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Influence of flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L. on mitochondrial function of Rhizopus nigricans in strawberry

Ge Q, Zhao S, Shao X, Wei Y, Chen J, Wang H, et al.

World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2024 Apr 13;40(5):161.
PMID: 38613738 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03967-3

Rhizopus nigricans (R. nigricans), one of the fungi that grows the fastest, is frequently discovered in postharvest fruits, it's the main pathogen of strawberry root rot. Flavonoids in Sedum aizoon L. (FSAL) is a kind of green and safe natural substance extracted from Sedum aizoon L. which has antifungal activity. In this study, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of FSAL on R. nigricans and cell apoptosis tests were studied to explore the inhibitory effect of FSAL on R. nigricans. The effects of FSAL on mitochondria of R. nigricans were investigated through the changes of mitochondrial permeability transition pore(mPTP), mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP), Ca2+ content, H2O2 content, cytochrome c (Cyt c) content, the related enzyme activity and related genes of mitochondria. The results showed that the MIC of FSAL on R. nigricans was 1.800 mg/mL, with the addition of FSAL (1.800 mg/mL), the mPTP openness of R. nigricans increased and the MMP reduced. Resulting in an increase in Ca2+ content, accumulation of H2O2 content and decrease of Cyt c content, the activity of related enzymes was inhibited and related genes were up-regulated (VDAC1, ANT) or down-regulated (SDHA, NOX2). This suggests that FSAL may achieve the inhibitory effect of fungi by damaging mitochondria, thereby realizing the postharvest freshness preservation of strawberries. This lays the foundation for the development of a new plant-derived antimicrobial agent.

Matched MeSH terms: Rhizopus*
Inhibitory Mechanism of Flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L. on Rhizopus nigricans

Ge Q, Wang K, Shao X, Wei Y, Zhang X, Liu Y, et al.

Foodborne Pathog Dis, 2023 May;20(5):197-208.
PMID: 37172299 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2022.0083

Rhizopus nigricans is a widespread phytopathogen in fruits and vegetables that can cause considerable economic effects and resource waste. Flavonoids from Sedum aizoon L. (FSAL) have specific antifungal activities. This study selected FSAL as an antifungal to prolong the preservation of fruits and vegetables. The results showed that the mycelial morphology and ultrastructure were damaged by the FSAL treatment (1.0 minimum inhibitory concentration), led to the increase of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, and affected the activity of key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway, such as lactic dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, and hexokinase of R. nigricans. Key genes in glycolysis were upregulated or downregulated. In addition, in the treatment and control groups, 221 differentially expressed genes were found, including 89 that were upregulated and 32 that were downregulated, according to the transcriptome results. The differential genes were mainly enriched in glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, and citrate cycle pathways. The results revealed some insights into the antifungal mechanism of FSAL against R. nigricans and offered a theoretical foundation for its advancement as a novel plant-derived antifungal agent.

Matched MeSH terms: Rhizopus
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry metabolomics studies on non-organic soybeans versus organic soybeans (Glycine max), and their fermentation by Rhizopus oligosporus

Chong SG, Ismail IS, Ahmad Azam A, Tan SJ, Shaari K, Tan JK

J Sci Food Agric, 2023 Apr;103(6):3146-3156.
PMID: 36426592 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12355

BACKGROUND: Soybeans (Glycine max) are high in proteins and isoflavones, which offer many health benefits. It has been suggested that the fermentation process enhances the nutrients in the soybeans. Organic foods are perceived as better than non-organic foods in terms of health benefits, yet little is known about the difference in the phytochemical content that distinguishes the quality of organic soybeans from non-organic soybeans. This study investigated the chemical profiles of non-organic (G, T, U, UB) and organic (C, COF, A, R, B, Z) soybeans (G. max [L.] Merr.) and their metabolite changes after fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus.
RESULTS: A clear separation was only observed between non-organic G and organic Z, which were then selected for further investigation in the fermentation of soybeans (GF and ZF). All four groups (G, Z, GF, ZF) were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy along with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In this way a total of 41 and 47 metabolites were identified respectively, with 12 in common. A clear variation (|log1.5 FC| > 2 and P

Matched MeSH terms: Rhizopus/metabolism
Rearranged diterpenoids from the biotransformation of ent-trachyloban-18-oic acid by Rhizopus arrhizus

Leverrier A, Martin MT, Servy C, Ouazzani J, Retailleau P, Awang K, et al.

J Nat Prod, 2010 Jun 25;73(6):1121-5.
PMID: 20481544 DOI: 10.1021/np100145n

In our search for inhibitors of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-xL, investigation of Xylopia caudata afforded a new diterpenoid, ent-trachyloban-4beta-ol (2), and five known ent-trachylobane or ent-atisane compounds. Only ent-trachyloban-18-oic acid (1) exhibited weak binding activity to Bcl-xL. These compounds exhibited cytotoxicity against KB and HCT-116 cell lines with IC(50) values between 10 and 30 microM. Bioconversion of compound 1 by Rhizopus arrhizus afforded new hydroxylated metabolites (3-7) of the ent-trachylobane and ent-kaurene type and compound 8, with a rearranged pentacyclic carbon framework that was named rhizopene. Compounds 3-8 were noncytotoxic to the two cancer cell lines, and compounds 3 and 5 exhibited only weak binding affinity for Bcl-xL.

Matched MeSH terms: Rhizopus/metabolism*
Enzymatic deinking of laser printed office waste papers: some governing parameters on deinking efficiency

Lee CK, Darah I, Ibrahim CO

Bioresour Technol, 2007 May;98(8):1684-9.
PMID: 17137782

The protocol for the enzymatic deinking of laser printed waste papers on a laboratory scale using cellulase (C) and hemicellulase (H) of Aspergillus niger (Amano) was developed as an effective method for paper recycling. A maximum deinking efficiency of almost 73% by the enzyme combination of C:H was obtained using the deinking conditions of pulping consistency of 1.0% (w/v) with the pulping time of 1.0min, temperature of 50 degrees C, pH=3.5, agitation rate of 60rpm, pulp concentration of 4% (w/v), concentration of each enzyme of 2.5U/g air dried pulp and the enzyme ratio of 1:1. The deinking efficiency was further enhanced to 95% using the optimized flotation system consisting of pH=6.0, Tween 80 of concentration 0.5% (w/w), working air flow rate of 10.0L/min and temperature of 45 degrees C. The deinked papers were found to exhibit properties comparable to the commercial papers suggesting the effectiveness of the enzymatic process developed.

Matched MeSH terms: Rhizopus/enzymology
Fulltext Changes in chemical composition and amino acid content of Soy Protein Isolate (SPI) from tempeh

Wan Saidatul Syida, W.K., Normah, I., Noriham, A., Mohd Yusuf, M.

International Food Research Journal, 2018;25(4):1528-1533.
MyJurnal

Processing of soybeans to other products and consumption of soy products is increasing worldwide mainly due to acclaimed health benefits. Processing can alter soybean sensory appeal, nutritive value and potentially affect consumer health. Rhizopus oligosporus was used to ferment soybean for 3 days. The tempeh flour (TF) was produced form tempeh while defatted tempeh flour (DTF) was then produced from TF by immersing in hexane solvent while soy protein isolate (SPI) was prepared from DTF by using alkali and acid followed by neutralization treatment. In this study, nutritional properties and amino acid content of tempeh, TF, DTF and SPI were determined. Therefore, the objective of this study is was to evaluate the effect of each treatment on the chemical composition and amino acid content for all the samples. The results showed that the nutritional properties (total ash, moisture, crude fat, total carbohydrate and crude fibre) were reduced significantly (p < 0.05) except for protein content. Protein content was significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 50.5% in SPI. For amino acid content, the results obtained showed that SPI contain highest amount of essential and non-essential amino acid followed by DTF, Tempeh and TF. Glutamic acid was found to be the highest amino acid component in all samples. The evaluation from the results showed that SPI can be considered as potential functional food ingredients.

Matched MeSH terms: Rhizopus
Fulltext Optimization of thermostable organic solvent-tolerant lipase production by thermotolerant Rhizopus sp. using solid-state fermentation of palm kernel cake

Riyadi FA, Alam MZ, Salleh MN, Salleh HM

3 Biotech, 2017 Oct;7(5):300.
PMID: 28884067 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0932-1

This study enhanced the production of thermostable organic solvent-tolerant (TS-OST) lipase by locally isolated thermotolerant Rhizopus sp. strain using solid-state fermentation (SSF) of palm kernel cake (PKC). The optimum conditions were achieved using a series of statistical approaches. The cultivation parameters, which include fermentation time, moisture content, temperature, pH, inoculum size, various carbon and nitrogen sources, as well as other supplements, were initially screened by the definitive screening design, and one-factor-at-a-time using PKC as the basal medium. Three significant factors (olive oil concentration, pH, and inoculum size) were further optimized using face-centred central composite design. The results indicated a successful and significant improvement of lipase activity by almost two-fold compared to the initial screening production. The findings showed that the optimal conditions were 2% (v/w) inoculum size, 2% (v/w) olive oil, 0.6% (w/w) peptone, 2% (v/w) ethanol, 70% moisture content at initial pH 10.0 and 45 °C within 72 h of fermentation. Process optimization resulted in maximum lipase activity of 58.63 U/gram dry solids (gds). The analysis of variance showed that the statistical model was significant (p value <0.0001) and reliable with a high value of R2 (0.98) and adjusted R2 (0.96). This indicates a better correlation between the actual and predicted responses of lipase production. By considering this study, the low-cost PKC through SSF appears to be promising in the utilization of agro-industrial waste for TS-OST lipase production. This is because satisfactory enzyme activity could be attained that promises industrial applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Rhizopus
Preparation of durian skin nanofibre (DSNF) and its effect on the properties of polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites

Nur Aimi M, Anuar H, Maizirwan M, Sapuan S, Wahit M, Zakaria S

Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:1551-1559.

Biological fermentation of Rhizopus oryzae was introduced to extract cellulose nanofibre from durian skin fibre (DSF).
The diameter of the extracted durian skin nanofibre (DSNF) was in the range of 49-81 nm. The changes of chemical
composition of DSNF were clearly seen after evaluated via TAPPI standard test methods. Verification via Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) confirmed the deduction of hemicelluloses and lignin in DSNF in the range of 1200 to 1000 cm-1. X-ray
diffraction (XRD) demonstrated increment in the crystallinity from 58.3 to 72.2% after biological fermentation. DSNF was
then incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA) via extrusion and injection moulding processes. The effect of 1-5 wt. % DSNF
content on PLA biocomposites was investigated for its mechanical and thermal properties. The presence of only 1 wt. %
improved the tensile and impact strength by 14.1 MPa and 33.1 kJ/m2
, respectively. The thermal properties of PLA-1DSNF
biocomposite also recorded higher thermal stability, glass transition temperature (Tg
), crystallization temperature (Tc
)
and melting temperature (Tm). Additionally, from the DMA, it was determined that PLA-1DSNF possessed lower storage
modulus and loss modulus, as well as low energy dissipation.

Matched MeSH terms: Rhizopus