MyMedR

Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 21 in total

Abstract:

Sort:

Fulltext A cost-effective modified micromethod for measuring urine iodine

Husniza H, Wan Nazaimoon WM

Trop Biomed, 2006 Jun;23(1):109-15.
PMID: 17041559 MyJurnal

A modified micromethod for measuring urine iodine was successfully established and validated. The micromethod showed good correlation with the method used by several World Health Organization (WHO) collaborative laboratories (y = 0.9342x + 4.6213; r = 0.962; p = 0.01; n = 50). The micromethod also showed good agreement when compared to the reference WHO method. The sensitivity of the assay was 13.809 ug/L (n = 8) and mean recoveries were 114, 103 and 106% at concentrations of 30, 40 and 50 ug/L (n = 3) respectively. At iodine concentrations of 51 +/- 15.5, 108 +/- 32.4 and 149 +/- 38.6 ug/L, intra-assay coefficient of variations (CVs) were 13%, 7% and 5% respectively (n = 20), and inter-assay CVs were 10%, 15% and 7% respectively (n = 10). The assay showed good linearity plot (y = 1.0407x + 60.451; r = 0.993; n = 3).

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine/urine*
Fulltext Evaluation of the performance of a micromethod for measuring urinary iodine by using six sigma quality metrics

Hussain H, Khalid NM, Selamat R, Wan Nazaimoon WM

Ann Lab Med, 2013 Sep;33(5):319-25.
PMID: 24003421 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2013.33.5.319

BACKGROUND: The urinary iodine micromethod (UIMM) is a modification of the conventional method and its performance needs evaluation.
METHODS: UIMM performance was evaluated using the method validation and 2008 Iodine Deficiency Disorders survey data obtained from four urinary iodine (UI) laboratories. Method acceptability tests and Sigma quality metrics were determined using total allowable errors (TEas) set by two external quality assurance (EQA) providers.
RESULTS: UIMM obeyed various method acceptability test criteria with some discrepancies at low concentrations. Method validation data calculated against the UI Quality Program (TUIQP) TEas showed that the Sigma metrics were at 2.75, 1.80, and 3.80 for 51±15.50 µg/L, 108±32.40 µg/L, and 149±38.60 µg/L UI, respectively. External quality control (EQC) data showed that the performance of the laboratories was within Sigma metrics of 0.85-1.12, 1.57-4.36, and 1.46-4.98 at 46.91±7.05 µg/L, 135.14±13.53 µg/L, and 238.58±17.90 µg/L, respectively. No laboratory showed a calculated total error (TEcalc)

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine/urine*
Iodine deficiency disorders: a public health challenge in developing countries

Ali O

Nutrition, 1995 Sep-Oct;11(5 Suppl):517-20.
PMID: 8748212

Iodine as a trace element is an essential nutrient for human growth and development. Its potential impact on manpower development in third world countries are of special concern, primarily due to iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) such as goiter, hypothyroidism, and cretinism. IDD of mild to moderate severity are still found in Malaysia. The prevalence ranges from almost zero in many developed urban areas to more than 90% in some rural parts of Malaysia, especially in Sabah and Sarawak. The endemias were associated with low urinary excretion of iodine among the population, indicating poor iodine intake and low iodine content in the environment. Water and salt iodination strategies are being planned to eradicate the disease by the year 2000.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine/urine
Socioeconomic correlates of iodine status among school children in Sarawak, Malaysia

Wah-Yun Low, Siti Norazah Zulkifli, Rajeswari Karuppiah

Asia Pac J Public Health, 2002;14(2):110-7.
PMID: 12862416 DOI: 10.1177/101053950201400210

Iodine deficiency is recognized as a public health problem. This paper assesses iodine status by socioeconomic factors in school children in Sarawak, East Malaysia. Kuching, Bau and Simunjan districts were chosen based on advice from the Sarawak's Medical and Health Authority. 803 school children, aged eight years, were selected from 19 schools via proportionate systematic sampling. About half the proportion of the school children were from Kuching, 24% from Simunjan and 22% from Bau. Almost all were equally distributed by sex. By mother's race, almost half were Malays, followed by Bidayuh, Iban, Chinese and other races. Mean urinary iodine concentration was 3.36 microg/ 100ml, mean creatinine level was 111.10 mg/100ml and mean creatinine/iodine ratio was 39.45 microg/ gram. Four female children (0.5%) were found to have enlarged thyroid. Urinary iodine levels were significantly different by district, mother's race and household income. It was highest in Kuching, among children with Malay mothers, and with household incomes more than RM500 per month. Conversely, it was lowest in Bau, among children of Iban/Dayak and Chinese mothers, and incomes of RM500 or less per month. Based on the WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD classification, the Sarawak school children in the present study fall into the moderate IDD category. The low prevalence of goitre is a positive finding indicating that iodine deficiency is corrected over time.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine/urine
Local versus WHO/International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders-recommended thyroid volume reference in the assessment of iodine deficiency disorders

Foo LC, Zulfiqar A, Nafikudin M, Fadzil MT, Asmah AS

Eur. J. Endocrinol., 1999 Jun;140(6):491-7.
PMID: 10366404

Iodine deficiency endemia is defined by the goitre prevalence and the median urinary iodine concentration in a population. Lack of local thyroid volume reference data may bring many health workers to use the European-based WHO/International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD)-recommended reference for the assessment of goitre prevalence in children in different developing countries. The present study was conducted in non-iodine-deficient areas in Malaysia to obtain local children's normative thyroid volume reference data, and to compare their usefulness with those of the WHO/ICCIDD-recommended reference for the assessment of iodine-deficiency disorders (IDD) in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine/urine
Thyroid volumes in a national sample of iodine-sufficient swiss school children: comparison with the World Health Organization/International Council for the control of iodine deficiency disorders normative thyroid volume criteria

Hess SY, Zimmermann MB

Eur. J. Endocrinol., 2000 Jun;142(6):599-603.
PMID: 10822222

The determination of goiter prevalence in children by thyroid ultrasound is an important tool for assessing iodine deficiency disorders. The current World Health Organization/International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (WHO/ICCIDD) normative values, based on thyroid volume in iodine-sufficient European children, have recently been questioned, as thyroid volumes in iodine-sufficient children from the USA and Malaysia are smaller than the WHO/ICCIDD reference data. Our objective was to describe ultrasonographic thyroid volumes in a representative national sample of iodine-sufficient Swiss school children, and to compare these with the current reference data for thyroid volume.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine/urine
Fulltext Urinary iodine excretion in the northeast of Peninsular Malaysia

Mafauzy M, Mohamad WB, Anum MY, Musalmah M

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1995 Mar;26(1):138-42.
PMID: 8525401

A total of 2,034 subjects aged 15 years and above from different parts of the State of Kelantan were studied to determine goiter size and urinary iodine excretion. The State was divided into 2 areas - area 1 consisting of localities in the districts near the coast and area 2 consisting of localities in the inland districts. There were 1,050 subjects in area 1 and 984 subjects in areas 2. The mean age (+/- SE) of subjects in areas 1 and 2 were 38.2 + 0.5 and 37.1 +/- 0.5 years, respectively. The prevalence of goiter was 31.4% in area 1 and 45.0% in area 2; the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). However, the prevalence of large and visible goiters (grades II and III) was only 2.0% in area 1 and 3.3% in area 2; the difference was not statistically significant. The mean (+/- SD) urinary iodine excretion in areas 1 and 2 was 57.1 +/- 2.1 and 56.8 +/- 2.1 micrograms I/g Cr, respectively. The values were below those recommended by WHO. There was no significant difference in urinary iodine excretion between those with and without goiters in both areas and also between the grades of goiters. There were significantly more females with goiters than males in both areas but there was no significant difference in the urinary iodine excretion between the 2 sexes. Thus based on urinary iodine excretion, the iodine intake of the population in this area, was suboptimal and this was associated with a high prevalence of goiter.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine/urine*
Iodine content in urine samples among Malays and aborigines

Ali O, Muda K, Khalid B

Acta Med. Okayama, 1994 Dec;48(6):289-92.
PMID: 7709757

A study was conducted to compare the urinary iodine concentrations in populations from Pahang, Central Malaysia, with those in the capital city Kuala Lumpur, and to compare those of Malays from villages at Batu Talam, Batu Malim, FELDA Sungai Koyan and Hulu Sungai with neighboring aboriginal settlements at Lanai and Buntu. Two hundred and forty urine samples were collected randomly among the population (male 1 1 1 and female 129). The urinary iodine concentrations, measured by the ashing method, among Malays were as follows: Batu Talam 1.1-7.6 micrograms/dl, Batu Malim 1.4-6.6 micrograms/dl, FELDA Sungai Koyan 0.5-6.9 micrograms/dl and Hulu Sungai 0.6-9.9 micrograms/dl. Among aborigines, the urinary iodine levels were 0.1-2.9 micrograms/dl in Lanai and 1.7-6.5 micrograms/dl in Buntu. There was a significant difference in the levels of urinary iodine with regard to gender, but not regarding age. The aborigines had significantly lower iodine levels than Malays (P < 0.001). This difference was also significant with regard to location. The urinary iodine content in Kuala Lumpur was the highest and that in the aboriginal Lanai village was the lowest. Thus, the study showed that the levels of iodine in the urine were influenced by ethnicity and geographic location.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine/urine*
Fulltext The prevalence of goitre in remote inland versus coastal areas

Osman A, Zaleha MI, Letchumen R, Khalid BA

Med J Malaysia, 1995 Sep;50(3):256-62.
PMID: 8926905

The study was conducted to compare the prevalence of goitre among Malays and Aborigines in remote inland rural areas to those in coastal areas. All subjects were examined thoroughly by an experienced endocrinologist for the presence of goitre. The overall goitre prevalence in coastal areas was 6.3%; 6.0% (4/67) of Aborigines and 6.7% (4/60) of Malays were affected. However, in remote inland areas, the prevalence of goitre was almost 5 times higher compared to coastal areas. The prevalence of goitre was 30.7% in Baling; 30.2% (19/63) Aborigines and 30.8% (92/299) Malays were affected. Iodine deficiency is the most likely cause for the high prevalence of goitre in the remote inland areas.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine/urine
Effect of iodination of a village water-supply on goitre size and thyroid function

Maberly GF, Eastman CJ, Corcoran JM

Lancet, 1981 Dec 05;2(8258):1270-2.
PMID: 6118679

An iodinator was fitted to the existing gravity-fed water-supply of a remote village in Sarawak, Malaysia, where goitre was endemic. Within nine months, the prevalence of goitre had been reduced from 61% to 30%, with 79% of goitres showing visible reduction in size. All subjects were clinically euthyroid before and nine months after the start of iodination, although pre-treatment serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations varied from normal up to 24 mU/l. Before treatment basal serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations were typical of endemic goitre with a low mean serum T4 (80 +/- 30 [SD] nmol/l) and a slightly raised mean serum T3 (2.3 +/- 0.7 nmol/l). After iodination, circulating TSH concentration was generally undetectable (less than 0.1 mU/l), mean T3 concentration was unchanged, but the mean T4 rose significantly to 109 +/- 41 nmol/l (p less than 0.01). Urinary iodine concentrations fluctuated; this largely reflected intermittent blockage of the iodinator, but concentrations became consistent with a return to the iodine-replete state. There was no evidence of the Jod Basedow effect in the group studied. Iodinated water was more convenient to distribute than iodised salt and is less likely to cause Jod Basedow phenomenon than are injections of iodised oil. Moreover, iodination of water is effective in killing most microorganisms and this additional benefit could contribute significantly to village health.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine/urine
Fulltext Iodine status among pregnant women in rural Sabah, Malaysia

Lim KK, Chan YY, Teh CH, Ismail H, Yusof R, Muhi J, et al.

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2017 8 15;26(5):861-866.
PMID: 28802296 DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.092016.06

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In 2000, legislation on mandatory universal salt iodisation was enacted in Sabah, Malaysia, to reduce the incidence of iodine deficiency disorders among its population. To evaluate the iodine levels among pregnant women from selected rural divisions in Sabah 13 years after the enactment of the universal salt iodisation programme.
METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 May to 30 June, 2013, in three rural divisions of Sabah (the Interior, the West Coast, and Kudat). Data regarding domestic iodised salt use and iodine-containing supplement consumption were obtained from respondents through face-to-face interviews; goitre enlargement was examined through palpation and graded according to the World Health Organization classification. Spot urine samples were also obtained to assess urinary iodine levels by using an in-house modified micromethod.
RESULTS: In total, 534 pregnant women participated. The prevalence of goitre was 1.0% (n=5), noted only in the West Coast and Kudat divisions. Although all pregnant women consumed iodised salt, overall median urinary iodine concentration was only 106 μg/L, indicating insufficient iodine intake, with nearly two-thirds of the women (60%) having a median urinary iodine concentrations of <150 μg/L.
CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women from the rural divisions in Sabah still exhibit iodine deficiency disorder despite the mandatory universal salt iodisation programme. Iodine supplementation programmes targeting pregnant women are warranted.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine/urine*
Eliminating iodine deficiency in rural Sarawak, Malaysia: the relevance of water iodization

Foo LC, Mahmud N, Satgunasingam N

Am J Public Health, 1998 Apr;88(4):680-1.
PMID: 9551019
Matched MeSH terms: Iodine/urine
Design of the South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS): a four-country multistage cluster design study

Schaafsma A, Deurenberg P, Calame W, van den Heuvel EG, van Beusekom C, Hautvast J, et al.

Br J Nutr, 2013 Sep;110 Suppl 3:S2-10.
PMID: 24016763 DOI: 10.1017/S0007114513002067

Nutrition is a well-known factor in the growth, health and development of children. It is also acknowledged that worldwide many people have dietary imbalances resulting in over- or undernutrition. In 2009, the multinational food company FrieslandCampina initiated the South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS), a combination of surveys carried out in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, to get a better insight into these imbalances. The present study describes the general study design and methodology, as well as some problems and pitfalls encountered. In each of these countries, participants in the age range of 0·5-12 years were recruited according to a multistage cluster randomised or stratified random sampling methodology. Field teams took care of recruitment and data collection. For the health status of children, growth and body composition, physical activity, bone density, and development and cognition were measured. For nutrition, food intake and food habits were assessed by questionnaires, whereas in subpopulations blood and urine samples were collected to measure the biochemical status parameters of Fe, vitamins A and D, and DHA. In Thailand, the researchers additionally studied the lipid profile in blood, whereas in Indonesia iodine excretion in urine was analysed. Biochemical data were analysed in certified laboratories. Study protocols and methodology were aligned where practically possible. In December 2011, data collection was finalised. In total, 16,744 children participated in the present study. Information that will be very relevant for formulating nutritional health policies, as well as for designing innovative food and nutrition research and development programmes, has become available.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine/urine
The effect of cassava leave intake on thyroid hormone and urinary iodine

Osman BA, Ng ML, Bakar AA, Khalid BA

East Afr Med J, 1993 May;70(5):314-5.
PMID: 8306912

The effect of consuming large amounts of cassava leaves on thyroid function and urinary iodine was studied. Twenty volunteers were given 200 gm of boiled cassava leaves twice a day for 12 consecutive days. Thyroid hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine were significantly lower by 9 days. Urinary iodine excretion was also significantly decreased. Cassava leaves, consumed in large amounts by aborigines, probably caused goitres by decreasing iodine absorption.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine/urine*
The effect of iodized oil on goitre size, thyroid function and the development of the Jod Basedow phenomenon

Maberly GF, Corcoran JM, Eastman CJ

Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 1982 Sep;17(3):253-9.
PMID: 6299619
Matched MeSH terms: Iodine/urine
Endemic goiter in Sarawak, Borneo Island; prevalence and pathogenesis

Ogihara T, Oki K, Iida Y, Hayashi S

Endocrinol. Jpn., 1972 Jun;19(3):285-93.
PMID: 4117947
Matched MeSH terms: Iodine/urine
Salt: an ineffective vehicle for iodine delivery to young children in rural Sarawak

Foo LC, Zainab T, Nafikudin M, Letchuman GR

Ann Endocrinol (Paris), 1996;57(6):470-5.
PMID: 9084692

The urinary iodine excretions of women (15-40 y) and young children (< or = 6 y) from two longhouse villages in the iodine-deficient district of Lubok Antu, Sarawak, were compared. One longhouse (Mengkak) was provided with freshly produced iodized salt every two months (one kg per family) while the other (Menjiling) was provided with iodized water via fortification of the village piped-water supply. Spot urines were collected for iodine determination at baseline and at 6 and 12 months after the start of the study. Salt and water samples were collected at monthly intervals. Goiter assessment was performed on the women at the start and end of the one-year study. The mean iodine concentrations in the salt samples from Mengkak and Menjiling were, respectively, 47.1 +/- 9.7 mg/kg (n = 60) and 0.8 +/- 3.4 mg/kg (n = 60) while the mean iodine concentration in the water samples from Menjiling was 138.6 +/- 43.2 micrograms/L (n = 24); iodine could not be detected in the water samples from Mengkak. There were significant and sustained increases in median urinary iodine excretions of both women and young children in Menjiling; in Mengkak, however, significant and sustained increases in median urinary iodine excretions were observed only in women while the median urinary iodine excretions of children remained essentially unchanged throughout the study period. Goiter prevalences in the women were reduced in both longhouses. The above observations reveal the inadequacy of iodized salt as a vehicle for iodine delivery to young rural Sarawakian children and indicate the need for other means of delivering supplemental iodine to this age group in areas where salt iodization is the only strategy for IDD control. In contrast, iodization of village water supply by itself is adequate in delivering iodine uniformly to the whole community.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine/urine*
Fulltext Iodine intake and status during pregnancy and lactation before and after government initiatives to improve iodine status, in Palmerston North, New Zealand: a pilot study

Brough L, Jin Y, Shukri NH, Wharemate ZR, Weber JL, Coad J

Matern Child Nutr, 2015 Oct;11(4):646-55.
PMID: 23782592 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12055

Iodine deficiency during pregnancy and lactation may adversely affect fetal and infant development. Two initiatives were introduced in New Zealand to prevent deficiency: (1) mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt; and (2) provision of a subsidised iodine supplement (150 μg) for all pregnant and breastfeeding women. The aim of this study was to assess iodine intake and status among a self-selecting sample of pregnant and lactating women in Palmerston North, both before and after the two initiatives. Pregnant and breastfeeding women were recruited before (n = 25 and 32; 2009) and after (n = 34 and 36; 2011) the initiatives. Iodine concentration was determined in 24-h urine and breast milk samples using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Use of supplements and salt, knowledge of iodine deficiency, and awareness of the initiatives were determined by questionnaire. Median urine iodine concentration (UIC) was higher in 2011 compared with 2009 for both pregnant (85 and 47 μg L(-1) ) and breastfeeding (74 and 34 μg L(-1) ) participants; median UIC were below the cut-offs for adequate iodine status. However, in 2011, the estimated daily iodine intake during pregnancy was 217 μg day(-1) ; 74% of women achieved the Estimated Average Requirement. Knowledge of the initiatives was low, only 28-56% were aware of the need for iodine supplements and only 15-22% were aware of the mandatory addition of iodised salt to bread. Despite initiatives, UIC of these women indicates iodine deficiency, however, dietary intakes appear adequate. Ongoing surveillance of supplement use and iodine status among pregnant and lactating women throughout New Zealand is needed to fully assess the efficacy of the initiatives. Alternative strategies may require evaluation to ensure all women have adequate iodine during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine/urine
Fulltext Iodized salt supplementation and its effects on thyroid status amongst Orang Asli in Hulu Selangor, Malaysia

Lim KK, Wong M, Mohamud WN, Kamaruddin NA

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2013;22(1):41-7.
PMID: 23353609 DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.2013.22.1.02

BACKGROUND: This research was performed to determine the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) and the effects of iodized salt supplementation on thyroid status amongst Orang Asli in Hulu Selangor, Malaysia.
METHODS: Study respondents were from three target groups, i.e. pre-school children (PSC), primary school-going children (SGC) and adult women. Each household was supplied with iodized salt fortified with iodate fortificant for a period of 12 months and the iodine levels in the salt ranged from 20 to 30 μg/L. Samples collected before and after 6 and 12 months of introduction to iodized salt were urine from all groups, as well as serum samples from adult women.
RESULTS: A total of 200 respondents were recruited; 58 (29.0%) PSC, 65 (32.5%) SGC and 77 (38.5%) adult women. The median urine-iodine concentration (mUIC) in all groups were of moderately low before the iodized salt intervention, but increased significantly in all study groups after 6 and 12 months of intervention. However, at the end of the study, there was an increase in severe iodine deficiency (mUIC <20 μg/L) from 7.5% to 12% and about 9% of PSC and SGC respondents had mUIC level of more than 300 μg/L while the adult women showed a significant increase in free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels.
CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that iodized salt supplementation was able to show an improvement in iodine level amongst Orang Asli. However, an increase in severe iodine deficiency and iodine excess indicated that the iodized salt programme needs to be carefully monitored.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine/urine
Fulltext Iodine deficiency status and iodised salt consumption in Malaysia: findings from a national iodine deficiency disorders survey

Selamat R, Mohamud WN, Zainuddin AA, Rahim NS, Ghaffar SA, Aris T

Asia Pac J Clin Nutr, 2010;19(4):578-85.
PMID: 21147721

A nationwide cross-sectional school-based survey was undertaken among children aged 8-10 years old to determine the current iodine deficiency status in the country. Determination of urinary iodine (UI) and palpation of the thyroid gland were carried out among 18,012 and 18,078 children respectively while iodine test of the salt samples was done using Rapid Test Kits and the iodometric method. The results showed that based on WHO/ ICCIDD/UNICEF criteria, the national median UI was 109 μg/L [25th, 75th percentile (67, 166)] showing borderline adequacy. The overall national prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) with UI<100 μg/L was 48.2% (95% CI: 46.0, 50.4), higher among children residing in rural areas than in urban areas. The highest prevalence of UI<100 μg/L was noted among the aborigines [(81.4% (95% CI: 75.1, 86.4)]. The national total goitre rate (grade 1 and grade 2 goitre) was 2.1%. Of 17,888 salt samples brought by the school children, 28.2% (95% CI: 26.4, 30.2) were found to have iodine content. However, the overall proportion of the households in Malaysia using adequately iodised salt as recommended by Malaysian Food Act 1983 of 20-30 ppm was only 6.8% (95% CI: 5.1, 9.0). In conclusion, although a goitre endemic was not present in Malaysia, almost half of the states in Peninsular Malaysia still have large proportion of UI level <100 μg/L and warrant immediate action. The findings of this survey suggest that there is a need for review on the current approach of the national IDD prevention and control programme.

Matched MeSH terms: Iodine/urine

Filters

Please provide feedback to Administrator (afdal@afpm.org.my)

External Links