Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional review was conducted on medical records of all cataract surgeries carried out in Hospital Keningau, Sabah. This study used all patients' medical records who had been assessed using immersion biometry pre-operatively, underwent phacoemulsification cataract surgery besides attending a post-operative refraction session within 90 days from the operation date. Clinical details were recorded in the form of standard proformas and analysed. The refractive outcome was evaluated using spherical equivalence (SE) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). The percentage of cases with post-operative SE within ±1.00 diopter (D) and BCVA of '6/12 or better' were determined. The association between demographic factors and surgical-related factors with post-operative SE was evaluated using Fisher's exact test.
Results: Of 140 cataract surgeries, 113 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The average patient age was 66.3 (SD = 10.9) years old. The technique was proven to replicate a good outcome of 84.1% of cases with post-operative SE within ±1.00 D while 90.3% of the cases achieved BCVA of '6/12 or better'. Age and ethnicity were found to be associated with post-operative SE.
Conclusion: The study proves the reproducibility of good refractive outcome in a rural facility using immersion biometry. The findings provide a benchmark for performance surveillance in rural facilities.
METHODS: TOY8 was designed and developed to screen for developmental problems in children aged 3-5 years in Malay and English by an interdisciplinary research team drawing upon both national and international guidelines, and then reviewed by an expert panel (n = 5). Two samples of parents and their children were recruited: 1767 dyads to complete the English TOY8 and another 1724 dyads to complete the Malay TOY8.
RESULTS: The confirmatory factor analysis results indicated that the model structure of the English TOY8 matched that of the Malay TOY8. The split-half reliability coefficient indicated adequate to high reliability, which is also consistent with the Malay TOY8. Our results showed that all configural and metric invariance models across groups had a good fit to the data, demonstrating that multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis was appropriate. Finally, scalar invariance was only achieved in certain domains across gender and not in language versions or income groups.
CONCLUSION: The English TOY8 demonstrates construct validity and reliable screening tool for identifying developmental milestones in children aged 3-5 years in Malaysia. In addition, configural and metric invariances across groups in all domains were established, indicating the cross-cultural equivalence of the items, and scalar invariance was established across genders in most 3- to 5-year-old domains. These findings provide preliminary evidence supporting reliability and validity that aligns with previous literature on child development, which indicates a general similarity in the gender and cross-cultural development domains in the first years of life, but not for older children, in terms of language and socioemotional skills.