Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 25 in total

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  1. Hawkes D
    Med J Malaysia, 2021 09;76(5):718.
    PMID: 34508380
    No abstract provided.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alphapapillomavirus*
  2. Tan SC, Ismail MP, Duski DR, Othman NH, Ankathil R
    Biosci Rep, 2018 Apr 27;38(2).
    PMID: 29487170 DOI: 10.1042/BSR20171268
    Information on the prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) among Malaysian women is currently limited. The present study therefore aimed to provide an updated estimate on the prevalence and type distribution of HPV among Malaysian women with and without cervical cancer. Total DNA was isolated from the cervical cell specimens of 185 histopathologically confirmed cervical cancer patients and 209 cancer-free healthy females who were tested negative in a recent Pap test. Viral-specific DNA was subsequently amplified with biotinylated primers and hybridized to HPV type-specific probes via a proprietary "flow-through hybridization" process for determination of HPV genotype. It was demonstrated that 83.2% of the cervical cancer patients and none (0.0%) of the cancer-free females were positive for HPV infection. Among HPV-positive subjects, 14 different viral genotypes were observed, namely HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, 53, 58, 66/68, 73, 81, 82, and 84/26. A total of 91.6% of the HPV-positive subjects had single-type HPV infections and the remaining 8.4% were simultaneously infected by two HPV genotypes. The most common HPV infections found were HPV16 (35.7%), HPV18 (26.0%), HPV58 (9.1%), and HPV33 (7.1%) single-type infections, followed by HPV16 + HPV18 co-infections (5.2%). The study has successfully provided an updated estimate on the prevalence and type distribution of HPV among Malaysian women with and without cervical cancer. These findings could contribute valuable information for appraisal of the impact and cost-effectiveness of prophylactic HPV vaccines in the Malaysian population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alphapapillomavirus/genetics*
  3. Islam JY, Gurbani A, Ramos S, Morgan K, Kim CJ, Richter KL, et al.
    Sex Transm Dis, 2021 Aug 01;48(8):557-564.
    PMID: 34014055 DOI: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001389
    BACKGROUND: National human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs could reduce global cervical cancer morbidity and mortality with support from health care providers. We assessed providers' perceptions of HPV vaccination in 5 countries.

    METHODS: We identified providers from 5 countries where national HPV vaccination programs were at various stages of implementation: Argentina, Malaysia, South Africa, South Korea, and Spain. Providers authorized to administer adolescent vaccines completed an in-depth survey, reporting perceptions of barriers and facilitators to initiating and completing HPV vaccination, and logistical challenges to HPV vaccination.

    RESULTS: Among 151 providers, common barriers to HPV vaccination initiation across all countries were parents' lack of awareness (39%), concerns about vaccine safety or efficacy (33%), and cost to patients (30%). Vaccination education campaign (70%) was the most commonly cited facilitator of HPV vaccination initiation. Common barriers to series completion included no reminder system or dosing schedule (37%), loss to follow-up or forgetting appointment (29%), and cost to patients (25%). Cited facilitators to completing the vaccine series were education campaigns (45%), affordable vaccination (32%), and reminder/recall systems (22%). Among all countries, high cost of vaccination was the most common logistical challenge to offering vaccination to adolescents (33%).

    CONCLUSIONS: Incorporating provider insights into future HPV vaccination programs could accelerate vaccine delivery to increase HPV vaccination rates globally.

    Matched MeSH terms: Alphapapillomavirus*
  4. Nor Rashid N, Yong ZL, Yusof R, Watson RJ
    Virol J, 2016 Jan 04;13:2.
    PMID: 26728921 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0460-8
    Retinoblastoma like protein 2 (RBL2) or p130 is a member of the pocket protein family, which is infrequently mutated in human tumours. Its expression is posttranscriptionally regulated and largely G0 restricted. We have previously shown that E6/E7 oncoproteins encoded by human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16, which is a high-risk type for cervical cancer development, must target p130 to promote the host cell to exit from quiescence (G0) state and enter S phase of the cell cycle. P130 is associated with the DREAM (DP, RB-like, E2F and MuvB) complex in G0/G1, which prevents S phase progression by repressing transcription of E2F-regulated genes. E7 proteins could potentially disrupt the p130-DREAM complex through two known mechanisms: direct interaction with p130 or induction of cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) phosphorylation by interacting with its inhibitor, p21(CIP1).
    Matched MeSH terms: Alphapapillomavirus/classification*; Alphapapillomavirus/metabolism*
  5. Saini R, Khim TP, Rahman SA, Ismail M, Tang TH
    Virol J, 2010;7:131.
    PMID: 20550718 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422X-7-131
    Association of High-risk Human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV) with oral cancer has been established recently. Detecting these viruses in oral cavity is important to prevent oral lesions related to them. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of HR-HPV in the oral cavity of women with cervical cancer, and their children. A total of 70 women, previously diagnosed with cervical cancer, and 46 children of these women, born by vaginal delivery only, were selected for this study. Buccal swabs were collected from their oral cavity and HPV detection was carried out using Hybrid Capture 2 high-risk HPV (HC2 HR-HPV) detection system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alphapapillomavirus/genetics; Alphapapillomavirus/isolation & purification*
  6. Cheah PL, Looi LM, Sivanesaratnam V
    J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 2011 Jun;37(6):489-95.
    PMID: 21349124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01386.x
    With cervical carcinoma remaining the second leading cancer among Malaysian women, it is imperative to clarify the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in this respect, considering the dearth of local information.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alphapapillomavirus/isolation & purification*
  7. Shilling H, Murray G, Brotherton JML, Hawkes D, Saville M, Sivertsen T, et al.
    Vaccine, 2020 01 29;38(5):1186-1193.
    PMID: 31767467 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.11.019
    INTRODUCTION: Australia has recently implemented major changes in cervical cancer prevention policies including introduction of primary human papillomavirus (HPV) screening starting at age 25, and replacement of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine with the nonavalent vaccine in the national school-based program. We assessed the feasibility and utility of conducting HPV testing in residual clinical specimens submitted for routine Chlamydia trachomatis screening, as a means of tracking HPV vaccine program impact among young sexually active women.

    METHODS: De-identified residual specimens from women aged 16-24 years submitted for chlamydia testing were collected from three pathology laboratories in Victoria and New South Wales. Limited demographic information, and chlamydia test results were also collected. Patient identifiers were sent directly from the laboratories to the National HPV Vaccination Program Register, to obtain HPV vaccination histories. Samples underwent HPV genotyping using Seegene Anyplex II HPV 28 assay.

    RESULTS: Between April and July 2018, 362 residual samples were collected, the majority (60.2%) of which were cervical swabs. Demographic data and vaccination histories were received for 357 (98.6%) women (mean age 21.8, SD 2.0). Overall, 65.6% of women were fully vaccinated, 9.8% partially, and 24.7% unvaccinated. The majority (86.0%) resided in a major city, 35.9% were classified in the upper quintile of socioeconomic advantage and chlamydia positivity was 7.8%.The prevalence of quadrivalent vaccine-targeted types (HPV6/11/16/18) was 2.8% (1.5-5.1%) overall with no differences by vaccination status (p = 0.729). The prevalence of additional nonavalent vaccine-targeted types (HPV31/33/45/52/58) was 19.3% (15.6-23.8%). One or more oncogenic HPV types were detected in 46.8% (95% CI 41.6-52.0%) of women.

    CONCLUSIONS: HPV testing of residual chlamydia specimens provides a simple, feasible method for monitoring circulating genotypes. Applied on a larger scale this method can be utilised to obtain a timely assessment of nonavalent vaccine impact among young women not yet eligible for cervical screening.

    Matched MeSH terms: Alphapapillomavirus/isolation & purification*
  8. Bornstein J, Roux S, Kjeld Petersen L, Huang LM, Dobson SR, Pitisuttithum P, et al.
    Pediatrics, 2021 01;147(1).
    PMID: 33386332 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-4035
    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Human papillomavirus (HPV) antibody responses to the 9-valent human papillomavirus (9vHPV) vaccine among girls and boys (aged 9-14 years) receiving 2-dose regimens (months 0, 6 or 0, 12) were noninferior to a 3-dose regimen (months 0, 2, 6) in young women (aged 16-26 years) 4 weeks after last vaccination in an international, randomized, open-label trial (NCT01984697). We assessed response durability through month 36.

    METHODS: Girls received 2 (months 0 and 6 [0, 6]: n = 301; months 0 and 12 [0, 12]: n = 151) or 3 doses (months 0,2, and 6 [0, 2, 6]: n = 301); boys received 2 doses ([0, 6]: n = 301; [0, 12]: n = 150); and young women received 3 doses ([0, 2, 6]: n = 314) of 9vHPV vaccine. Anti-HPV geometric mean titers (GMTs) were assessed by competitive Luminex immunoassay (cLIA) and immunoglobulin G-Luminex immunoassay (IgG-LIA) through month 36.

    RESULTS: Anti-HPV GMTs were highest 1 month after the last 9vHPV vaccine regimen dose, decreased sharply during the subsequent 12 months, and then decreased more slowly. GMTs 2 to 2.5 years after the last regimen dose in girls and boys given 2 doses were generally similar to or greater than GMTs in young women given 3 doses. Across HPV types, most boys and girls who received 2 doses (cLIA: 81%-100%; IgG-LIA: 91%-100%) and young women who received 3 doses (cLIA: 78%-98%; IgG-LIA: 91%-100%) remained seropositive 2 to 2.5 years after the last regimen dose.

    CONCLUSIONS: Antibody responses persisted through 2 to 2.5 years after the last dose of a 2-dose 9vHPV vaccine regimen in girls and boys. In girls and boys, antibody responses generated by 2 doses administered 6 to 12 months apart may be sufficient to induce high-level protective efficacy through at least 2 years after the second dose.

    Matched MeSH terms: Alphapapillomavirus/immunology*
  9. Lin Y, Su Z, Chen F, Zhao Q, Zimet GD, Alias H, et al.
    Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2021 01 02;17(1):304-315.
    PMID: 32401617 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1756152
    Little is known regarding Chinese mothers' intention to vaccinate their daughters against human papillomavirus (HPV) since the HPV vaccine was approved for use in China in 2016. The aim was to explore maternal HPV vaccination acceptance, preference for 2-, 4- or 9-valent HPV vaccine and acceptance of domestically manufactured HPV vaccines. Study participants were mothers of primary school children in Southeastern region of Fujian. An online cross-sectional survey was undertaken between June and August 2019. Among the total of 3,586 completed responses (response rate 28.5%), the intention to vaccinate daughter against HPV was high (83.3%). Higher maternal education and perceived benefit and barriers were associated with greater intention to vaccinate. Among mothers who did not intend to vaccinate their daughters, the three most common reasons were daughter being too young to receive HPV vaccination (40.6%), fear of side effects (31.9%) and vaccine price is too high (16.0%). The largest proportion (41.4%) preferred their daughter to be vaccinated with the 9-valent HPV vaccine (9vHPV). Greater preference for 9vHPVwas strongly associated with higher maternal education level and annual household income. The majority of mothers expressed a preference for imported HPV vaccine (56.3%). Our result indicates that lower intentions to vaccinate daughters against HPV among less educated and lower-income mothers may lead to significant social inequalities in HPV vaccine uptake in the country.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alphapapillomavirus*
  10. Fauzi FH, Hamzan NI, Rahman NA, Suraiya S, Mohamad S
    J Zhejiang Univ Sci B, 2021 4 13;21(12):961-976.
    PMID: 33843162 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.B2000161
    Worldwide there has been a significant increase in the incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) etiologically attributed to oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV). Reliable and accurate identification and detection tools are important as the incidence of HPV-related cancer is on the rise. Several HPV detection methods for OPSCC have been developed and each has its own advantages and disadvantages in regard to sensitivity, specificity, and technical difficulty. This review summarizes our current knowledge of molecular methods for detecting HPV in OPSCC, including HPV DNA/RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), p16 immunohistochemistry (IHC), and DNA/RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) assays. This summary may facilitate the selection of a suitable method for detecting HPV infection, and therefore may help in the early diagnosis of HPV-related carcinoma to reduce its mortality, incidence, and morbidity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alphapapillomavirus/isolation & purification*
  11. Wong LP, Alias H, Seheli FN, Zimet GD, Hu Z, Lin Y
    Hum Vaccin Immunother, 2022 Nov 30;18(5):2076525.
    PMID: 35714272 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2076525
    INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to investigate HPV vaccination intention among adult married women aged 27 to 45 years and its associated factors, and their spouse/partner's influence on HPV vaccination decision-making.

    METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study. Study participants were recruited through simple random sampling of patients attending obstetrics and gynecology outpatient clinics in a university teaching hospital. Participants were selected based on a computer-generated list of a random list of patients attending the clinic.

    RESULTS: A total of 794 complete responses were received (response rate 88.2%). The mean age of the respondents was 32.2 years with a standard deviation (SD) of ±3.9 years.The vast majority (85.3%) would communicate with their spouse/partner with regard to HPV vaccination decision-making. Nearly 30% (over half were of the Malay ethnic group) perceived their spouse/partner would not consent to their HPV vaccination. Over half (54.9%) reported joint decision-making, and 9.1% (the majority of whom were Malay) reported that HPV vaccination was dependent on their spouse/partner's decision. Intention to vaccinate against HPV was high (74.5%). Factors influencing HPV vaccination intention were spouse/partner's consent to HPV vaccination (odds ratio [OR] = 4.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.08-6.62), being a postgraduate student (OR = 4.55; 95% CI, 2.13-9.72 vs. unemployed/housewife), average household income MYR2000-4000 (OR = 2.09; 95%CI, 1.16-3.78 vs. below MYR2000), and an HPV-related knowledge score of 9-20 (OR = 1.60; 95% CI, 1.10-2.32 vs. score 0-8).

    CONCLUSION: Findings highlight the importance of culture-centered interventions to enhance male partner's awareness and support for the HPV vaccination of married women.

    Matched MeSH terms: Alphapapillomavirus*
  12. Saini R, Osman NB, Ismail M, Sobri FM, Tang TH, Santhanam J
    J Investig Clin Dent, 2011 Nov;2(4):241-7.
    PMID: 25426895 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1626.2011.00068.x
      To determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus in the oral cavity of denture wearers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alphapapillomavirus/classification; Alphapapillomavirus/isolation & purification*
  13. Tay SK, Tay YK
    Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 2009 Jun;49(3):323-7.
    PMID: 19566569 DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2009.01000.x
    To investigate the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) and its associated cytological abnormalities among women attending cervical screening clinics in southern Malaysia and Singapore.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alphapapillomavirus/genetics; Alphapapillomavirus/isolation & purification*
  14. Cheah PL, Looi LM
    Malays J Pathol, 2008 Jun;30(1):37-42.
    PMID: 19108410
    Cervical carcinoma, the second most common malignancy in Malaysian females, is aetiologically linked to the human papillomavirus (HPV). A study was conducted at the Department of Pathology, University of Malaya Medical Centre to compare the identification of HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 in 40 archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cervical carcinoma by non-isotopic in-situ hybridisation (NISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HPV L1 ORF consensus PCR was also carried in cases which were negative on HPV type-specific PCR. NISH detected HPV 16 in 13 (32.5%) cases with one case demonstrating a concomitant HPV 18. beta-globin DNA PCR was carried out on the same paraffin block as for NISH in 27 cases and on a different paraffin block in 13, with amplification in 9 of the former and 3 of the latter. Thus only 12 cases were subjected to further HPV PCR. HPV was detected in 10 (83.3%) with HPV 16 in 9 cases and HPV L1 ORF in one. When using the same paraffin block for both methods of HPV detection, NISH detected HPV in 6 and PCR in 7. NISH failed to detect HPV in a case detected by PCR. 2 cases were negative for HPV using both methods. Hence, HPV detection results by NISH and PCR were concordant in 88.9%. Interestingly, NISH detected HPV in 2 cases with non-amplifiable beta-globin DNA. Using an alternative paraffin block for HPV PCR from NISH, HPV DNA was detected in 3 cases, two of which also showed type-specific positivity on NISH. The third case did not reveal type-specific positivity with NISH or PCR but demonstrated HPV DNA on L1 ORF consensus PCR. It thus appears that PCR and NISH can be successfully used to detect HPV in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue and in the presence of intact DNA NISH may be as sensitive as PCR.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alphapapillomavirus/isolation & purification*
  15. Rajan S, Shen TH, Santhanam J, Othman NH, Othman N, Hock TT
    Trop Biomed, 2007 Jun;24(1):17-22.
    PMID: 17568373
    Human papillomavirus (HPV) is well known as an etiological factor for the development of anogenital carcinomas. The aim of our study was to compare the performance of USFDA approved Hybrid II (HCII) Assay and recently introduced DR. HPV Chip Kit for the detection of HPV DNA in clinical cervical scrapings from 40 patients. HPV DNA testing was performed using the automated HCII Assay system and DR. HPV Chip Kit. Taking cytological results as gold standard, it was found that HCII was more sensitive (36.4%) than DR. HPV Chip Kit (18.2%) although specificity was 100% with the latter method. In addition, both these molecular methods had comparable negative and positive predictive values. It was concluded that both HCII and DR. HPV Chip Kit have comparable specificity. However, sensitivity for detection of HPV in clinical samples with HCII is almost double as compared to DR. HPV Chip Kit.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alphapapillomavirus/isolation & purification*
  16. Saini R, Tang TH, Zain RB, Cheong SC, Musa KI, Saini D, et al.
    J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2011 Feb;137(2):311-20.
    PMID: 20419384 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0886-8
    PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of HPV and p53 polymorphisms in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) affecting Malaysian population.

    METHODS: We analysed frozen samples from 105 OSCC as well as 105 oral specimens derived from healthy individuals. PCR assays targeting two regions of the virus were used. PCR amplification for the analysis of p53 codon 72 arginine/proline alleles was carried out in a separate reaction.

    RESULTS: HPV DNA was detected in 51.4% OSCC samples, while 24.8% controls were found to be HPV positive. HPV was found to be significantly associated with OSCC (P 

    Matched MeSH terms: Alphapapillomavirus/genetics; Alphapapillomavirus/isolation & purification*
  17. Gandhi S, Nor Rashid N, Mohamad Razif MF, Othman S
    Mol Biol Rep, 2021 Jun;48(6):5121-5133.
    PMID: 34169395 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06509-4
    The High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) 16 and 18 are known to cause cervical cancer, which is primarily attributed to E6 and E7 oncoproteins. In addition, recent studies have focused on the vital role of the p130 pocket protein as an oncosuppressor to limit the expression of E2F transcription factors required for cell cycle progression. In view of this, the current study was conducted to investigate the mechanism by which transfection with HPV16/18 E7 leads to the deregulation of the host cell cycle, altering the localisation of p130, and expression of differentiation genes in Human Keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, quantitative-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), and the inhibition of p130 by MG132 inhibitor were employed to investigate the loss of p130 and its disruption in HPV 16/18 E7-transfected HaCaT cells. The HPV16- and HPV18-transformed cells, known as CaSki and HeLa, respectively, were also used to complement the ectopic expressions of E7 in HaCaT cells. Normal keratinocytes displayed higher level of p130 expression than HPV-transformed cells. In addition, the immunofluorescence analysis revealed that both HPV 16/18 E7-transfected HaCaT and HPV-transformed cells exhibited higher level of cytoplasmic p130 compared to nuclear p130. A significant increase in the number of S/G2 phase cells in HPV-transformed cells was also recorded since E7 has been shown to stimulate proliferation through the deactivation of Retinoblastoma Protein (pRB)-dependent G1/S checkpoint. Furthermore, the findings recorded the down-regulation of keratinocyte differentiation markers, namely p130, keratin10, and involucrin. The proteasomal degradation of the exported p130 confirmed the cellular localisation pattern of p130, which was commonly observed in cancerous cells. The findings provide strong evidence that the localisation of nuclear p130 nuclear was disrupted by HPV16/18 E7 led to the deregulation of the cell cycle and the impairment of cellular differentiation ultimately lead to cellular transformation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alphapapillomavirus/genetics; Alphapapillomavirus/pathogenicity
  18. Saville M, Hawkes D, Keung M, Ip E, Silvers J, Sultana F, et al.
    J Clin Virol, 2020 06;127:104375.
    PMID: 32361328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104375
    BACKGROUND: In the last decade, human papillomavirus (HPV) testing has been evaluated extensively for cervical screening, with studies finding increased sensitivity compared to cytology. Another advantage of HPV based-screening is the ability to test vaginal samples that can be collected by women themselves. Self-collection has the potential to extend cervical screening coverage by increasing participation rates, particularly among women who are under-screened or have never screened. This could have a significant impact on cervical cancer prevention, as the majority of invasive cervical cancer cases occur among under-screened women. Both the Netherlands and Australia have transitioned their national programs from cytology to HPV as the primary screening test and both countries include a pathway for self-collection.

    OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the relative sensitivity for HPV detection of self-collection compared with practitioner-collected cervical specimens in the context of the Australian National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP).

    STUDY DESIGN: 303 women aged ≥18 years attending a single tertiary referral centre took their own sample using a flocked-swab, and then had a practitioner-collected sample taken at colposcopy. All samples were tested at a single laboratory on the six PCR-based HPV assays which can be utilised in the NCSP; Roche cobas 4800 and cobas, Abbott RealTime, BD Onclarity, Cepheid Xpert, and Seegene Anyplex.

    RESULTS: HPV16/18 results had high observed agreement between self- and practitioner-collected samples on all assays (range: 0.94-0.99), with good agreement for non-HPV16/18 oncogenic HPV types (range: 0.64-0.73).

    CONCLUSIONS: Self-collection for HPV-based cervical screening shows good concordance and relative sensitivity when compared to practitionercollected samples across assays in the NCSP.

    Matched MeSH terms: Alphapapillomavirus/isolation & purification
  19. Khairuddin N, Blake SJ, Firdaus F, Steptoe RJ, Behlke MA, Hertzog PJ, et al.
    Immunol Cell Biol, 2014 Feb;92(2):156-63.
    PMID: 24217808 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.75
    Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to inhibit oncogene expression and also to activate innate immune responses via Toll-like receptor (TLR) recognition have been shown to be beneficial as anti-cancer therapy in certain cancer models. In this study, we investigated the effects of local versus systemic delivery of such immune-stimulating Dicer-substrate siRNAs (IS-DsiRNAs) on a human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven tumour model. Localized siRNA delivery using intratumour injection of siRNA was able to increase siRNA delivery to the tumour compared with intravenous (IV) delivery and potently activated innate immune responses. However, IV injection remained the more effective delivery route for reducing tumour growth. Although IS-DsiRNAs activated innate immune cells and required interferon-α (IFNα) for full effect on tumour growth, we found that potent silencing siRNA acting independently of IFNα were overall more effective at inhibiting TC-1 tumour growth. Other published work utilising IS-siRNAs have been carried out on tumour models with low levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-class 1, a target of natural killer cells that are potently activated by IS-siRNA. As TC-1 cells used in our study express high levels of MHC-class I, the addition of the immunostimulatory motifs may not be as beneficial in this particular tumour model. Our data suggest that selection of siRNA profile and delivery method based on tumour environment is crucial to developing siRNA-based therapies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alphapapillomavirus/immunology*
  20. Gravitt PE
    J Clin Invest, 2011 Dec;121(12):4593-9.
    PMID: 22133884 DOI: 10.1172/JCI57149
    The discovery that certain high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) cause nearly 100% of invasive cervical cancer has spurred a revolution in cervical cancer prevention by promoting the development of viral vaccines. Although the efficacy of these vaccines has already been demonstrated, a complete understanding of viral latency and natural immunity is lacking, and solving these mysteries could help guide policies of cervical cancer screening and vaccine use. Here, we examine the epidemiological and biological understanding of the natural history of HPV infection, with an eye toward using these studies to guide the implementation of cervical cancer prevention strategies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Alphapapillomavirus/classification; Alphapapillomavirus/immunology; Alphapapillomavirus/physiology*
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