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  1. Ibitoye MO, Hamzaid NA, Ahmed YK
    Biomed Tech (Berl), 2023 Aug 28;68(4):329-350.
    PMID: 36852605 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2021-0195
    Leg exercises through standing, cycling and walking with/without FES may be used to preserve lower limb muscle and bone health in persons with physical disability due to SCI. This study sought to examine the effectiveness of leg exercises on bone mineral density and muscle cross-sectional area based on their clinical efficacy in persons with SCI. Several literature databases were searched for potential eligible studies from the earliest return date to January 2022. The primary outcome targeted was the change in muscle mass/volume and bone mineral density as measured by CT, MRI and similar devices. Relevant studies indicated that persons with SCI that undertook FES- and frame-supported leg exercise exhibited better improvement in muscle and bone health preservation in comparison to those who were confined to frame-assisted leg exercise only. However, this observation is only valid for exercise initiated early (i.e., within 3 months after injury) and for ≥30 min/day for ≥ thrice a week and for up to 24 months or as long as desired and/or tolerable. Consequently, apart from the positive psychological effects on the users, leg exercise may reduce fracture rate and its effectiveness may be improved if augmented with FES.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology
  2. Chin KY, Soelaiman IN, Naina Mohamed I, Shahar S, Teng NI, Suhana Mohd Ramli E, et al.
    Aging Male, 2012 Dec;15(4):240-5.
    PMID: 23098182 DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2012.724740
    OBJECTIVE: Variations in testosterone levels are associated with several outcomes of aging. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between age-related decline of testosterone levels and changes in bone health status, handgrip strength, body fat percentage and fat-free mass.
    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 335 Malaysian Chinese and Malay men aged 40 years and above were recruited for this study. Their body compositions, calcaneal speed of sound and handgrip strength were measured and their blood was collected. Linear regression analysis was done to examine the relationship among age, testosterone levels and outcomes of aging.
    RESULTS: The results indicated significant changes in all testosterone measurements, sex hormone binding globulin level, calcaneal speed of sound, handgrip strength, body fat percentage and fat-free mass with age (p < 0.05). Age-dependent decline in bioavailable and free testosterone levels were significantly associated with reduction in calcaneal speed of sound, fat-free mass and handgrip strength (p < 0.05). Age-dependent decline in the total testosterone level was significantly associated with an increase in body fat percentage among the elderly men (p < 0.05).
    CONCLUSION: Testosterone levels are associated with changes in outcome of aging such as bone health status, muscle strength and body composition, and the relationships are age-dependent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology*
  3. Syahrom A, Abdul Kadir MR, Abdullah J, Öchsner A
    Med Biol Eng Comput, 2011 Dec;49(12):1393-403.
    PMID: 21947767 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-011-0833-0
    The relationship between microarchitecture to the failure mechanism and mechanical properties can be assessed through experimental and computational methods. In this study, both methods were utilised using bovine cadavers. Twenty four samples of cancellous bone were extracted from fresh bovine and the samples were cleaned from excessive marrow. Uniaxial compression testing was performed with displacement control. After mechanical testing, each specimen was ashed in a furnace. Four of the samples were exemplarily scanned using micro-computed tomography (μCT) and three dimensional models of the cancellous bones were reconstructed for finite element simulation. The mechanical properties and the failure modes obtained from numerical simulations were then compared to the experiments. Correlations between microarchitectural parameters to the mechanical properties and failure modes were then made. The Young's modulus correlates well with the bone volume fraction with R² = 0.615 and P value 0.013. Three different types of failure modes of cancellous bone were observed: oblique fracture (21.7%), perpendicular global fracture (47.8%), and scattered localised fracture (30.4%). However, no correlations were found between the failure modes to the morphological parameters. The percentage of error between computer predictions and the actual experimental test was from 6 to 12%. These mechanical properties and information on failure modes can be used for the development of synthetic cancellous bone.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology
  4. Ooi FK, Singh R, Singh HJ, Umemura Y, Nagasawa S
    J Physiol Sci, 2011 Nov;61(6):487-95.
    PMID: 21870136 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-011-0169-4
    The effects of deconditioning on exercise-induced bone gains in rats were investigated in 12-week-old female WKY rats performing a standard jumping exercise regimen for either 8, 12 or 24 weeks, followed by sedentary periods of either 24, 12 or 0 weeks, respectively. Age-matched controls received no exercise over the same period. At the end of the training/sedentary period, the tibiae were harvested for analyses of bone parameters. Gains in tibial fat-free dry weight decayed within 12 weeks of deconditioning, but gains in tibial ultimate bending force (strength), maximum diameter and cortical area were still present at 12 weeks of deconditioning. With the exception of cortical area, all other exercise-induced bone gains decayed by the 24th week of deconditioning. It appears that the decay in exercise-induced bone gains in strength, physical and morphological properties is not uniform, and that gains in fat-free dry weight seem to decay earlier.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology*
  5. Ooi FK, Singh R, Singh HJ, Umemura Y
    Osteoporos Int, 2009 Jun;20(6):963-72.
    PMID: 18839049 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-008-0760-6
    SUMMARY: This study determines the minimum level of exercise required to maintain 8 weeks of jumping exercise-induced bone gains in rats. It was found that the minimum level of exercise required for maintaining the different exercise-induced bone gains varied between 11% and 18% of the initial exercise intensity.

    INTRODUCTION: This study ascertains the minimum level of follow-up exercise required to maintain bone gains induced by an 8-week jumping exercise in rats.

    METHODS: Twelve groups of 12-week old rats (n = 10 rats per group) were given either no exercise for 8 (8S) or 32 weeks (32S), or received 8 weeks of standard training program (8STP) that consisted of 200 jumps per week, given at 40 jumps per day for 5 days per week, followed by 24 weeks of exercise at loads of either 40 or 20 or 10 jumps per day, for either 5, or 3, or 1 day/week. Bone mass, strength, and morphometric properties were measured in the right tibia. Data were analyzed using one-way analyses of variance.

    RESULTS: Bone mass, strength, mid-shaft periosteal perimeter and cortical area were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the rats given 8STP than that in the 8S group. The minimal level of exercise required to maintain the bone gains was 31, 36, 25, and 21 jumps per week for mass, strength, periosteal perimeter and cortical area, respectively.

    CONCLUSIONS: Eight weeks of jumping exercise-induced bone gains could be maintained for a period of 24 weeks with follow-up exercise consisting of 11% to 18% of the initial exercise load.

    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology*
  6. Chan CY, Subramaniam S, Mohamed N, Ima-Nirwana S, Muhammad N, Fairus A, et al.
    Arch Osteoporos, 2020 09 12;15(1):142.
    PMID: 32918631 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-020-00821-5
    T-score discordance between hip and spine is a common problem in the diagnosis of osteoporosis based on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Not much information on the prevalence and risk factors of this problem is available in Malaysia. Our study found that factors like age, height, physical activity and menopausal status should be taken into account in the diagnosis of osteoporosis.

    INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: T-score discordance between hip and spine is a common problem in bone mineral density assessment. A difference ≥ 1 standard deviation (SD) (regardless of diagnostic class) is considered minor, and a difference more than one diagnostic class is considered major discordance. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors of hip and spine T-score discordance in a population aged ≥ 40 years in Klang Valley, Malaysia.

    SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, subjects answered a demographic questionnaire and underwent body composition and bone health assessment using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Chi-square and binary logistic regression analysis were used to assess the prevalence of T-score discordance among the subjects.

    RESULTS: A total of 786 Malaysians (382 men, 404 women) subjects were recruited. The prevalence of minor and major discordance was 30.3% and 2.3%, respectively. Overall, factors related to T-score discordance were advanced age, decreased height, and being physically active. Sub-analysis showed that decreased height and being physically active predicted T-score discordance in men, being menopausal and Indian (vs Chinese) were predictors in women.

    CONCLUSIONS: T-score discordance between hip and spine is common among Malaysian middle-aged and elderly population. Diagnosis of osteopenia/osteoporosis should be based on the T-score of more than one skeletal site as per the current recommendations.

    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology*
  7. Mohammadi F, Amirzadeh Iranagh J, Motalebi SA, Hamid TA
    Women Health, 2019 02;59(2):145-154.
    PMID: 29400628 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2018.1434592
    This study examined the relationship between reproductive characteristics and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women who had been referred to the menopause clinics of the National Population and Family Development Board and of the Hospital Kuala Lumpur from July 2011 to January 2012. The participants of this study were 201 postmenopausal Malaysian women aged 45-71 years. Some socio-demographic, lifestyle, and reproductive factors were recorded. Calcaneal BMD was measured by quantitative ultra-sonography. Correlations of reproductive factors with BMD were assessed by Pearson's correlation test and multiple regression analysis. Age at menopause was not significantly correlated with BMD, while the years after menopause, age at the first menstrual period, number of pregnancies, and total lactation periods were inversely correlated with it. Among reproductive factors, only the association between lactation duration and BMD remained significant after adjusting for age, body mass index, activity, and calcium intake. The results indicated that except for prolonged total time of lactation, other reproductive factors were not significantly associated with BMD in postmenopausal women.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology*
  8. Tavafzadeh SS, Ooi FK, Chen CK, Sulaiman SA, Hung LK
    Biomed Res Int, 2015;2015:938782.
    PMID: 26176016 DOI: 10.1155/2015/938782
    This study investigated effects of cessation of exercise and honey supplementation on bone properties in young female rats. Eighty-four 12-week-old Sprague-Dawley female rats were divided into 7 groups: 16S, 16J, 16H, 16JH, 8J8S, 8H8S, and 8JH8S (8 = 8 weeks, 16 = 16 weeks, S = sedentary without honey supplementation, H = honey supplementation, and J = jumping exercise). Jumping exercise consisted of 40 jumps/day for 5 days/week. Honey was given to the rats at a dosage of 1 g/kg body weight/rat/day via force feeding for 7 days/week. Jumping exercise and honey supplementation were terminated for 8 weeks in 8J8S, 8H8S, and 8JH8S groups. After 8 weeks of cessation of exercise and honey supplementation, tibial energy, proximal total bone density, midshaft cortical moment of inertia, and cortical area were significantly higher in 8JH8S as compared to 16S. Continuous sixteen weeks of combined jumping and honey resulted in significant greater tibial maximum force, energy, proximal total bone density, proximal trabecular bone density, midshaft cortical bone density, cortical area, and midshaft cortical moment of inertia in 16JH as compared to 16S. These findings showed that the beneficial effects of 8 weeks of combined exercise and honey supplementation still can be observed after 8 weeks of the cessation and exercise and supplementation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology*
  9. Thambiah SC, Wong TH, Das Gupta E, Radhakrishnan AK, Gun SC, Chembalingam G, et al.
    Malays J Pathol, 2018 Dec;40(3):287-294.
    PMID: 30580359
    INTRODUCTION: Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels have not been consistently associated with bone mineral density (BMD). It has been suggested that calculation of the free/bioavailable 25(OH)D may correlate better with BMD. We examined this hypothesis in a cohort of Malaysian women.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 77 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 29 controls was performed. Serum 25(OH)D was measured using the Roche Cobas E170 immunoassay. Serum vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) was measured using a monoclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Free/bioavailable 25(OH)D were calculated using both the modified Vermuelen and Bikle formulae.

    RESULTS: Since there were no significant differences between RA patients and controls for VDBP and 25(OH)D, the dataset was analysed as a whole. Calculated free 25(OH)D by Vermeulen was strongly correlated with Bikle (r = 1.00, p < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was noted between measured total 25(OH)D with free/bioavailable 25(OH)D (r = 0.607, r = 0.637, respectively, p < 0.001). Median free/bioavailable 25(OH)D values were significantly higher in Chinese compared with Malays and Indians, consistent with their median total 25(OH)D. Similar to total 25(OH)D, the free/bioavailable 25(OH)D did not correlate with BMD.

    CONCLUSION: In this first study of a multiethnic female Malaysian population, free/bioavailable 25(OH)D were found to reflect total 25(OH)D, and was not superior to total 25(OH)D in its correlation with BMD. Should they need to be calculated, the Bikle formula is easier to use but only calculates free 25(OH)D. The Vermuelen formula calculates both free/bioavailable 25(OH)D but is more complex to use.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology*
  10. Hasnah H, Amin I, Suzana S
    Malays J Nutr, 2012 Aug;18(2):161-71.
    PMID: 24575664 MyJurnal
    A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine bone health status and nutrient intakes among post-menopausal women residing in low cost houses in Cheras, Kuala Lumpur.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology*
  11. Shen CL, Klein A, Chin KY, Mo H, Tsai P, Yang RS, et al.
    Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2017 Aug;1401(1):150-165.
    PMID: 28891093 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13449
    Osteoporosis, a degenerative bone disease, is characterized by low bone mass and microstructural deterioration of bone tissue resulting in aggravated bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures. The trend of extended life expectancy is accompanied by a rise in the prevalence of osteoporosis and concomitant complications in the elderly population. Epidemiological evidence has shown an association between vitamin E consumption and the prevention of age-related bone loss in elderly women and men. Animal studies show that ingestion of vitamin E, especially tocotrienols, may benefit bone health in terms of maintaining higher bone mineral density and improving bone microstructure and quality. The beneficial effects of tocotrienols on bone health appear to be mediated via antioxidant/anti-inflammatory pathways and/or 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A mechanisms. We discuss (1) an overview of the prevalence and etiology of osteoporosis, (2) types of vitamin E (tocopherols versus tocotrienols), (3) findings of tocotrienols and bone health from published in vitro and animal studies, (4) possible mechanisms involved in bone protection, and (5) challenges and future direction for research.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology
  12. Goh JC, Low SL, Das De S, DasDe S
    J Clin Densitom, 2004;7(4):406-12.
    PMID: 15618601
    Ethnic differences in bone density and hip geometry are known to exist, even within the same population. A recent study in Singapore showed that there were significant racial differences in hip fracture rates, with Chinese having the highest incidence of hip fractures. The aim of this study was to compare the bone mineral density (BMD) and hip axis length in Chinese, Malay, and Indian women. A total of 1575 women aged 20-59 yr were recruited, of which 77.6% (1222) were Chinese, 7.7% (122) Malays, and 14.7% (231) Indians. There was no significant difference in peak BMD of both lumbar spine and femoral neck among the three ethnic groups. However, in the older age group (50-59 yr), both Chinese and Malay women had significantly lower femoral neck BMD compared to Indian women. There was no significant loss in BMD of the lumbar spine between the second and fifth decades in all the three races. Between the second and fifth decade, Chinese and Malay women had significant bone loss in the femoral neck of 6.6% and 8.2%, respectively, whereas Indian women did not show any significant bone loss. Chinese women had significantly longer hip axis length compared to either Malay or Indian women (9.87 +/- 0.52 cm vs 9.67 +/- 0.49 cm; p < 0.005; and 9.69 +/- 0.55 cm, p < 0.05, respectively). The initial findings suggest racial differences in bone density and hip geometry exist in the local community. Future research should include prospective, longitudinal studies to determine the age-related bone loss in these three racial groups. It is also important to investigate the differences of spine and hip fracture rates and their relationship with bone density and hip axis length.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology*
  13. Lim PS, Ong FB, Adeeb N, Seri SS, Noor-Aini MY, Shamsuddin K, et al.
    Osteoporos Int, 2005 Dec;16(12):2069-79.
    PMID: 16234999 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-005-2003-4
    The aim of this study was to identify risk factors associated with osteoporosis in urban midlife Malaysian women and to assess the effectiveness of lifestyle intervention in bone loss prevention with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) as a positive control. A total of 514 disease-free, uterus-intact, non-HRT-using women aged 45 years and older were recruited into the study. After initial bone mineral density (BMD) assessments, they were randomized into three groups: GI (control), G2 (lifestyle intervention), and G3 (lifestyle intervention with HRT). The study group was composed of 67.5% Chinese, 27.8% Malay, and 4.2% Indians with a mean age of 51.07+/-5.28 years. Two-fifths were postmenopausal, and the prevalence of osteoporosis was 24.1%, seen predominantly at the hip. Postmenopausal women had significantly lower mean BMD and a higher incidence of osteoporosis compared with the premenopausal women, 42.1% vs. 11.1% (p<0.0005). A lower incidence of osteoporosis was found in women who took calcium supplementation regularly as opposed to those who do not, 18.7% vs. 29.3% (p=0.036). Age and a greater postmenopausal duration showed a significant negative association with BMD, whereas higher family income, weight, body mass index, and waist and hip circumference were positively correlated. After 18-20 months, the effect of intervention was assessed based on BMD values of 279 women at baseline and after intervention. Lifestyle intervention alone was effective in premenopausal women, preventing over 90% of spinal bone loss compared with the controls, who lost 11.6% (0.046 g/cm2) bone mass with similar losses of hip bone, 2.0% (0.026 g/cm2) vs. 1.5% (0.020 g/cm2). Premenopausal women on HRT also showed a substantial decrease in spine and hip BMD, 18.6% (0.081 g/cm2) and 9.0% (0.122 g/cm2), respectively. The lifestyle intervention program retarded postmenopausal bone loss by 21% and 37% compared with controls, who lost 9.6% (0.141 g/cm2) and 6.0% (0.138 g/cm2) bone mass at the spine and hip. In comparison, lifestyle intervention with HRT increased postmenopausal BMD by 12.7% (0.216 g/cm2) at the spine and 1.9% (0.042 g/cm2) at the hip. The changes in hip BMD were influenced by current age, ethnicity, and income, while intervention had the strongest effect on spine BMD changes. In conclusion, lifestyle intervention prevented spinal bone loss in premenopausal women and retarded postmenopausal spine and hip bone loss compared with controls. The benefits of physical activity on spine and hip BMD highlight its potential as a safe and cost-effective alternative to HRT, which is not advocated because of its potential adverse effects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology
  14. Norazlina M, Ima-Nirwana S, Abul Gapor MT, Abdul Kadir Khalid B
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2002;11(3):194-9.
    PMID: 12230232
    In this study the effects of vitamin E deficiency and supplementation on bone calcification were determined using 4-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats weighed between 180 and 200 g. The study was divided in three parts. In experiment I the rats were given normal rat chow (RC, control group), a vitamin E deficient (VED) diet or a 50% vitamin E deficient (50%VED) diet. In experiment 2 the rats were given VED supplemented with 30 mg/kg palm vitamin E (PVE30), 60 mg/kg palm vitamin E (PVE60) or 30 mg/kg pure alpha-tocopherol (ATF). In experiment 3 the rats were fed RC and given the same supplements as in experiment 2. The treatment lasted 8 months. Vitamin E derived from palm oil contained a mixture of ATF and tocotrienols. Rats on the VED and 50%VED diets had lower bone calcium content in the left femur compared to the RC group (91.6 +/- 13.3 mg and 118.3 +/- 26.0 mg cf 165.7 +/- 15.2 mg; P < 0.05) and L5 vertebra (28.3 +/- 4.0 mg and 39.5 +/- 6.2 mg compared with 51.4 +/- 5.8 mg; P < 0.05). Supplementing the VED group with PVE60 improved bone calcification in the left femur (133.6 +/- 5.0 mg compared with 91.6 +/- 13.3 mg; P < 0.05) and L5 vertebra (41.3 +/- 3.3 mg compared with 28.3 +/- 4.0 mg; P < 0.05) while supplementation with PVE30 improved bone calcium content in the L5 vertebra (35.6 +/- 3.1 mg compared with 28.3 +/- 4.0 mg; P < 0.05). However, supplementation with ATF did not change the lumbar and femoral bone calcium content compared to the VED group. Supplementing the RC group with PVE30, PVE60 or ATF did not cause any significant changes in bone calcium content. In conclusion, vitamin E deficiency impaired bone calcification. Supplementation with the higher dose of palm vitamin E improved bone calcium content, but supplementation with pure ATF alone did not. This effect may be attributed to the tocotrienol content of palm vitamin E. Therefore, tocotrienols play an important role in bone calcification.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology*
  15. Tan TT, Lau IS, Kong NC, Zainal AG
    Malays J Pathol, 1997 Jun;19(1):27-33.
    PMID: 10879239
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology
  16. Muller I, Taylor PN, Daniel RM, Hales C, Scholz A, Candler T, et al.
    J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2020 07 01;105(7).
    PMID: 32396189 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa129
    CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: The Controlled Antenatal Thyroid Screening Study I (CATS-I) was a randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of levothyroxine therapy for suboptimal gestational thyroid function (SGTF), comparing outcomes in children of treated (SGTF-T) with untreated (SGTF-U) women during pregnancy. This follow-up study, CATS-II, reports the long-term effects on anthropometric, bone, and cardiometabolic outcomes in mothers and offspring and includes a group with normal gestational thyroid function (NGTF).

    DESIGN & PARTICIPANTS: 332 mothers (197 NGTF, 56 SGTF-U, 79 SGTF-T) aged 41.2±5.3 years (mean±SD) and 326 paired children assessed 9.3±1.0 years after birth for (i) body mass index (BMI); (ii) lean, fat, and bone mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; (iii) blood pressure, augmentation index, and aortic pulse-wave-velocity; and (iv) thyroid function, lipids, insulin, and adiponectin. The difference between group means was compared using linear regression.

    RESULTS: Offspring's measurements were similar between groups. Although maternal BMI was similar between groups at CATS-I, after 9 years (at CATS-II) SGTF-U mothers showed higher BMI (median [interquartile ratio] 28.3 [24.6-32.6] kg/m2) compared with NGTF (25.8 [22.9-30.0] kg/m2; P = 0.029), driven by fat mass increase. At CATS-II SGTF-U mothers also had higher thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values (2.45 [1.43-3.50] mU/L) than NGTF (1.54 [1.12-2.07] mU/L; P = 0.015), since 64% had never received levothyroxine. At CATS-II, SGTF-T mothers had BMI (25.8 [23.1-29.8] kg/m2, P = 0.672) and TSH (1.68 [0.89-2.96] mU/L; P = 0.474) values similar to NGTF mothers.

    CONCLUSIONS: Levothyroxine supplementation of women with SGTF did not affect long-term offspring anthropometric, bone, and cardiometabolic measurements. However, absence of treatment was associated with sustained long-term increase in BMI and fat mass in women with SGTF.

    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology
  17. Ng JS, Chin KY
    Int J Med Sci, 2021;18(3):604-614.
    PMID: 33437195 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.50680
    Chronic psychological stress affects many body systems, including the skeleton, through various mechanisms. This review aims to provide an overview of the factors mediating the relationship between psychological stress and bone health. These factors can be divided into physiological and behavioural changes induced by psychological stress. The physiological factors involve endocrinological changes, such as increased glucocorticoids, prolactin, leptin and parathyroid hormone levels and reduced gonadal hormones. Low-grade inflammation and hyperactivation of the sympathetic nervous system during psychological stress are also physiological changes detrimental to bone health. The behavioural changes during mental stress, such as altered dietary pattern, cigarette smoking, alcoholism and physical inactivity, also threaten the skeletal system. Psychological stress may be partly responsible for epigenetic regulation of skeletal development. It may also mediate the relationship between socioeconomic status and bone health. However, more direct evidence is required to prove these hypotheses. In conclusion, chronic psychological stress should be recognised as a risk factor of osteoporosis and stress-coping methods should be incorporated as part of the comprehensive osteoporosis-preventing strategy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology*
  18. Samsulrizal N, Goh YM, Ahmad H, Md Dom S, Azmi NS, NoorMohamad Zin NS, et al.
    Pharm Biol, 2021 Dec;59(1):66-73.
    PMID: 33399485 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1865411
    CONTEXT: Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of bone diseases including osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. We have previously demonstrated that Ficus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae) is capable of reducing hyperglycaemia. However, whether F. deltoidea could protect against diabetic osteoporosis remains to be determined.

    OBJECTIVE: The study examines the effect of F. deltoidea on bone histomorphometric parameters, oxidative stress, and turnover markers in diabetic rats.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6 animals per group) received one of the following treatments via gavage for 8 weeks: saline (diabetic control), metformin (1000 mg/kg bwt), and methanol leaves extract of F. deltoidea (1000 mg/kg bwt). A group of healthy rats served as normal control. The femoral bones were excised and scanned ex vivo using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) for histomorphometric analysis. The serum levels of insulin, oxidative stress, and bone turnover markers were determined by ELISA assays.

    RESULTS: Treatment of diabetic rats with F. deltoidea could significantly increase bone mineral density (BMD) (from 526.98 ± 11.87 to 637.74 ± 3.90). Higher levels of insulin (2.41 ± 0.08 vs. 1.58 ± 0.16), osteocalcin (155.66 ± 4.11 vs. 14.35 ± 0.97), and total bone n-3 PUFA (2.34 ± 0.47 vs. 1.44 ± 0.18) in parallel with the presence of chondrocyte hypertrophy were also observed following F. deltoidea treatment compared to diabetic control.

    CONCLUSIONS: F. deltoidea could prevent diabetic osteoporosis by enhancing osteogenesis and inhibiting bone oxidative stress. These findings support the potential use of F. deltoidea for osteoporosis therapy in diabetes.

    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology
  19. Mohamad NV, Soelaiman IN, Chin KY
    Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets, 2017 Nov 16;17(4):276-284.
    PMID: 28925899 DOI: 10.2174/1871530317666170919112757
    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Prostate cancer is the most prevalent non-cutaneous cancer in men, which causes significant mortality among the patients. Since prostate cancer cells are stimulated by androgen, effective androgen ablation in men is one of the essential strategies in the management of prostate cancer.

    DISCUSSION: Several treatment options are available for different stages of prostate cancer. Hormone therapy known as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the first line treatment used to treat advanced prostate cancer. Chemical castration by gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists suppresses lutenizing hormone production, which in turn inhibits the production of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. This will prevent the growth of prostate cancer cells. However, ADT causes deleterious effects on bone health because the androgens are essential in preserving optimal bone health in men.

    CONCLUSION: Various observational studies showed that long-term ADT for advanced or metastatic prostate cancer was associated with decreased bone mineral density, as well as altered body composition that might affect bone health. Considering the potential impact of osteoporotic fracture, interventions to mitigate these skeletal adverse effects should be considered by physicians when initiating ADT on their patients.

    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology
  20. Wen HJ, Huang TH, Li TL, Chong PN, Ang BS
    Osteoporos Int, 2017 02;28(2):539-547.
    PMID: 27613719 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3759-4
    Measurement of bone turnover markers is an alternative way to determine the effects of exercise on bone health. A 10-week group-based step aerobics exercise significantly improved functional fitness in postmenopausal women with low bone mass, and showed a positive trend in reducing resorption activity via bone turnover markers.

    INTRODUCTION: The major goal of this study was to determine the effects of short-term group-based step aerobics (GBSA) exercise on the bone metabolism, bone mineral density (BMD), and functional fitness of postmenopausal women (PMW) with low bone mass.

    METHODS: Forty-eight PMW (aged 58.2 ± 3.5 years) with low bone mass (lumbar spine BMD T-score of -2.00 ± 0.67) were recruited and randomly assigned to an exercise group (EG) or to a control group (CG). Participants from the EG attended a progressive 10-week GBSA exercise at an intensity of 75-85 % of heart rate reserve, 90 min per session, and three sessions per week. Serum bone metabolic markers (C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen [CTX] and osteocalcin), BMD, and functional fitness components were measured before and after the training program. Mixed-models repeated measures method was used to compare differences between the groups (α = 0.05).

    RESULTS: After the 10-week intervention period, there was no significant exercise program by time interaction for CTX; however, the percent change for CTX was significantly different between the groups (EG = -13.1 ± 24.4 % vs. CG = 11.0 ± 51.5 %, P bone metabolism and general health by significantly reduced bone resorption activity and improved functional fitness in PMW with low bone mass. This suggested GBSA could be adopted as a form of group-based exercise for senior community.

    Matched MeSH terms: Bone Density/physiology*
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