A collection of parasitic worms was made from Rattus rattus jarak (Bonhote) from Pulau Jarak, “which lies in the middle of the Malacca Straits between Penang and Port Swettenham and some 85 miles from the Sembilan Islands opposite the Dindings.” (Audy, 1950). It was collected by Dr. J. R. Audy, Senior Research Officer of the Division of Virus Research and Medical Zoology, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur while investigating scrub-typhus on the island.
Proyseria decora (Dujardin, 1845) (the type-species of the genus Proyseria Petter, 1959) is redescribed on the basis of specimens from Alcedo atthis (L.) (Coraciiformes: Alcedinidae) from Iran. P. petterae n. sp. is described from Corythornis vintsioides (Eydoux & Gervais) (Alcedinidae) from Madagascar by light and scanning electron microscopy. Proyseria sp. from Alcedo euryzona Temminck from continental Malaysia is described on the basis of a single male specimen. Stegophorus alcedonis Puqin, Yanyin & Guocal, 1991 from A. atthis in China is transferred to the genus Proyseria as P. alcedonis n. comb. The generic diagnosis of Proyseria is amended. Review of the species of the genera Proyseria and Stegophorus Wehr, 1934 is presented.
Description of four new species of Heligmosome Nematodes parasites of the gut of Trichys lipura: --Heligmonella limbooliati n. sp. has a synlophe of Heligmonella-type and a bursa related to Cordicauda. --Cordicauda trichysi n. sp. is characterized by the relatively small dorsal lobe of the bursa, numerous cuticular ridges and the origin of the 8th rib at the distal third of the dorsal rib. --C. malayensis is closely related to C. trichysi (the female of the two species are morphologically identical but the two species can be separated by the larger dorsal lobe of the bursa and the longer spicula of C. malayensis). --C. magnabursa n. sp. is separated from the other species of the genus by the peculiar morphology of the bursa and the female's tail, dorsally bent. The fauna of Trichys is compared to that of Atherurss africanus, which is parasitized by 8 coparasites species: One Heligmonella and seven Paraheligmonina. From a phyletic as well as an ecological point of view (relative abundance and species location in the gut) the two fauna seem to have evolved in a parallel way, one in Africa, one in Asia, from a single Heligmonella type Nematode, after the host's partition.
Unidentified mermithid nematodes were found in the abdominal cavity of three species of Anopheles mosquitoes from LAO PDR. This is a first record of mermithid nematodes in adult mosquitoes from Lao PDR. Two worms were found in each adult host and the infection was more prevalent in the northern region compared to the south.
A new nematode, Elaeolenchus parthenonema n. g., n. sp., is described from the palm-pollinating weevil Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust. The new genus is placed in the Anandranematidae n. fam., which, together with the genus Anandranema Poinar et al., 1993, is characterised by nematodes having only a single autotokous generation in the insect host. This is the first report of a member of this superfamily reproducing only parthenogenetically. The development of E. parthenonema and its effect on the weevil host is discussed, along with a phylogenetic synopsis of the families of the Sphaerularioidea Lubbock 1861. The Beddingiidae n. fam. is proposed for Beddingia Blinova & Korenchenko, 1986, comprising the original Deladenus parasites of Hymenoptera that possess both free-living and parasitic amphimictic generations in their life-cycles. This family is considered to have the most primitive type of development in the superfamily.
Matched MeSH terms: Nematoda/anatomy & histology; Nematoda/classification*; Nematoda/growth & development
The current information on isoenzyme studies of nematode parasites was reviewed. The genetic heterogeneity as reviewed by these studies was highlighted. Application of isoenzyme studies and the role of biotechnological techniques in isoenzyme studies was discussed, and the status of cytogenetic studies on nematode parasites was presented.
A total of 104 marine fish belonging to 12 species in 6 families were examined for anisakid larvae. All except one fish species were infected with one or more types of anisakid larvae. Three types of anisakid larvae were recovered, the most abundant being Anisakis type 1 (9 out of 11 fish species) followed by Contracaecum type B (6 out of 11) and Terranova type B (1 out of 11). Latianus malabaricus has the highest mean intensity of both Anisakis type 1 and Contracaecum type B. The public health hazard of anisakine nematodes is briefly discussed.
Culicoides Latreille biting midges are important blood feeding insects. Many species are pests and vectors of the disease causing agents including viruses, protozoa and filarial nematodes which can be transmitted to humans and other animals. However, knowledge of the role of Culicoides as vectors of filarial nematodes is limited, particular in Thailand, where at least 100 species of the genus Culicoides have been reported. In this study, a molecular approach using the 12S rRNA gene sequence was used to detecting the filarial nematode in four common biting midge species, C. actoni Smith, C. oxystoma Kieffer, C. peregrinus Kieffer and C. mahasarakhamense Pramual, Jomkumsing, Piraonapicha & Jumpato in animal shelters from northeastern Thailand. A total of 1,721 specimens were used for molecular screening. An unidentified Onchocercidae sp. was detected in a specimen of C. mahasarakhamense collected from Maha Sarakham province. This filarial species shows 93% sequence similarity with an unidentified Onchocercidae sp. isolated from Culex mosquitoes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Onchocercidae sp. from C. mahasarakhamense formed a clade with strong bootstrap support (100%) with filarial species detected in birds. Thus, it is very likely that the Onchocercidae sp. found in this study employes birds as vertebrate hosts which agrees with feeding behavior of C. mahasarakhamense which is known to feed on chicken. Further study is requiring to examine whether this biting midge species is a competent vector of this Onchocercidae sp.
Quazithelazia rostrata n. sp. from Ceyx erithaca (L.) (type-host) and Alcedo euryzona Temminck (Coraciiformes, Alcedinidae) and Q. alata n. sp. from Enicurus ruficapillus Temminck (Passeriformes, Muscicapidae) are described from vicinities of Gombak Biological Station, Selangor, Malaysia; both species are parasitic under the koilin lining of the gizzard. Paratypes of Schistogendra pelargopsis Nandi, De & Majumdar, 1985, a parasite of Pelargopsis capensis (L.) (Alcedinidae) from India, are redescribed and the species is recognised as a junior synonym of the type-species of Quasithelazia, Q. tenuis Maplestone, 1932 (new synonymy), a species originally described from Halcyon smyrnensis (L.) (Alcedinidae) in India. An amended diagnosis of the genus Quasithelazia Maplestone, 1932 is proposed. Currently, this genus includes eight species occurring in the Old World, six of them parasitic in kingfishers (Alcedinidae) and two species parasitic in flycatchers (Muscicapidae). These include, inter alia, Q. halcyoni n. comb. for Viktorocara halcyoni Ryzhikov & Khokhlova, 1964 from Halcyon smyrnensis and H. pileata (Boddaert) in Vietnam and the Russian Far East, Q. microcordonis n. comb. for Rusguniella microcordonis Schmidt & Kuntz, 1971 from Halcyon coromanda major (Temminck & Schlegel) in Taiwan and Q. multipapillata n. comb. for Schistogendra multipapillata Zhang, 1993 from Tarsiger cyanurus (Pallas) (Muscicapidae) in China. Comparative morphological data for Quasithelazia spp. are presented. Schistogendra oligopapillata Zhang & An, 2002 from domestic ducks in China is considered a species incertae sedis.
Tarsubulura perarmata (Ratzel, 1868) is described from a primate Tarsius bancanus and from Tupaidae: Tupaia glis and T. minor in Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur). Its biological cycle is done by the experimental infestation of crickets belonging to the genera Valanga and Oxya. The infective larvae are obtained after three weeks of development of 28 degrees C in the intermediate host. They differ from third stage larvae obtained from Subulurinae by the development of cuticular pharyngeal lobes. The early apparition of this ontogenetic character confirms the isolation of the genus Tarsubulura as compared to the general evolution of the Subuluridae.
The present paper reviewed publications on the nematocidal activity of edible mushrooms (EM) and their potential use as sustainable tools for the control of parasitic nematodes affecting agriculture and livestock industry. Nematodes are organisms living in the soil and animals' guts where they may live as parasites severely affecting economically important crops and farm animals, thus causing economic losses to worldwide agriculture. Traditionally, parasitic nematodes have been controlled using commercial pesticides and anthelmintic (AH) drugs. Over the years, nematodes developed resistance to the AH drugs, reducing the usefulness of many commercial drugs. Also, the use of pesticides/anthelmintic drugs to control nematodes can have important negative impacts on the environment. Different EM have been not only used as food but also studied as alternative methods for controlling several diseases including parasitic nematodes. The present paper reviewed publications from the last decades about the nematocidal activity of EM and assessed their potential use as sustainable tools for the control of nematodes affecting agriculture and livestock industry. A reduced number of reports on the effect of EM against nematodes were found, and an even smaller number of reports regarding the potential AH activity of chemical compounds isolated from EM products were found. However, those studies have produced promising results that certainly deserve further investigation. It is concluded that EM, their fractions and extracts, and some compounds contained in them may have biotechnological application for the control of animal and plant parasitic nematodes.