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Primary pulmonary hyalinising clear cell carcinoma: Two cases and literature review

Di J, Xiong Y, Li D, Li X, Wang W, Cheng Y, et al.

Malays J Pathol, 2022 Dec;44(3):509-516.
PMID: 36591718

Hyalinising clear cell carcinoma (HCCC) of the lung is an extremely rare tumour that is just recently recognised as one of the salivary gland-type tumours (SGTT) in the latest WHO classification of thoracic tumours. Eleven cases have been reported in English literature since Joaquín et al. reported the first case. Given the very limited number of cases, the clinical and histological features of pulmonary HCCC are equivocal. Herein, we present two cases of pulmonary HCCC. The patients were a 66-year-old man and a 48-year-old woman. The mass was located on the right main bronchus and right middle lobar bronchus separately. One was 2 cm and the other was 3.3 cm in the greatest dimension. The tumours were comprised of small monomorphic cells with clear or eosinophilic cytoplasm and infiltrated in a hyalinising stroma arranged in nests, cords, sheets and trabeculae. Their morphology resembled their head and neck counterparts. Immunohistochemically, the tumour cells were positive for AE1/AE3, P63, while negative for TTF1, Calponin, S-100, HMB45 and PAX8. Ki-67 labeling ranges from 3% to 10%. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) demonstrated EWSR1 rearrangement and Next-generation sequencing (NGS) demonstrated EWSR1- ATF1 (exon 11: exon 3) fusion in case one and EWSR1- ATF1 (exon 2: exon 12) fusion in case two. This is the first time to report the EWSR1-ATF1fusion point other than exon 11: exon 3 in pulmonary HCCC. Case one recurred two years after local resection but didn't metastasise during follow-up 36 months. Case two is alive without disease after lobectomy during follow-up 14 months.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/pathology
Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis-a rare lung disease-diagnosed by transbronchial cryobiopsy

Kho SS, Chai CS, Ho RL, Ismail AM, Tie ST

Lancet, 2023 Oct 14;402(10410):1356.
PMID: 37838440 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01906-2
Matched MeSH terms: Lung/pathology
Fulltext Increasing incidence of lung transplantation in patients with post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis

Khajotia R

Pan Afr Med J, 2021;40:169.
PMID: 34970411 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.40.169.31223

Twenty months into the COVID-19 pandemic, we are still learning about the various long-term consequences of COVID-19 infection. While many patients do recover with minimal long-term consequences, some patients develop irreversible parenchymal and interstitial lung damage leading to diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. Unfortunately, these are some of the consequences of post-SARS-CoV-2 infection which thousands more people around the world will experience and which will outlast the pandemic for a long time to come. It is now being observed at various leading medical centres around the world that lung transplantation may be the only meaningful treatment available to a select group of patients experiencing serious lung damage and non-resolving COVID-19-associated respiratory failure, resulting from the triad of coronavirus infection, a hyper-inflammatory immune response to it and the inability of the human body to repair that injury.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/pathology
Chronic Silicosis

Ing SK, Kho SS

N Engl J Med, 2024 May 16;390(19):e46.
PMID: 38738767 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm2312247
Matched MeSH terms: Lung/pathology
Fulltext Pulmonary pathology in rabbits infected with the Baling and Koyan strains of Schistosoma malayensis

Shekhar KC, Pathmanathan R

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1992 Dec;23(4):711-5.
PMID: 1298078

Two distinct strains of Schistosoma malayensis exist in Malaysia (designated the Baling and Koyan strains). Both these strains show intraspecific variations in pathology (Greer et al, 1988). To evaluate the differences in the pulmonary pathology resulting from infections of the two different strains of Malaysian schistosome, a total of 20 experimental rabbits were infected, 10 each with cercariae of the Koyan strains. Pathological changes were studied over a period of 28 weeks. Granulomas in the lung occurring as a result of infection with the Baling strain were compared with those caused by infection with the Koyan strain. Although both strains produced parenchymatous and alveolar lesions, granulomas caused by the Baling strain of Malaysian schistosome were more numerous and larger (when comparing mean diameter as well as area of granuloma, p < 0.05). In addition, pulmonary vascular hypertensive changes were present in Baling strain infected rabbits. These comprised of pulmonary arteriolar endothelial swelling and damage, intimal elastosis and medial hypertrophy. Angiitis and pulmonary periphlebitis were also noted occasionally. In contrast, Koyan strain infection resulted in fewer and smaller granulomas. Pulmonary vascular changes were minimal.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/pathology*
Fulltext Open lung biopsy for diffuse parenchymal lung disease in children

Chan PWK, Ramanujam TM, Goh AYT, Lum LCS, Debruyne JA, Chan L

Med J Malaysia, 2003 Dec;58(5):636-40.
PMID: 15190646

An open lung biopsy was performed in 12 children with diffuse parenchymal lung disease. A definitive histopathological diagnosis was obtained from all procedures but determined treatment options in only 10 children (83%). Three (25%) children were ventilated for respiratory failure prior to the procedure. Four (44%) of the other 9 children required ventilatory support after the procedure. Three (25%) children developed post-op pneumothorax that resolved fully with chest tube drainage. There were no deaths as a direct result of the procedure. Open lung biopsy is useful in providing a definitive diagnosis in children with diffuse parenchymal lung disease and determining treatment in the majority of cases. The procedure was well-tolerated with minimal complications.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/pathology*
Peripheral transbronchial needle aspiration-guided pinpoint cryobiopsy of lung nodule without bronchus sign: A case report

Kho SS, Nyanti LE, Chai CS, Kho SK, Ismail AM, Voon PJ, et al.

Respir Investig, 2023 Jul;61(4):473-477.
PMID: 37182371 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2023.04.003

Peripheral transbronchial needle aspiration (pTBNA) allows the access of pulmonary nodules without bronchus sign but is limited to cytological examination. A 39-year-old man with left parotid carcinoma presented with an incidental lung nodule. Target localisation was performed with manual airway mapping, virtual bronchoscopic navigation, and pTBNA. Direct target validation using radial endobronchial ultrasound (rEBUS) was performed through the puncture defect. Targeted pinpoint biopsy with a 1.1 mm cryoprobe through the pTBNA puncture defect confirmed metastatic adenoid cystic carcinoma. Guided pTBNA with rEBUS validation followed by cryobiopsy of lung nodules without bronchus sign is potentially feasible for histological and molecular analyses.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/pathology
Infanticide in Malaysia: two case reports and a review of literature

Ong BB, Green M

Am J Forensic Med Pathol, 2003 Mar;24(1):64-9.
PMID: 12605001

In a strict and conservative society like Malaysia, the number of cases of infanticide has continued to occur. The authors present two typical cases of infanticide in Malaysia. Case 1 concerned a body of a fully mature newborn fetus disposed in a rubbish bin. The head was traumatically amputated by the rubbish truck's compactor. The umbilical cord was still attached to the body, with no reddening around the insertion. The severed neck showed features consistent with post-mortem amputation. The significant finding was expanded crepitant lungs, which floated in water. The histology of the lungs showed expanded alveoli. It was concluded that the baby had been born alive, but no cause of death could be elicited. Case 2 concerned a decomposed mature newborn found in a scrub forest. The internal organs showed advanced putrefaction, the lungs being collapsed, congested, and hemorrhagic, typical of decomposed lungs. No conclusion could be made about the state of birth or the cause of death because of the putrefied state of the body. The two cases illustrate the typical cases and problems faced by pathologists locally and probably elsewhere in the world. Most of the bodies are found in a putrefied state. Pathologists have to ascertain not only maturity and live birth but also the cause of death, which may be very subtle or masked by putrefaction. The problems of diagnosis of live birth are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/pathology
Fulltext Pulmonary involvement by Hodgkin's disease mimicking pneumonia

Liam CK, Wong KT, Lim YC

Med J Malaysia, 1997 Mar;52(1):84-6.
PMID: 10968059

A 24-year-old man who was initially thought to have nocardiosis of his mediastinal lymph node which progressed to involve his right lung, had to undergo a right pneumonectomy when he failed to respond to treatment with sulphadiazine. Histology of the right lung specimen and a subsequent axillary lymph node biopsy revealed that he actually had lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin's disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/pathology
Fulltext Dental technician pneumoconiosis mimicking pulmonary tuberculosis: a case report

Tan HL, Faisal M, Soo CI, Ban AY, Manap RA, Hassan TM

BMC Pulm Med, 2016 09 07;16(1):131.
PMID: 27604085 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-016-0293-2

BACKGROUND: Dental laboratory technicians are at risk of developing occupational respiratory diseases due to exposure to various potentially toxic substances in their working environment. Since 1939, few cases of silicosis among dental technician have been reported.

CASE PRESENTATION: We illustrate a 38 year-old female, who worked in a dental laboratory for 20 years, initially treated as pulmonary tuberculosis and chronic necrotising aspergillosis without much improvement. Computed tomography guided lung biopsy and bronchoscopic transbronchial lung biopsy were performed. Lung tissue biopsies showed presence of refractile dental materials within the areas of histiocyte proliferation. The diagnosis of dental technician pneumoconiosis was obtained and our patient underwent pulmonary rehabilitation.

CONCLUSIONS: This case highlights the importance of obtaining a detailed occupational history in tuberculosis endemic area, as pulmonary tuberculosis is a great mimicker of other respiratory diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/pathology
Cutaneous Larva Migrans Associated With Löffler's Syndrome in a 6-Year-Old Boy

Wang S, Xu W, Li LF

Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2017 Sep;36(9):912-914.
PMID: 28338526 DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000001593

Cutaneous larva migrans is a frequent dermatologic problem among travelers in tropical areas, but its association with Löffler's syndrome is an extremely rare condition, particularly in children. Here, we describe a 6-year-old boy presenting cutaneous larva migrans associated with Löffler's syndrome.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/pathology
Unexpected infant death secondary to a pulmonary infiltration due to acute myelocytic leukaemia

Ben Khelil M, Chkirbene Y, Mlika M, Haouet S, Hamdoun M

Malays J Pathol, 2017 Aug;39(2):193-196.
PMID: 28866704

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) often presents with non-specific symptoms such as fatigue, anaemia or infection. Pulmonary involvement is uncommon in AML during the course of the disease and is usually caused by infection, haemorrhage, leukaemic pulmonary infiltrates and leukostasis. Lung localization of AML is very uncommon and potentially life threatening if not diagnosed and treated rapidly. The authors describe the sudden death of an asymptomatic five-month-infant because of a misdiagnosed lung localization of AML. Autopsy examination followed by histopathological studies showed an extensive leukostasis and extramedullary leukaemic infiltrating the lungs. Special stains and immunohistochemical studies revealed findings consistent with acute myelogenous leukaemia. This case suggests that underlying acute leukaemia should be considered as a cause of flu-like symptoms in infants. Medical personnel are urged to be alert to fever, sore throat, weakness and dyspnea that may be characteristic of serious systemic diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/pathology*
A case of melioidosis in a macaque monkey

Retnasabapathy A, Joseph PG

Vet Rec, 1966 Jul 16;79(3):72-3.
PMID: 4959292
Matched MeSH terms: Lung/pathology
Predictive risk factors for pneumothorax following fluoroscopic-guided transbronchial lung biopsy

Ng BH, Low HJ, Nuratiqah NA, Soo CI, Imree A, Mas FMJ, et al.

Med J Malaysia, 2023 Dec;78(7):897-900.
PMID: 38159925

INTRODUCTION: Fluoroscopic-guided transbronchial lung biopsy (FG-TBLB) is routinely performed via bronchoscopy to diagnose focal peripheral lesions and diffuse lung disease. Identifying the risk factors of FG-TBLB-related pneumothorax can assist the operator in taking pre-emptive measures to prepare for this potential complication.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analysed data from 157 patients who underwent FG-TBLB, with the primary outcome being procedure-related pneumothorax. We assessed several risk factors for pneumothorax following FG-TBLB: patient characteristics, location of biopsy, number of biopsies and computed tomography pattern. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.
RESULTS: One-hundred fifty-seven patients were included [mean (SD) age 57.9 (16.2) years; 60.5% male]. The most common location for FG-TBLB was the right upper lobe (n=45, 28.7%). The mean (SD) number of biopsy samples was 6.7 (2.1). Radiographic evidence of pneumothorax was reported in 12 (7.6%) patients, with 11 of those requiring intercostal chest tube intervention (mean air leak time: 5.7 days and 1 had persistent air leak requiring autologous blood patch pleurodesis. None experienced pneumothorax recurrence. Female gender and upper lobe location of the biopsy were identified as predisposing factors for pneumothorax. In the multivariable analysis, upper lobe biopsies were associated with a higher risk of pneumothorax (OR 0.120; 95% CI 0.015-0.963; p = 0.046).
CONCLUSION: The overall rate of pneumothorax is low. We recognise the increased risk of pneumothorax associated with upper lobe biopsy. These findings suggest that clinicians should exercise caution when performing FGTBLB in this region and consider alternative biopsy locations whenever feasible. We suggest adequate planning and preparation should be implemented to minimise the risk of pneumothorax following FG-TBLB.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/pathology
Fulltext Is tissue still the issue in detecting molecular alterations in lung cancer?

Liam CK, Mallawathantri S, Fong KM

Respirology, 2020 09;25(9):933-943.
PMID: 32335992 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13823

Molecular biomarker testing of advanced-stage NSCLC is now considered standard of care and part of the diagnostic algorithm to identify subsets of patients for molecular-targeted treatment. Tumour tissue biopsy is essential for an accurate initial diagnosis, determination of the histological subtype and for molecular testing. With the increasing use of small biopsies and cytological specimens for diagnosis and the need to identify an increasing number of predictive biomarkers, proper management of the limited amount of sampling materials available is important. Many patients with advanced NSCLC do not have enough tissue for molecular testing and/or do not have a biopsy-amenable lesion and/or do not want to go through a repeat biopsy given the potential risks. Molecular testing can be difficult or impossible if the sparse material from very small biopsy specimens has already been exhausted for routine diagnostic purposes. A limited diagnostic workup is recommended to preserve sufficient tissue for biomarker testing. In addition, tumour biopsies are limited by tumour heterogeneity, particularly in the setting of disease resistance, and thus may yield false-negative results. Hence, there have been considerable efforts to determine if liquid biopsy in which molecular alterations can be non-invasively identified in plasma cell-free ctDNA, a potential surrogate for the entire tumour genome, can overcome the issues with tissue biopsies and replace the need for the latter.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology; Lung/pathology
Survival of lung cancer patients in a resource-limited country

How SH, Ng TH, Kuan YC, Jamalludin AR, Fauzi AR

Asia Pac J Clin Oncol, 2015 Sep;11(3):221-7.
PMID: 24575820 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.12179

Data on lung cancer survival are lacking in developing countries. Our objectives were to describe the survival of our lung cancer patients and to determine independent prognostic factors affecting survival.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
Fulltext Detection of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in formalin fixed paraffin embedded biopsies in Malaysian non-small cell lung cancer patients

Shi Yeen TN, Pathmanathan R, Shiran MS, Ahmad Zaid FA, Cheah YK

J Biomed Sci, 2013 Apr 16;20:22.
PMID: 23590575 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-22

BACKGROUND: Somatic mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are reportedly associated with various responses in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients receiving the anti-EGFR agents. Detection of the mutation therefore plays an important role in therapeutic decision making. The aim of this study was to detect EGFR mutations in formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) samples using both Scorpion ARMS and high resolution melt (HRM) assay, and to compare the sensitivity of these methods.
RESULTS: All of the mutations were found in adenocarcinoma, except one that was in squamous cell carcinoma. The mutation rate was 45.7% (221/484). Complex mutations were also observed, wherein 8 tumours carried 2 mutations and 1 tumour carried 3 mutations.
CONCLUSIONS: Both methods detected EGFR mutations in FFPE samples. HRM assays gave more EGFR positive results compared to Scorpion ARMS.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
Lightning fatality with blast, flame, heat and current effects: a macroscopic and microscopic view

Murty OP

J Forensic Leg Med, 2009 Apr;16(3):162-7.
PMID: 19239970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2008.07.009

A case is presented of a fatal environmental accidental injuries of lightning. A pedestrian was struck by lightning. The macroscopic and microscopic lightning injuries are reviewed.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/pathology
Isolation and Characterization of Cancer Stem Cells of the Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (A549) Cell Line

Halim NHA, Zakaria N, Satar NA, Yahaya BH

Methods Mol Biol, 2016;1516:371-388.
PMID: 27032945 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2016_326

Cancer is a major health problem worldwide. The failure of current treatments to completely eradicate cancer cells often leads to cancer recurrence and dissemination. Studies have suggested that tumor growth and spread are driven by a minority of cancer cells that exhibit characteristics similar to those of normal stem cells, thus these cells are called cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are believed to play an important role in initiating and promoting cancer. CSCs are resistant to currently available cancer therapies, and understanding the mechanisms that control the growth of CSCs might have great implications for cancer therapy. Cancer cells are consist of heterogeneous population of cells, thus methods of identification, isolation, and characterisation of CSCs are fundamental to obtain a pure CSC populations. Therefore, this chapter describes in detail a method for isolating and characterizing a pure population of CSCs from heterogeneous population of cancer cells and CSCs based on specific cell surface markers.

Matched MeSH terms: Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology*
Fulltext Low-dose AgNPs reduce lung mechanical function and innate immune defense in the absence of cellular toxicity

Botelho DJ, Leo BF, Massa CB, Sarkar S, Tetley TD, Chung KF, et al.

Nanotoxicology, 2016;10(1):118-27.
PMID: 26152688 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2015.1038330

Multiple studies have examined the direct cellular toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). However, the lung is a complex biological system with multiple cell types and a lipid-rich surface fluid; therefore, organ level responses may not depend on direct cellular toxicity. We hypothesized that interaction with the lung lining is a critical determinant of organ level responses. Here, we have examined the effects of low dose intratracheal instillation of AgNPs (0.05 μg/g body weight) 20 and 110 nm diameter in size, and functionalized with citrate or polyvinylpyrrolidone. Both size and functionalization were significant factors in particle aggregation and lipid interaction in vitro. One day post-intratracheal instillation lung function was assessed, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lung tissue collected. There were no signs of overt inflammation. There was no change in surfactant protein-B content in the BAL but there was loss of surfactant protein-D with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-stabilized particles. Mechanical impedance data demonstrated a significant increase in pulmonary elastance as compared to control, greatest with 110 nm PVP-stabilized particles. Seven days post-instillation of PVP-stabilized particles increased BAL cell counts, and reduced lung function was observed. These changes resolved by 21 days. Hence, AgNP-mediated alterations in the lung lining and mechanical function resolve by 21 days. Larger particles and PVP stabilization produce the largest disruptions. These studies demonstrate that low dose AgNPs elicit deficits in both mechanical and innate immune defense function, suggesting that organ level toxicity should be considered.

Matched MeSH terms: Lung/pathology

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