MyMedR

Definition, diagnosis and classification of infection-related movement disorders: Consensus proposal

Desai S, Ibrahim NM, Garg D, Yadav R, Iacono D, Ugawa Y, et al.

Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2024 Jul;124:106988.

PMID: 38705765 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.106988

BACKGROUND: Infection-related movement disorders (IRMD) present a complex diagnostic challenge due to the broad phenotypic spectrum, the variety of possible infectious aetiologies, and the complicated underlying mechanisms. Yet, a comprehensive framework for classifying IRMD is lacking.

METHODS: An international consensus panel under the directives of the Movement Disorders Society Infection-Related Movement Disorders Study Group developed a comprehensive definition and a consensus classification system. Case scenarios were used for validation.

RESULTS: A definition for IRMD and a two-axis-based classification system consisting of six descriptors are proposed, intended as tools for researchers and clinicians. Collected information on clinical characteristics, investigational findings, the infectious organism and presumed pathogenesis facilitate the evaluation of diagnostic certainty.

CONCLUSION: The proposed framework will serve for optimised diagnostic algorithms, systematic aggregation of informative datasets across studies, and ultimately improved care and outcome of patients with IRMDs.

Matched MeSH terms: Infection/diagnosis

Fulltext The use of several markers of hepatitis B infection to monitor risks of infection in a haemodialysis unit and in laboratories

Ton SH, Lopez CG

Med J Malaysia, 1981 Dec;36(4):209-11.

PMID: 7334954

Matched MeSH terms: Cross Infection/diagnosis; Laboratory Infection/diagnosis

One-step species-specific high resolution melting analysis for nosocomial bacteria detection

Wong YP, Chua KH, Thong KL

J Microbiol Methods, 2014 Dec;107:133-7.

PMID: 25307691

Nosocomial infections are a major public health concern worldwide. Early and accurate identification of nosocomial pathogens which are often multidrug resistant is crucial for prompt treatment. Hence, an alternative real-time polymerase chain reaction coupled with high resolution melting-curve analysis (HRMA) was developed for identification of five nosocomial bacteria. This assay targets species-specific regions of each nosocomial bacteria and produced five distinct melt curves with each representing a particular bacterial species. The melting curves were characterized by peaks of 78.8 ± 0.2 °C for Acinetobacter baumannii, 82.7 ± 0.2 °C for Escherichia coli, 86.3 ± 0.3 °C for Klebsiella pneumoniae, 88.8 ± 0.2 °C for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 74.6 ± 02 °C for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The assay was able to specifically detect the five bacterial species with an overall detection limit of 2 × 10(-2) ng/μL. In conclusion, the HRM assay developed is a simple and rapid method for identification of the selected nosocomial pathogens.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross Infection/diagnosis*

Fulltext Ophthalmomyiasis from Chrysomyia bezziana (screwworm fly)

Alhady M, Zabri K, Chua CN

Med J Malaysia, 2008 Aug;63(3):269-70.

PMID: 19248710

Matched MeSH terms: Screw Worm Infection/diagnosis*

Validation of Harikrishna Periwound Skin Classification for wound assessment

Nair HKR, Chong SS, Othman AM

J Wound Care, 2020 Apr 01;29(Sup4):S44-S48.

PMID: 32279612 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2020.29.Sup4.S44

OBJECTIVE: To validate the accuracy and reliability of Harikrishna Periwound Skin Classification (HPSC) for wound assessment.

METHOD: Post-basic students (staff nurses and medical assistants) were given real life pictures showing the wound and periwound area. The students were asked to classify all pictures according to the HPSC at zero months (before attachment) and after two months of attachment. The images were the same but the answers were never given or discussed after the first test.

RESULTS: A total of 30 post-basic students participated in the study, assessing wound 30 images. The results showed that there was an increase of 25.42% in accuracy of wound assessment using the HSPC after two months of clinical attachment compared to pre-attachment. The reliability of the HPSC in wound assessment 79.87%.

CONCLUSION: Health professionals have to be able to assess and classify wounds accurately to be able to manage them accordingly. Assessment and classifications of the periwound skin are important and need to be validated and integrated as a part of a full wound assessment. With experience and adequate training, health professionals are able to comprehensively assess wounds using the validated tool, to enable effective wound management and treatment, accelerating wound healing and improving the quality of life for patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Surgical Wound Infection/diagnosis*

Fulltext Cat flea infestation in a hospital: a case report

Muthupalaniappen L, Norhayati M, Lee YY

Korean J Parasitol, 2012 Mar;50(1):79-82.

PMID: 22451739 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2012.50.1.79

Cat flea bite in humans results in extremely pruritic skin lesions. It has been reported to occur among those living in domiciliary accommodation. However, nosocomial infestation with cat flea has not been reported. We hereby report a case of nosocomial infestation of cat flea in a hospital facility. Identification of the parasite, its appropriate eradication, and adequate medical management of the patients resulted in a satisfactory outcome.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross Infection/diagnosis

Fulltext Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis as an epidemiologic tool in the investigation of laboratory acquired Salmonella typhi infection

Koay AS, Jegathesan M, Rohani MY, Cheong YM

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1997 Mar;28(1):82-4.

PMID: 9322288

Strains of Salmonella typhi implicated in two separate cases of laboratory acquired infection from patients and the medical laboratory technologists who processed the patients' samples were analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Although all four isolates were of bacteriophage type E1, PFGE was able to demonstrate that the strains responsible for the two laboratory acquired cases were not genetically related. The PFGE patterns of the isolates from the MLTs were found to be identical to those of the corresponding patients after digestion with restriction enzyme AvrII. This provided genetic as well as epidemiological evidence for the source of the laboratory acquired infections.

Matched MeSH terms: Laboratory Infection/diagnosis

Fulltext A case of neonatal meningitis caused by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var anitratus

Lim VKE, Talib S

Med J Malaysia, 1982 Mar;37(1):11-3.

PMID: 6981750

A case of neonatal meningitis caused by an unusual organism, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var anitratus is reported. The source of the meningitis is probably a scalp abscess caused by the same organism. This patient was successfully treated with cotrimoxazole. Infections caused by Acinetobacter are rare and are briefly reviewed in this article

Matched MeSH terms: Cross Infection/diagnosis*

Fulltext APSIC guidelines for the prevention of surgical site infections

Ling ML, Apisarnthanarak A, Abbas A, Morikane K, Lee KY, Warrier A, et al.

Antimicrob Resist Infect Control, 2019;8:174.

PMID: 31749962 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-019-0638-8

Background: The Asia Pacific Society of Infection Control (APSIC) launched the APSIC Guidelines for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infections in 2018. This document describes the guidelines and recommendations for the setting prevention of surgical site infections (SSIs). It aims to highlight practical recommendations in a concise format designed to assist healthcare facilities at Asia Pacific region in achieving high standards in preoperative, perioperative and postoperative practices.

Method: The guidelines were developed by an appointed workgroup comprising experts in the Asia Pacific region, following reviews of previously published guidelines and recommendations relevant to each section.

Results: It recommends that healthcare facilities review specific risk factors and develop effective prevention strategies, which would be cost effective at local levels. Gaps identified are best closed using a quality improvement process. Surveillance of SSIs is recommended using accepted international methodology. The timely feedback of the data analysed would help in the monitoring of effective implementation of interventions.

Conclusions: Healthcare facilities should aim for excellence in safe surgery practices. The implementation of evidence-based practices using a quality improvement process helps towards achieving effective and sustainable results.

Matched MeSH terms: Surgical Wound Infection/diagnosis

Fulltext Diagnosis and management of Guillain-Barré syndrome in ten steps

Leonhard SE, Mandarakas MR, Gondim FAA, Bateman K, Ferreira MLB, Cornblath DR, et al.

Nat Rev Neurol, 2019 Nov;15(11):671-683.

PMID: 31541214 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0250-9

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare, but potentially fatal, immune-mediated disease of the peripheral nerves and nerve roots that is usually triggered by infections. The incidence of GBS can therefore increase during outbreaks of infectious diseases, as was seen during the Zika virus epidemics in 2013 in French Polynesia and 2015 in Latin America. Diagnosis and management of GBS can be complicated as its clinical presentation and disease course are heterogeneous, and no international clinical guidelines are currently available. To support clinicians, especially in the context of an outbreak, we have developed a globally applicable guideline for the diagnosis and management of GBS. The guideline is based on current literature and expert consensus, and has a ten-step structure to facilitate its use in clinical practice. We first provide an introduction to the diagnostic criteria, clinical variants and differential diagnoses of GBS. The ten steps then cover early recognition and diagnosis of GBS, admission to the intensive care unit, treatment indication and selection, monitoring and treatment of disease progression, prediction of clinical course and outcome, and management of complications and sequelae.

Matched MeSH terms: Zika Virus Infection/diagnosis

Hansenula anomala infection in a neonate

Wong AR, Ibrahim H, Van Rostenberghe H, Ishak Z, Radzi MJ

J Paediatr Child Health, 2000 Dec;36(6):609-10.

PMID: 11115044

We present an unusual neonatal fungal infection, Hansenula anomala in a very low birthweight infant who underwent abdominal surgery for an omphalocele. Despite treatment with adequate doses of amphotericin B, the yeast continued to grow from the blood culture, and was only eradicated with the use of oral ketoconazole.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross Infection/diagnosis

Fulltext Prelabour rupture of membranes and neonatal morbidity in level II nursery in Kelantan

Malik AS

Med J Malaysia, 1994 Mar;49(1):12-6.

PMID: 8057984

In view of controversial reports about the role of prelabour rupture of foetal membranes (PROM) in neonatal morbidity and to study the association of PROM with infections and meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), a prospective case control study was conducted in a level II nursery of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan. Of the 111 neonates with PROM studied, 18 developed clinical problems (septicaemia and other specific problems such as pneumonia, omphalitis, skin infection and MAS) while 5/56 of the control group developed similar problems. The difference between the two groups was not significant (p < 0.30). There was no neonatal death. It is concluded that PROM is not associated with neonatal morbidity. Neonates with this problem alone do not need to be admitted to the neonatal nursery.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross Infection/diagnosis

Diabetic Hand Infection: An Emerging Challenge

Bahar Moni AS, Hoque M, Mollah RA, Ivy RS, Mujib I

J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol, 2019 Sep;24(3):317-322.

PMID: 31438802 DOI: 10.1142/S2424835519500401

Background: Hand infection in diabetics is an often ignored but challenging condition. If not addressed effectively, it may result in long term disability, contracture, amputation and even death. Methods: From August 2014 to December 2015, a study was done in our centre, where 49 diabetic hand infection cases were analyzed in two groups, superficial and deep hand infection. Results: Mean age of the patients was 51.63 years. There were 21 superficial infections and 28 deep infections. Cause of infection was unknown or spontaneous in 16 cases, traumatic laceration or crush in 14 patients, following minor prick in 10 cases. Most of the cases were the results of neglected minor wound. Forty-one patients were insulin dependent. Five cases were diagnosed as diabetic at the time of treatment. Four patients were treated conservatively and 45 (92%) cases required operation in the form of incision, drainage and debridement. In 16 (35%) cases, wound was left open and was healed by secondary intention following regular dressing. In five patients, wound was closed secondarily. Partial thickness skin graft was applied in 15 cases. Seven patients were treated with flap coverage. Partial digital or ray amputation were done in 16 cases. All fingers except thumb were amputated in one case and amputation from wrist was done in another patient. Wound swabs were taken, and antibiotics were changed or continued accordingly. But reports of 26 cases were available. No growth was found in four cases, monomicrobial infection was found in 15 patients and polymicrobial in seven cases. Infection resolved with healing in 47 cases. Two patients died during treatment from sepsis, both were insulin dependent, had associated renal failure and from deep infection group. One patient developed severe mental disorder. Conclusions: For diabetic hand infection, early diagnosis and prompt treatment with appropriate antibiotics and emergency surgery with extensile incision is crucial. Primary amputation of the part could be life and limb saving.

Matched MeSH terms: Wound Infection/diagnosis

Serial testing of Malaysian health care workers with QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube

Rafiza S, Rampal KG

Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2012 Feb;16(2):163-8.

PMID: 22236915 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.11.0364

BACKGROUND: Serial testing for tuberculosis (TB) exposure has been advocated among health care workers (HCWs) at risk of nosocomial infection.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and factors associated with TB infection among selected HCWs in Malaysia and to determine interferon-gamma response in serial testing.
DESIGN: A cohort of 769 HCWs were retested after 1 year using QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube. Incidence of TB infection was determined among HCWs who previously tested negative. Conversion and reversion rates using several definitions were explored.
RESULTS: Incidence of TB infection was 9.9 per 100 workers per year (95%CI 7.9-12.3). Working in the Emergency Department (ED; RR 2.18, 95%CI 1.07-4.43) was significantly associated with risk of TB infection. Reversion and conversion occurred frequently, with 46.7% reversion among HCWs with baseline interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) levels of 0.35-0.70 international units (IU)/ml, and 23.8% conversion among HCWs with baseline IFN-γ levels of 0.20-0.34 IU/ml.
CONCLUSIONS: TB infection control measures need to be strengthened, particularly in the ED, as the incidence of TB was high. Conversion and reversion rates in serial testing were high, and further studies are needed to facilitate its interpretation.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross Infection/diagnosis

Fulltext eComment: Negative pressure vacuum assisted closure therapy following cardiac surgery: safe and effective

Sachithanandan A

Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2011 Feb;12(2):120.

PMID: 21257947 DOI: 10.1510/icvts.2010.252668A

Matched MeSH terms: Surgical Wound Infection/diagnosis

Environmental contamination in the hospital as a possible source for nosocomial infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Ghaznavi-Rad E, Ghasemzadeh-Moghaddam H, Shamsudin MN, Hamat RA, Sekawi Z, Aziz MN, et al.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2010 Dec;31(12):1302-3.

PMID: 21028965 DOI: 10.1086/657587

Matched MeSH terms: Cross Infection/diagnosis*

Primary herpes virus keratitis after penetrating keratoplasty

Hassan M, Patel DK, Subrayan V

Ann Ophthalmol (Skokie), 2009;41(3-4):203-5.

PMID: 20214058

We present a case of a newly acquired herpetic infection in the graft after penetrating keratoplasty.

Matched MeSH terms: Surgical Wound Infection/diagnosis

Fulltext Group B streptococcal bacteremia in a major teaching hospital in Malaysia: a case series of eighteen patients

Eskandarian N, Neela V, Ismail Z, Puzi SM, Hamat RA, Desa MN, et al.

Int J Infect Dis, 2013 Sep;17(9):e777-80.

PMID: 23453715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.01.011

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of infections such as meningitis and septicemia in neonates and pregnant women; however the significance of invasive GBS disease has not been clearly defined in non-pregnant adults.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross Infection/diagnosis

Zika Virus Infection: Current Concerns and Perspectives

Maharajan MK, Ranjan A, Chu JF, Foo WL, Chai ZX, Lau EY, et al.

Clin Rev Allergy Immunol, 2016 Dec;51(3):383-394.

PMID: 27236440

The Zika virus outbreaks highlight the growing importance need for a reliable, specific and rapid diagnostic device to detect Zika virus, as it is often recognized as a mild disease without being identified. Many Zika virus infection cases have been misdiagnosed or underreported because of the non-specific clinical presentation. The aim of this review was to provide a critical and comprehensive overview of the published peer-reviewed evidence related to clinical presentations, various diagnostic methods and modes of transmission of Zika virus infection, as well as potential therapeutic targets to combat microcephaly. Zika virus is mainly transmitted through bites from Aedes aegypti mosquito. It can also be transmitted through blood, perinatally and sexually. Pregnant women are advised to postpone or avoid travelling to areas where active Zika virus transmission is reported, as this infection is directly linked to foetal microcephaly. Due to the high prevalence of Guillain-Barre syndrome and microcephaly in the endemic area, it is vital to confirm the diagnosis of Zika virus. Zika virus infection had been declared as a public health emergency and of international concern by the World Health Organisation. Governments and agencies should play an important role in terms of investing time and resources to fundamentally understand this infection so that a vaccine can be developed besides raising awareness.

Matched MeSH terms: Zika Virus Infection/diagnosis*

Tuberculin skin testing among healthcare workers in the University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Tan LH, Kamarulzaman A, Liam CK, Lee TC

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2002 Oct;23(10):584-90.

PMID: 12400887

To determine the occupational risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among healthcare workers (HCWs) and to examine the utility of tuberculin skin testing in a developing country with a high prevalence of bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination.

Matched MeSH terms: Cross Infection/diagnosis

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