of plant cell walls, causing basal stem rot to oil palms. Nitrogen sources may affect plant tolerance to root pathogens while hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) play important roles in plant defense against pathogens. In this study, we examined the expression of genes encoding manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase (Lac) in Ganoderma boninense treated with different nitrogen sources (ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate), JA, SA and H2O2. Transcripts encoding MnP and Lac were cloned from G. boninense. Of the three GbMnP genes, GbMnP_U6011 was up-regulated by all nitrogen sources examined and H2O2 but was down-regulated by JA. The expression of GbMnP_U87 was only up-regulated by JA while GbMnP_35959 was up-regulated by ammonium nitrate but suppressed by sodium nitrate and down-regulated by H2O2. Among the three GbLac genes examined, GbLac_U90667 was up-regulated by ammonium nitrate, JA, SA and H2O2; GbLac_U36023 was up-regulated by JA and H2O2 while GbLac_U30636 was up-regulated by SA but suppressed by ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate, JA and H2O2. Differential expression of these genes may be required by their different functional roles in G. boninense.
  7. Fulltext The eight-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale MMAS: translation and validation of the Malaysian version
    Al-Qazaz HKh, Hassali MA, Shafie AA, Sulaiman SA, Sundram S, Morisky DE
    Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2010 Nov;90(2):216-21.
    PMID: 20832888 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2010.08.012
    AIMS:
    To translate and examine the psychometric properties of the Malaysian version of the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) among patients with type 2 diabetes.

    METHODS:
    A standard "forward-backward" procedure was used to translate MMAS into Malay language. It was later validated on a convenience sample of 223 type 2 diabetes outpatients between May and September 2009. Reliability was tested for internal consistency. Validity was confirmed using convergent and known group validity.

    RESULTS:
    Employing the recommended scoring method, the mean±SD of MMAS scores was 6.13±1.72. Moderate internal consistency was found (Cronbach's α=0.675), the test-retest reliability value was 0.816 (p<0.001). A positive correlation between the eight- and four-item MMAS was found (r=0.792; p<0.01). A significant relationship between MMAS categories and HbA1c categories (χ(2)=20.261; p≥0.001) was found. The MMAS sensitivity and specificity, with positive and negative predictive values were 77.61%, 45.37%, 46.84% and 76.56%, respectively.

    CONCLUSIONS:
    The findings of this validation study indicate that the Malaysian version of the MMAS is a reliable and valid measure of medication adherence which can now be used.
  8. Fulltext The 14-item Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Test: translation and validation study of the Malaysian version
    Al-Qazaz HK, Syed Sulaiman SA, Hassali MA, Shafie AA, Sundram S
    Practical Diabetes International, 2010;27(6):238-241a.
    DOI: 10.1002/pdi.1495
    The aims of this study were to translate the Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Test (MDKT) into the Malaysian language, and to examine the psychometric properties of the Malaysian version. A standard translation procedure was used to create the Malaysian version of the MDKT from the original English version. A convenience sample of 307 outpatients with type 2 diabetes was identified between May and October 2009. All data were collected from the Penang General Hospital, Penang, Malaysia. Instruments consisted of the Malaysian version of the MDKT and a socio-demographic questionnaire. Medical records were reviewed for haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels and other clinical data. Reliability was tested for internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Employing the recommended scoring method, the mean±SD of MDKT scores was 7.88±3.01. Good internal consistency was found (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.702); the test-retest reliability value was 0.894 (p<0.001). For known group validity, a significant relationship between MDKT categories and HbA1c categories (chi-square = 21.626; p≥0.001) was found. The findings of this validation study indicate that the Malaysian version of the MDKT is a reliable and valid measure of diabetes knowledge which can now be used in clinical and research practice.
    KEY WORDS: diabetes knowledge; validation; Michigan test; translation
    Study site: Diabetes Clinic, Hospital Pulau Pinang, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
  9. Diabetes knowledge, medication adherence and glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes
    Al-Qazaz HKh, Sulaiman SA, Hassali MA, Shafie AA, Sundram S, Al-Nuri R, et al.
    Int J Clin Pharm, 2011 Dec;33(6):1028-35.
    PMID: 22083724 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-011-9582-2
    BACKGROUND: Most of interventions that have attempted to improve medication adherence in type 2 diabetes have been educational; on the assumption that knowledge regarding diabetes might affect patients' adherence to their treatment regimen.
    OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to investigate any association of knowledge and medication adherence with glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Setting The study was conducted at the Diabetes Outpatients Clinic, Hospital Pulau Pinang.
    METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 540 adult patients with type 2 diabetes attending the clinic. A questionnaire including previously validated Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Test and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale was used and the patients' medical records were reviewed for haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) levels and other disease-related information. A total of 35 (6.48%) patients were excluded after data collection due to lack of HbA1C results.
    RESULTS: Five hundred and five patients were included in the final analysis, with a mean age of 58.15 years (SD = 9.16), 50.7% males and median HbA1C of 7.6 (IQR was 6.7-8.9). The median total knowledge score was 7.0 (IQR was 5.0-10.0) while the median adherence score was 6.5 (IQR was 4.75-7.75). Significant correlations were found between the three variables (HbA1C, knowledge and adherence). A significantly higher score for knowledge and adherence (P < 0.05) was found in those patients with lower HbA1C. Higher diabetes knowledge, higher medication adherence and using mono-therapy were significant predictors of good glycemic control in the multivariate analysis.
    CONCLUSION: Patients' knowledge about diabetes is associated with better medication adherence and better glycemic control. In addition to other factors affecting medication adherence and glycemic control, healthcare providers should pay attention to knowledge about diabetes that the patients carry towards medication adherence.

    Study site: Diabetes Outpatients Clinic, Hospital Pulau Pinang, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
  10. Fulltext Perception and knowledge of patients with type 2 diabetes in Malaysia about their disease and medication: a qualitative study
    Al-Qazaz HK, Hassali MA, Shafie AA, Syed Sulaiman SA, Sundram S
    Res Social Adm Pharm, 2011 Jun;7(2):180-91.
    PMID: 21272545 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2010.04.005
    BACKGROUND: Diabetic patients' experience and knowledge about their medication play an important role in determining the success of long-term adherence in their disease management.
    OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore diabetic patients' experience and knowledge about diabetes and its medication and to understand the factors contributing to medication adherence in Malaysian population.
    METHODS: A qualitative research approach was adopted to gain a better understanding of the current perceptions and knowledge held by diabetic patients. Twelve patients were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. Saturation point of the interview was reached after the 10th interview, and no more new themes emerged from the subsequent 2 interviews. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed by means of a standard content analysis framework.
    RESULTS: A total of 4 themes were identified from the interview analysis: knowledge about diabetes and its medication, experiences of adverse effects of medication, issues related to adherence, and the impact of medical and family relationships on well-being. Most of the patients were aware of the disease known as diabetes but unaware which type of diabetes they were suffering from. None of the participants knew the adverse effects of their medication, and most of them considered it to be safe. Financial barriers, forgetfulness, self-medication, and quality of relationships with doctor and family members seem to be the factors that challenge adherence in our sample of diabetic patients.
    CONCLUSION: This study identified a number of key themes that might be useful in enhancing the awareness of experiences, knowledge, adherence, and attitudes of Malaysian patients with diabetes. More efforts should be taken to estimate how diabetic patients take their medication, and a well-planned educational program is also required to educate and encourage patients to practice a healthy lifestyle.
  11. Synergism: biocontrol agents and biostimulants in reducing abiotic and biotic stresses in crop
    Anuar MSK, Hashim AM, Ho CL, Wong MY, Sundram S, Saidi NB, et al.
    World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2023 Mar 19;39(5):123.
    PMID: 36934342 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03579-3
    In today's fast-shifting climate change scenario, crops are exposed to environmental pressures, abiotic and biotic stress. Hence, these will affect the production of agricultural products and give rise to a worldwide economic crisis. The increase in world population has exacerbated the situation with increasing food demand. The use of chemical agents is no longer recommended due to adverse effects towards the environment and health. Biocontrol agents (BCAs) and biostimulants, are feasible options for dealing with yield losses induced by plant stresses, which are becoming more intense due to climate change. BCAs and biostimulants have been recommended due to their dual action in reducing both stresses simultaneously. Although protection against biotic stresses falls outside the generally accepted definition of biostimulant, some microbial and non-microbial biostimulants possess the biocontrol function, which helps reduce biotic pressure on crops. The application of synergisms using BCAs and biostimulants to control crop stresses is rarely explored. Currently, a combined application using both agents offer a great alternative to increase the yield and growth of crops while managing stresses. This article provides an overview of crop stresses and plant stress responses, a general knowledge on synergism, mathematical modelling used for synergy evaluation and type of in vitro and in vivo synergy testing, as well as the application of synergism using BCAs and biostimulants in reducing crop stresses. This review will facilitate an understanding of the combined effect of both agents on improving crop yield and growth and reducing stress while also providing an eco-friendly alternative to agroecosystems.
  12. Analysis of Coconut cadang-cadang viroid variants on field samples exhibiting variation in orange spotting symptom expression and severity
    Roslan ND, Sundram S, Hong LW, Ling KL, Vadamalai G
    Mol Biol Rep, 2023 Nov;50(11):9699-9705.
    PMID: 37676433 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08771-0
    BACKGROUND: Sequence variation has been attributed to symptom variations but has not been investigated in Orange Spotting-Coconut cadang-cadang viroid (OS-CCCVd) infected palms. Likewise, the relationship between Coconut cadang-cadang viroid (CCCVd) variants, Orange Spotting (OS) severity and the accumulation of the viroid in the palms have not been elucidated. This paper describes the characterization of CCCVd variants by cloning and sequencing, followed by correlation with symptom expression.

    METHODS AND RESULTS: Total nucleic acids were extracted from leaf samples harvested from frond 20 of seven Dura × Pisifera (D × P) African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) aged between 13 and 21 years old collected from local plantations. The nucleic acids were fractionated using 5% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) before being subjected to detection by reverse transcribed polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The PCR products were cloned into a plasmid vector and the sequence of the clones was analyzed. CCCVd variants were quantified using real-time qPCR assay with CCCVd specific primers. Sixteen randomly selected clones of (OP246) had an arbitrary 100% identity with CCCVdOP246 (GeneBank Accession No: HQ608513). Meanwhile, four clones had >93% similarity with several minor sequence variations forming variants of OP234, OP235, OP251 and OP279.

    CONCLUSION: The OS symptoms observed in the field were characterized into three categories based on the size and morphology of the orange spots on the affected fronds. In addition, there was no direct correlation between disease severity and the accumulation of CCCVd variants in oil palm. This finding is the first report describing the sequence variation of the CCCVd RNA and symptom variation in OS oil palm field samples.

  13. An in vitro study of the antifungal activity of Trichoderma virens 7b and a profile of its non-polar antifungal components released against Ganoderma boninense
    Angel LP, Yusof MT, Ismail IS, Ping BT, Mohamed Azni IN, Kamarudin NH, et al.
    J Microbiol, 2016 Nov;54(11):732-744.
    PMID: 27796927
    Ganoderma boninense is the causal agent of a devastating disease affecting oil palm in Southeast Asian countries. Basal stem rot (BSR) disease slowly rots the base of palms, which radically reduces productive lifespan of this lucrative crop. Previous reports have indicated the successful use of Trichoderma as biological control agent (BCA) against G. boninense and isolate T. virens 7b was selected based on its initial screening. This study attempts to decipher the mechanisms responsible for the inhibition of G. boninense by identifying and characterizing the chemical compounds as well as the physical mechanisms by T. virens 7b. Hexane extract of the isolate gave 62.60% ± 6.41 inhibition against G. boninense and observation under scanning electron microscope (SEM) detected severe mycelial deformation of the pathogen at the region of inhibition. Similar mycelia deformation of G. boninense was observed with a fungicide treatment, Benlate(®) indicating comparable fungicidal effect by T. virens 7b. Fraction 4 and 5 of hexane active fractions through preparative thin layer chromatography (P-TLC) was identified giving the best inhibition of the pathogen. These fractions comprised of ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, lactones, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, sulphides, and free fatty acids profiled through gas chromatography mass spectrometry detector (GC/MSD). A novel antifungal compound discovery of phenylethyl alcohol (PEA) by T. virens 7b is reported through this study. T. virens 7b also proved to be an active siderophore producer through chrome azurol S (CAS) agar assay. The study demonstrated the possible mechanisms involved and responsible in the successful inhibition of G. boninense.
  14. Characterization of the Synergistic Effect of Fungal Isolates in Suppressing Ganoderma boninense and Enhancing Oil Palm Growth
    Anuar MSK, Hashim AM, Sundram S, Rahman SRA, Ho CL, Wong MY, et al.
    J Basic Microbiol, 2025 Jan;65(1):e2400312.
    PMID: 39304989 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400312
    The globally vital oil palm, a major oil producer, confronts productivity challenges due to Ganoderma boninense (Gb), causing output decline. Chemical control efforts have proven ineffective, prompting exploration of microbial-based biocontrol. While single fungal biocontrol research exists, the impact of employing multiple biocontrols concurrently to combat Ganoderma and enhance oil palm growth remains uncharted. This study examined four soil-derived fungal isolates for their ability to antagonize Gb PER71 in vitro. Molecular identification categorized them as Talaromyces spp. and Penicillium sp. Moreover, all isolates were revealed to have at least three plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits and were shown to have phosphoric hydrolase, ester hydrolase, peptide hydrolase, and glycosidase activities which are essential for plant growth. Furthermore, the synergistic evaluation of fungal isolates was tested against Gb PER71. One out of six combinations of fungal isolates showed a synergistic effect in vitro, and two showed a synergistic effect in planta. The application of single and combined fungal isolates tested in planta also suppressed Gb PER71 and enhanced oil palm growth compared to control groups. The findings indicate the promising potential of these isolates as biocontrol agents (BCAs) and bioformulations against Gb in oil palm cultivation.
  15. Fulltext Fabrication and Characterization of Chitosan-Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide Composite Film for Transdermal Delivery of Protein/Peptide
    Malviya R, Tyagi A, Fuloria S, Subramaniyan V, Sathasivam K, Sundram S, et al.
    Polymers (Basel), 2021 May 10;13(9).
    PMID: 34068768 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091531
    Transdermal drug delivery is used to deliver a drug by eliminating the first-pass metabolism, which increases the bioavailability of the drug. The present study aims to formulate the chitosan-tamarind seed polysaccharide composite films and evaluate for the delivery of protein/peptide molecules. Nine formulations were prepared and evaluated by using different parameters, such as physical appearance, folding endurance, thickness of film, surface pH, weight variation, drug content, surface morphology, percentage moisture intake and uptake, drug release kinetics, and drug permeability. The film weight variance was observed between 0.34 ± 0.002 to 0.47 ± 0.003 g. The drug level of the prepared films was found to be between 96 ± 1.21 and 98 ± 1.33μg. Their intake of moisture ranged between 2.83 ± 0.002 and 3.76 ± 0.001 (%). The moisture absorption of the films ranged from 5.33 ± 0.22 to 10.02 ± 0.61 (%). SEM images revealed a smooth film surface, while minor cracks were found in the film after permeation tests. During the first 4 days, drug release was between 13.75 ± 1.64% and 22.54 ± 1.34% and from day 5 to day 6, it was between 72.67 ± 2.13% and 78.33 ± 3.13%. Drug permeation during the first 4 days was 15.78 ± 1.23 %. Drug permeation (%) during the first 4 days was between 15.78 ± 1.23 and 22.49 ± 1.29 and from day 5 to day 6, it was between 71.49 ± 3.21 and 77.93 ± 3.20.
  16. Fulltext Evaluation and Characterization of Tamarind Gum Polysaccharide: The Biopolymer
    Malviya R, Sundram S, Fuloria S, Subramaniyan V, Sathasivam KV, Azad AK, et al.
    Polymers (Basel), 2021 Sep 07;13(18).
    PMID: 34577925 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183023
    Polymers from natural sources are widely used as excipients in the formulation of pharmaceutical dosage forms. The objective of this study was to extract and further characterize the tamarind gum polysaccharide (TGP) obtained from Tamarindus indica as an excipient for biomedical applications. Double distilled water was used as a solvent for the extraction of gum while Ethyl alcohol was used as an antisolvent for the precipitation. The results of the Hausner ratio, Carr's index and angle of repose were found to be 0.94, 6.25, and 0.14, respectively, which revealed that the powder is free-flowing with good flowability. The gum was investigated for purity by carrying out chemical tests for different phytochemical constituents and only carbohydrates were found to be present. The swelling index was found to be 87 ± 1%, which shows that TGP has good water intake capacity. The pH of the 1% gum solution was found to be neutral, approximately 6.70 ± 0.01. The ash values such as total ash, sulphated ash, acid insoluble ash, and water-soluble ash were found to be 14.00 ± 1.00%, 13.00 ± 0.05%, 14.04 ± 0.57% and 7.29 ± 0.06%, respectively. The IR spectra confirmed the presence of alcohol, amines, ketones, anhydrides groups. The contact angle was <90°, indicating favorable wetting and good spreading of liquid over the surface The scanning electron micrograph (SEM) revealed that the particle is spherical in shape and irregular. DSC analysis shows a sharp exothermic peak at 350 °C that shows its crystalline nature. The results of the evaluated properties showed that TGP has acceptable properties and can be used as a excipient to formulate dosage forms for biomedical applications.
  17. Genetic variation in glutamatergic genes moderates the effects of childhood adversity on brain volume and IQ in treatment-resistant schizophrenia
    Mohamed Saini S, Bousman CA, Mancuso SG, Cropley V, Van Rheenen TE, Lenroot RK, et al.
    Schizophrenia (Heidelb), 2023 Sep 14;9(1):59.
    PMID: 37709784 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-023-00381-w
  18. Transcriptional effects of carbon and nitrogen starvation on Ganoderma boninense, an oil palm phytopathogen
    Nagappan J, Ooi SE, Chan KL, Kadri F, Nurazah Z, Halim MAA, et al.
    Mol Biol Rep, 2024 Jan 25;51(1):212.
    PMID: 38273212 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09054-4
    BACKGROUND: Ganoderma boninense is a phytopathogen of oil palm, causing basal and upper stem rot diseases.

    METHODS: The genome sequence was used as a reference to study gene expression during growth in a starved carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) environment with minimal sugar and sawdust as initial energy sources. This study was conducted to mimic possible limitations of the C-N nutrient sources during the growth of G. boninense in oil palm plantations.

    RESULTS: Genome sequencing of an isolate collected from a palm tree in West Malaysia generated an assembly of 67.12 Mb encoding 19,851 predicted genes. Transcriptomic analysis from a time course experiment during growth in this starvation media identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were found to be associated with 29 metabolic pathways. During the active growth phase, 26 DEGs were related to four pathways, including secondary metabolite biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, glycan metabolism and mycotoxin biosynthesis. G. boninense genes involved in the carbohydrate metabolism pathway that contribute to the degradation of plant cell walls were up-regulated. Interestingly, several genes associated with the mycotoxin biosynthesis pathway were identified as playing a possible role in pathogen-host interaction. In addition, metabolomics analysis revealed six metabolites, maltose, xylobiose, glucooligosaccharide, glycylproline, dimethylfumaric acid and arabitol that were up-regulated on Day2 of the time course experiment.

    CONCLUSIONS: This study provides information on genes expressed by G. boninense in metabolic pathways that may play a role in the initial infection of the host.

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