MyMedR

Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 87 in total

Abstract:

Sort:

Dietary protein interacts with polygenic risk scores and modulates serum concentrations of C-reactive protein in overweight and obese Malaysian adults

Tan PY, Amini F, Mitra SR

Nutr Res, 2022 Nov;107:75-85.
PMID: 36206635 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.09.002

Dietary intake may interact with gene variants and modulate inflammatory status. This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of fat mass and obesity-associated rs9930501, rs9930506, and rs9932754 and beta-2 adrenergic receptor rs1042713 on C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations using polygenic risk scores (PRS), and modulatory effect of dietary nutrients on these associations. We hypothesized that higher protein intake is associated with lower inflammatory status in individuals genetically predisposed to obesity. PRS was computed as the weighted sum of the risk alleles possessed and stratified into first (0-0.64), second (0.65-3.59), and third (3.60-8.18) tertiles. A total of 128 overweight and obese Malaysian adults were dichotomized into groups of low and elevated inflammatory status (CRP concentrations ≤3 and >3 mg/L, respectively). One-half of the study participants (51%) were found to have elevated inflammatory status. Second- and third-tertile PRS were significantly associated with increased odds of elevated inflammatory status, 7.56 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.98-28.80; adjusted P = .003) and 3.87 (95% CI, 1.10-13.60; adjusted P = .035), respectively. Individuals in the third-tertile PRS had significantly lower CRP concentrations (4.61 ± 1.3 mg/L vs 9.60 ± 2.6 mg/L, P = .019) when consuming ≥14% energy from protein (with an average of 18.0% ± 2.4%, 43.0% ± 7.7%, and 39.0% ± 8.0% energy from protein, carbohydrate, and fat per day). In conclusion, third-tertile PRS was significantly associated with increased odds of elevated CRP; higher protein intake may alleviate inflammatory status and reduce CRP concentrations systemically in those individuals.

Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Proteins*
Analytical methods for gelatin differentiation from bovine and porcine origins and food products

Nhari RM, Ismail A, Che Man YB

J Food Sci, 2012 Jan;77(1):R42-6.
PMID: 22260124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02514.x

Usage of gelatin in food products has been widely debated for several years, which is about the source of gelatin that has been used, religion, and health. As an impact, various analytical methods have been introduced and developed to differentiate gelatin whether it is made from porcine or bovine sources. The analytical methods comprise a diverse range of equipment and techniques including spectroscopy, chemical precipitation, chromatography, and immunochemical. Each technique can differentiate gelatins for certain extent with advantages and limitations. This review is focused on overview of the analytical methods available for differentiation of bovine and porcine gelatin and gelatin in food products so that new method development can be established.

Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Proteins/analysis*; Dietary Proteins/classification; Dietary Proteins/metabolism
Mapping the global research landscape on malnutrition for patients with chronic kidney disease: a visualization analysis

Shakhshir MH, Vanoh D, Hassan M, Zyoud SH

J Health Popul Nutr, 2023 Sep 23;42(1):101.
PMID: 37742012 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-023-00445-8

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is seen as a diverse disease and a primary contributor to global mortality. Malnutrition arises within chronic illness, which involves protein energy depletion and inadequate levels of essential nutrients. These factors increase the likelihood of death and the overall impact of the disease on affected individuals. Consequently, this study aims to utilize bibliometric and visual analysis to assess the current state of research, the latest advances and emerging patterns in the fields of CKD and malnutrition.
METHODS: Extensive research was conducted using the Scopus database, which is the most authoritative database of research publications and citations, to focus on CKD research between 2003 and 2022, as indicated by title and author keywords. Then, within this vast collection of academic publications, a notable subset of articles was exclusively dedicated to investigating the relationship between CKD and malnutrition. Finally, we performed bibliometric analysis and visualization using VOSviewer 1.6.19 and Microsoft Excel 2013.
RESULTS: Large global research between 2003 and 2022 resulted in 50,588 documents focused on CKD, as indicated by title and author keywords. In this extensive collection of scientific publications, a staggering portion of 823 articles is devoted exclusively to investigating the link between CKD and malnutrition. Further analysis reveals that this body of work consists of 565 articles (68.65%), 221 reviews (26.85%), and 37 miscellaneous entries (4.50%), which encompass letters and editorials. The USA was found to be the most productive country (n = 173; 21.02%), followed by Italy (n = 83; 10.09%), Sweden (n = 56; 6.80%), Brazil (n = 54; 6.56%) and China (n = 51; 6.20%). The most common terms on the map include those related to the topic of (a) malnutrition in hemodialysis patients and predicting factors; terms associated with the (b) impact of malnutrition on cardiovascular risk and complications in CKD patients; and terms related to the (c) dietary protein intake and malnutrition in CKD.
CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first of its kind to analyze CKD and malnutrition research using data from Scopus for visualization and network mapping. Recent trends indicate an increasing focus on protein-energy wasting/malnutrition in hemodialysis patients and predicting factors, dietary protein intake, and malnutrition in CKD. These topics have gained significant attention and reflect the latest scientific advances. Intervention studies are crucial to examining diet therapy's impact on patients with stages 1 to 5 CKD. We hope this study will offer researchers, dietitians and nephrologists valuable information.

Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Proteins
Benchmarking Diet Quality to Assess Nutritional Risk in Hemodialysis Patients: Applying Adequacy and Moderation Metrics of the Hemodialysis-Healthy Eating Index

Sualeheen A, Khor BH, Balasubramanian GV, Sahathevan S, Chinna K, Mat Daud ZA, et al.

J Ren Nutr, 2022 Nov;32(6):726-738.
PMID: 35182714 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2022.02.002

OBJECTIVES: This study modified Healthy Eating Index (HEI) based on hemodialysis (HD)-specific nutritional guidelines and investigated associations between the diet quality (DQ) and nutritional risk in HD patients.
METHODS: The HD-HEI tool adapted the Malaysian Dietary Guidelines 2010 framework according to HD-specific nutrition guidelines. This HD-HEI was applied to 3-day dietary records of 382 HD patients. Relationships between HD-HEI scores and nutritional parameters were tested by partial correlations. Binary logistic regression models adjusted with confounders were used to determine adjusted odds ratio (adjOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for nutritional risk based on HD-HEI scores categorization.
RESULTS: The total HD-HEI score (51.3 ± 10.2) for this HD patient population was affected by ethnicity (Ptrend < .001) and sex (P = .003). No patient achieved "good" DQ (score: 81-100), while DQ of 54.5% patients were classified as "needs improvement" (score: 51-80) and remaining as "poor" (score: 0-51). Total HD-HEI scores were positively associated with dietary energy intake (DEI), dietary protein intake (DPI), dry weight, and handgrip strength, but inversely associated with Dietary Monotony Index (DMI) (all P

Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Proteins*
Antioxidative peptides from food proteins: a review

Sarmadi BH, Ismail A

Peptides, 2010 Oct;31(10):1949-56.
PMID: 20600423 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.06.020

Bioactive peptides, as products of hydrolysis of diverse food proteins, are the focus of current research. They exert various biological roles, one of the most crucial of which is the antioxidant activity. Reverse relationship between antioxidant intake and diseases has been approved through plenty of studies. Antioxidant activity of bioactive peptides can be attributed to their radical scavenging, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and metal ion chelation properties of peptides. It also has been proposed that peptide structure and its amino acid sequence can affect its antioxidative properties. This paper reviews bioactive peptides from food sources concerning their antioxidant activities. Additionally, specific characteristics of antioxidative bioactive peptides, enzymatic production, methods to evaluate antioxidant capacity, bioavailability, and safety concerns of peptides are reviewed.

Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Proteins/metabolism*
Effects of preparation methods on protein and amino acid contents of various eggs available in Malaysian local markets

Ismail M, Mariod A, Pin SS

Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment, 2013 Jan-Mar;12(1):21-31.
PMID: 24584862

BACKGROUND:
The effect of preparation methods (raw, half-boiled and hard-boiled) on protein and amino acid contents, as well as the protein quality (amino acid score) of regular, kampung and nutrient enriched Malaysian eggs was investigated.
METHODS:
The protein content was determined using a semi-micro Kjeldahl method whereas the amino acid composition was determined using HPLC.
RESULTS:
The protein content of raw regular, kampung and nutrient enriched eggs were 49.9 ±0.2%, 55.8 ±0.2% and 56.5 ±0.5%, respectively. The protein content of hard-boiled eggs of regular, kampung and nutrient enriched eggs was 56.8 ±0.1%, 54.7 ±0.1%, and 53.7 ±0.5%, while that for half-boiled eggs of regular, kampung and nutrient enriched eggs was 54.7 ±0.6%, 53.4 ±0.4%, and 55.1 ±0.7%, respectively. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in protein and amino acid contents of half-boiled, hard-boiled as compared with raw samples, and valine was found as the limiting amino acid. It was found that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) of total amino score in regular, kampung and nutrient enriched eggs after heat treatments.Furthermore, hard-boiling (100°C) for 10 minutes and half-boiling (100°C) for 5 minutes affects the total amino score, which in turn alter the protein quality of the egg.

Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Proteins/analysis*
The pigbel story of Papua New Guinea

Murrell TG, Walker PD

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1991 1 1;85(1):119-22.
PMID: 2068739

Enteritis necroticans (EN), known as pigbel in Papua New Guinea (PNG), may be the important predisposing lesion to mid-gut volvulus, jejunal and ileal ileus and other forms of small bowel strangulation in communities where protein deprivation, poor food hygiene, epochal meat feasting and staple diets containing trypsin inhibitors co-exist. Such human habitats occur in Africa, Central and South America, western Pacific, Asian and south-east Asian cultures. Isolated outbreaks of necrotizing enteritis have been reported from Uganda, Malaysia and Indonesia but as yet no systematic epidemiological study of the prevalence of small bowel strangulations has been described in the surgical literature of 'third world' countries. Now that enteritis necroticans is preventable by vaccination, such studies should be undertaken. This paper outlines the story of pigbel and its control in PNG.

Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage
Fulltext Daily foraging pattern and proteinaceous food preferences of Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera:Formicidae)

Norasmah B, Abu Hassan A, Che Salmah MR, Nurita AT, Nur Aida H

Trop Biomed, 2006 Dec;23(2):134-9.
PMID: 17322814

A field study on foraging activity and proteinacous food preference was performed on the tropical fire ant (Solenopsis geminata) (Fabricius) at the School of Biological Sciences and Desasiswa Bakti Permai, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang. Foraging activity studies of 4 colonies of S. geminata were conducted in the field for 24 hours. Foraging activity significantly increased 4 hours before sunset and maximum foraging occurred at midnight until early morning. Three types of proteinacous food; anchovy, meat and egg yolk were tested among the five colonies of S. geminata in the field. The egg yolk was the most preferred food (100%) followed by meat (31%) and anchovy (15%).

Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Proteins*
Effect of dietary macronutrients on aflatoxicosis: a mini-review

Nurul Adilah Z, Mohd Redzwan S

J Sci Food Agric, 2017 Jun;97(8):2277-2281.
PMID: 28111762 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8234

Aflatoxin is a toxin produced by Aspergillus species of fungi. The main route of aflatoxin exposure is through the diet. Indeed, long-term aflatoxin exposure is linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Aflatoxin causes aflatoxicosis, which can be affected by several factors and is prevalent in many developing Asian and African countries. This mini-review discusses the effects of carbohydrate, fat and protein on aflatoxicosis based on findings from animal and human studies. It was found that high carbohydrate intake enhanced aflatoxicosis occurrence, while low ingestion of carbohydrate with caloric restriction slowed the symptoms associated with aflatoxicosis. Additionally, diets with low protein content worsened the symptoms related to HCC due to aflatoxin exposure. Nevertheless, a study reported that a high-protein diet favored detoxification of aflatoxin in vivo. There were also conflicting results on the influence of dietary fat, as high ingestion of fat enhanced aflatoxicosis development as compared with a low-fat diet. Moreover, the type of fat also plays a significant role in influencing aflatoxin toxicity. In regard to food safety, understanding the influence of macronutrients toward the progression of aflatoxicosis can improve preventive measures against human and animal exposure to aflatoxin. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Proteins/metabolism
A comprehensive review on edible bird nests and swiftlet farming

Chua LS, Zukefli SN

J Integr Med, 2016 11;14(6):415-428.
PMID: 27854193 DOI: 10.1016/S2095-4964(16)60282-0

Edible bird's nest (EBN) is currently widely consumed by the Chinese community as tonic food and functional food, which is believed to have many medicinal benefits. Some studies have reported the biochemical compositions of EBN, graded on the basis of colour, nitrate and nitrite contents. Other studies have shown significant biological effects, while ongoing research is in progress to explore potential pharmacological applications. The high demand for EBNs in the global market has forced the local regulatory bodies to monitor swiftlet farming activities, including the EBN cleaning process. Furthermore, numerous techniques have been developed to authenticate EBN; proteomics is likely to be the most promising of these methods. However, there are limited numbers of relevant protein sequences deposited at the database. More research is needed at the molecular level to explore the mechanisms behind the biological functions, such as bone strength improvement, skin rejuvenation, epidermal growth factor activity and cell proliferation.The current and future prospects of EBN and swiftlet farming are critically reviewed in this article.

Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Proteins/pharmacology
Fulltext Intake of foods containing proteins of high biological value in families of low income groups in Singapore

Tan N

Singapore Med J, 1970 Jun;11(2):130-7.
PMID: 5505886
Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Proteins*
Fulltext What Lies Behind the Transition From Plant-Based to Animal Protein?

Drewnowski A, Poulain JP

AMA J Ethics, 2018 10 01;20(10):E987-993.
PMID: 30346927 DOI: 10.1001/amajethics.2018.987

Dietary changes that occur in response to economic development are collectively known as the nutrition transition. More specifically, diets built around staple cereals and tubers give way to diets with more animal products and more added sugars and fats. Although the proportion of dietary protein stays constant, plant proteins are replaced by animal proteins but in ways that are dependent on regional cultural, religious, and ethical concerns. The protein transition, viewed here as a subset of the broader nutrition transition, illustrates how dietary patterns in low- and middle-income countries are shaped by societal as well as by economic forces. The complexity of food decisions justifies the need to integrate nutrition with the social sciences in the study of evolving food systems.

Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Proteins
Effects of dietary protein level on growth and ammonia excretion of leopard coral grouper, plectropomus leopardus (lacepede, 1802)

Feng S, S. Xia ZS, Zhang Z, Rahman M, Rajkumar M

Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:537-543.

The effects of dietary protein level on the growth performance and ammonia excretion of the leopard coral grouper,
Plectropomus leopardus were investigated for eight weeks. Fish were fed diets with 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60% crude protein
levels in separate recirculating systems. Fish fed with the 50% crude protein containing diet showed the best ingestion
rate, which was significantly higher than that found in the other groups. As the dietary protein level increased, the
specific growth rate increased significantly and it reached the highest level at 50% crude protein containing diet. Based
on the results of all measured parameters 50% protein containing diet was the best among all test diets. The regression
equation for dietary protein level versus ammonia excretion indicated that the optimal dietary protein level with the
least ammonia excretion was 53.14%. More research is still needed to elucidate the effects of 53.14% crude protein
containing diet on the specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and ingestion rate of leopard
coral grouper before recommending this level. Until then, 50% protein containing diet can be recommended for leopard
coral grouper culture in the recirculation system.

Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Proteins
Enhanced Protein-Energy Provision via the Enteral Route in Critically Ill Patients (PEP uP Protocol): A Review of Evidence

Lee ZY, Barakatun-Nisak MY, Noor Airini I, Heyland DK

Nutr Clin Pract, 2016 Feb;31(1):68-79.
PMID: 26385874 DOI: 10.1177/0884533615601638

Nutrition support is an integral part of care among critically ill patients. However, critically ill patients are commonly underfed, leading to consequences such as increased length of hospital and intensive care unit stay, time on mechanical ventilation, infectious complications, and mortality. Nevertheless, the prevalence of underfeeding has not resolved since the first description of this problem more than 15 years ago. This may be due to the traditional conservative feeding approaches. A novel feeding protocol (the Enhanced Protein-Energy Provision via the Enteral Route Feeding Protocol in Critically Ill Patients [PEP uP] protocol) was proposed and proven to improve feeding adequacy significantly. However, some of the components in the protocol are controversial and subject to debate. This article is a review of the supporting evidences and some of the controversy associated with each component of the PEP uP protocol.

Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage*; Dietary Proteins/standards
Effects of freeze-dried Mitsuokella jalaludinii culture and Natuphos(®) phytase supplementation on the performance and nutrient utilisation of broiler chickens

Lan G, Abdullah N, Jalaludin S, Ho YW

J Sci Food Agric, 2012 Jan 30;92(2):266-73.
PMID: 21796639 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4570

Phytate-bound phosphorus (P) in poultry diets is poorly available to chickens. Hence exogenous phytase is often added to their diets. Mitsuokella jalaludinii is a rumen bacterial species that produces high phytase activity. In this study the effects of freeze-dried active M. jalaludinii culture (FD-AMJC) and Natuphos(®) phytase (phytase N) supplementations on the growth performance and nutrient utilisation of broiler chickens fed a low-available P (aP) diet were evaluated.

Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Proteins/analysis; Dietary Proteins/metabolism
Nutritional strategies in managing postmeal glucose for type 2 diabetes: A narrative review

Ch'ng LZ, Barakatun-Nisak MY, Wan Zukiman WZH, Abas F, Wahab NA

Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2019 05 29;13(4):2339-2345.
PMID: 31405640 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.05.026

Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT) plays an essential role in overall glycemic management. Less focus is given on managing postmeal hyperglycemia despite the facts that, it is a common feature of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). The purpose of this narrative review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the existing literature on the nutritional approaches to improve postmeal hyperglycemia in patients with T2D. We searched multiple databases for the studies examining the nutritional approaches to manage postmeal glucose in patients with T2D. We included studies that involve human trials that were published in English for the past 10 years. Our review of the current literature indicates that the postmeal hyperglycemia can be improved with four nutritional approaches. These approaches include (i) utilizing the appropriate amount and selecting the right type of carbohydrates, (ii) using specific types of dietary protein, (iii) manipulating the meal timing and orders and (iv) others (promoting postmeal physical activity, incorporating diabetes-specific formula and certain functional foods). The potential mechanisms underlying these approaches are discussed and the identified gaps warranted further research. This array of nutritional strategies provide a set of options for healthcare professionals to facilitate patients with T2D in achieving the optimal level of postmeal glucose.

Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Proteins
Dietary intake of women students in the University of Malaya

Chandrasekharan N, Bhattathiry EP

Am J Clin Nutr, 1968 Feb;21(2):183-4.
PMID: 5642892
Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Proteins
Fulltext Effectiveness of exercise and protein supplementation intervention on body composition, functional fitness, and oxidative stress among elderly Malays with sarcopenia

Shahar S, Kamaruddin NS, Badrasawi M, Sakian NI, Abd Manaf Z, Yassin Z, et al.

Clin Interv Aging, 2013;8:1365-75.
PMID: 24143082 DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S46826

Sarcopenia, characterized as muscle loss that occurs with aging, is a major health problem in an aging population, due to its implications on mobility, quality of life, and fall risk. Protein supplementation could improve the physical fitness by increasing protein anabolism, and exercise has a documented evidence of positive effect on functional status among the elderly. However, the combined effect of both protein supplementation and exercise has not been investigated among sarcopenic elderly in the Asian population. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of exercise intervention and protein supplementation either alone or in combination for 12 weeks, on body composition, functional fitness, and oxidative stress among elderly Malays with sarcopenia. Sixty five sarcopenic elderly Malays aged 60-74 years were assigned to the control group, exercise group (ExG), protein supplementation group (PrG), or the combination of exercise and protein supplementation group. A significant interaction effect between body weight and body mass index (BMI) was observed, with the PrG (-2.1% body weight, -1.8% BMI) showing the highest reductions. Further, there was a decrease in % body fat (-4.5%) and an increase in fat-free mass (kg) (+5.7%) in the ExG after 12 weeks (P < 0.05). The highest increments in lower and upper body strength were observed in the PrG (73.2%) and ExG (47.6%), respectively. In addition, the ExG showed a reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and both interventions did not alter either lipid or protein oxidation. In conclusion, the exercise program was found to improve muscle strength and body composition, while protein supplementation reduced body weight and increased upper body strength, among sarcopenic elderly in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage*
Fulltext Revisiting the single cell protein application of Cupriavidus necator H16 and recovering bioplastic granules simultaneously

Kunasundari B, Murugaiyah V, Kaur G, Maurer FH, Sudesh K

PLoS One, 2013;8(10):e78528.
PMID: 24205250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078528

Cupriavidus necator H16 (formerly known as Hydrogenomonas eutropha) was famous as a potential single cell protein (SCP) in the 1970s. The drawback however was the undesirably efficient accumulation of non-nutritive polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) storage compound in the cytoplasm of this bacterium. Eventually, competition from soy-based protein resulted in SCP not receiving much attention. Nevertheless, C. necator H16 remained in the limelight as a producer of PHB, which is a material that resembles commodity plastics such as polypropylene. PHB is a 100% biobased and biodegradable polyester. Although tremendous achievements have been attained in the past 3 decades in the efficient production of PHB, this bioplastic is still costly. One of the main problems has been the recovery of PHB from the cell cytoplasm. In this study, we showed for the first time that kilogram quantities of PHB can be easily recovered in the laboratory without the use of any solvents and chemicals, just by using the cells as SCP. In addition, the present study also demonstrated the safety and tolerability of animal model used, Sprague Dawley given lyophilized cells of C. necator H16. The test animals readily produced fecal pellets that were whitish in color, as would be expected of PHB granules. The pellets were determined to contain about 82-97 wt% PHB and possessed molecular mass of around 930 kg/mol. The PHB granules recovered biologically possessed similar molecular mass compared to chloroform extracted PHB [950 kg/mol]. This method now allows the production and purification of substantial quantities of PHB for various experimental trials. The method reported here is easy, does not require expensive instrumentation, scalable and does not involve extensive use of solvents and strong chemicals.

Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Proteins/metabolism*
Fulltext Proximate composition, nutritional attributes and mineral composition of Peperomia pellucida L. (Ketumpangan Air) grown in Malaysia

Ooi DJ, Iqbal S, Ismail M

Molecules, 2012 Sep 17;17(9):11139-45.
PMID: 22986924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170911139

This study presents the proximate and mineral composition of Peperomia pellucida L., an underexploited weed plant in Malaysia. Proximate analysis was performed using standard AOAC methods and mineral contents were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. The results indicated Peperomia pellucida to be rich in crude protein, carbohydrate and total ash contents. The high amount of total ash (31.22%)suggests a high-value mineral composition comprising potassium, calcium and iron as the main elements. The present study inferred that Peperomia pellucida would serve as a good source of protein and energy as well as micronutrients in the form of a leafy vegetable for human consumption.

Matched MeSH terms: Dietary Proteins/analysis

Filters

Please provide feedback to Administrator (afdal@afpm.org.my)

External Links