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Assessment of genotoxic and molecular mechanisms of cancer risk in smoking and smokeless tobacco users

Chandirasekar R, Kumar BL, Sasikala K, Jayakumar R, Suresh K, Venkatesan R, et al.

Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen, 2014 Jun;767:21-7.
PMID: 24769293 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.04.007

Inexpensive forms of tobacco are widely used in developing countries such as India. We have evaluated genotoxicity endpoints (chromosome aberrations, micronucleus frequency, comet assay) and polymorphisms of the XRCC1 and p53 genes among smokers and smokeless tobacco (SLT) users in rural Tamilnadu, South India. Cytogenetic, DNA damage and SNP analyses were performed on peripheral blood samples; micronucleus frequency was measured in peripheral blood and buccal mucosa exfoliated cells. Both categories of tobacco users had elevated levels of genotoxic damage. SNP analysis of tobacco users revealed that 17% carry the XRCC1 gln399gln genotype and 19% carry the p53 pro72pro genotype. Both genotypes are associated with increased risk of cancer.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Cells/pathology
Fulltext Effects of newcastle disease virus strains AF2240 and V4-UPM on cytolysis and apoptosis of leukemia cell lines

Alabsi AM, Bakar SA, Ali R, Omar AR, Bejo MH, Ideris A, et al.

Int J Mol Sci, 2011;12(12):8645-60.
PMID: 22272097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12128645

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is used as an antineoplastic agent in clinical tumor therapy. It has prompted much interest as an anticancer agent because it can replicate up to 10,000 times better in human cancer cells than in most normal cells. This study was carried out to determine the oncolytic potential of NDV strain AF2240 and V4-UPM on WEHI-3B leukemia cell line. Results from MTT cytotoxicity assay showed that the CD(50) values for both strains were 2 and 8 HAU for AF2240 and V4-UPM, respectively. In addition, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and trypan blue dye exclusion assays showed inhibition in cell proliferation after different periods. Increase in the cellular level of caspase-3 and detection of DNA laddering using agarose gel electrophoresis on treated cells with NDV confirmed that the mode of cell death was apoptosis. In addition, flow-cytometry analysis of cellular DNA content showed that the virus caused an increase in the sub-G1 region (apoptosis peaks). In conclusion, NDV strains AF2240 and V4-UPM caused cytolytic effects against WEHI-3B leukemic cell line.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Cells/pathology
Overview of PES biocompatible/hemodialysis membranes: PES-blood interactions and modification techniques

Irfan M, Idris A

Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl, 2015 Nov 1;56:574-92.
PMID: 26249629 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.06.035

Polyethersulfone (PES) based membranes are used for dialysis, but exposure to blood can result in numerous interactions between the blood elements and the membrane. Adsorption and transformation of plasma proteins, activation of blood cells, adherence of platelets and thrombosis reactions against PES membrane can invoke severe blood reactions causing the increase rate of mortality and morbidity of hemodialysis (HD) patients. In order to minimize blood immune response, different biomimetic, zwitterionic, non-ionic, anticoagulant molecules and hydrophilic brushes were immobilized or blended with PES polymers. These additives modified the nature of the membrane, enhanced their biocompatibility and also increased the uremic waste dialysis properties. In this review, current perspectives of the different additives which are used with PES are highlighted in relation with PES membrane-associated blood reactions. The additive's purpose, compatibility, preparation techniques, methods of addition to polymer and influence on the chemistry and performance of hemodialysis membranes are described.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Cells/pathology
Southeast asian ovalocytosis: the need for a carefull observation of red cell indices and blood smear

Moulin PA, Nivaggioni V, Saut N, Grosdidier C, Bernot D, Baccini V

Ann. Biol. Clin. (Paris), 2017 Dec 01;75(6):699-702.
PMID: 29043981 DOI: 10.1684/abc.2017.1291

Southeast asian ovalocytosis (SAO) is characterized by macro-ovalocytes and ovalo-stomatocytes on blood smear. SAO is common in Malaisia and Papua-New-Guinea where upwards to 40 per cent of the population is affected in some coastal region. Inherited in an autosomal dominant way, illness results from deletion of codons 400-408 in SLC4A1 gene which encodes for band 3 erythrocyte membrane protein. This deletion is responsible for an unusual erythrocyte stiffness and oval shape of the cells on blood smear. Heterozygous carriers are usually asymptomatic whereas homozygous are not viable without an intensive antenatal care. Here, we describe 4 patients diagnosed incidentally by cytogram appearance of the Advia® 2120i (Siemens) representing hemoglobin concentration according to red blood mean cellular volume (GR/VCH).

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Cells/pathology*
Fulltext Protective mechanism of turmeric (Curcuma longa) on carbofuran-induced hematological and hepatic toxicities in a rat model

Hossen MS, Tanvir EM, Prince MB, Paul S, Saha M, Ali MY, et al.

Pharm Biol, 2017 Dec;55(1):1937-1945.
PMID: 28675957 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1345951

CONTEXT: Turmeric (Curcuma longa L. [Zingiberaceae]) is used in the treatment of a variety of conditions including pesticide-induced toxicity.
OBJECTIVE: The study reports the antioxidant properties and the protective effects of turmeric against carbofuran (CF)-induced toxicity in rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The antioxidant potential was determined by using free radicals scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power values. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups, designated as control, turmeric (100 mg/kg/day), CF (1 mg/kg/day) and turmeric (100 mg/kg/day) + CF (1 mg/kg/day) treatments. All of the doses were administered orally for 28 consecutive days. The biological activity of the turmeric and CF was determined by using several standard biochemical methods.
RESULTS: Turmeric contains high concentrations of polyphenols (8.97 ± 0.15 g GAEs), flavonoids (5.46 ± 0.29 g CEs), ascorbic acid (0.06 ± 0.00 mg AEs) and FRAP value (1972.66 ± 104.78 μM Fe2+) per 100 g of sample. Oral administration of CF caused significant changes in some of the blood indices, such as, mean corpuscular volume, corpuscular hemoglobin, white blood cell, platelet distribution width and induced severe hepatic injuries associated with oxidative stress, as observed by the significantly higher lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels when compared to control, while the activities of cellular antioxidant enzymes (including superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) were significantly suppressed in the liver tissue.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Turmeric supplementation could protect against CF-induced hematological perturbations and hepatic injuries in rats, plausibly by the up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes and inhibition of LPO to confer the protective effect.

Matched MeSH terms: Blood Cells/pathology