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Thyroglobulin determination on silane-antibody functionalized interdigitated dielectrode surface to diagnose thyroid tumor

Wang Y, Sun X, Gopinath SCB, Saheed MSM, Wang X

Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2022 Feb;69(1):376-382.
PMID: 33538049 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2116

Thyroid cancer appears in endocrine glands and specific to thyroid glands has been reported widely. This work was targeted to identify and quantify thyroglobulin by using antithyroglobulin antibody complexed silane surface on interdigitated electrode (IDE) sensing surface. (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane linker was used to make silane-coupling with antibody and attached on the hydroxylated IDE. This electroanalytical IDE revealed the dose-dependent responses with thyroglobulin concentrations. By getting increments with the thyroglobulin concentrations, the current responses were enhanced concomitantly and the thyroglobulin detection limit was noted as 1 pM on the linear curve [y = 0.1311x + 0.5386; R² = 0.9707] with the sensitivity at lower picomolar range. Moreover, the control experiments with thyroid peroxidase and nonimmune antibody cannot yield any response of current, confirming the specific detection of thyroglobulin. This research set-up is useful to determine and quantify the thyroglobulin and diagnose thyroid cancer.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroglobulin*
Enzyme immunoassay for simultaneous measurement of autoantibodies against thyroglobulin and thyroid microsome in serum

Ng ML, Rajna A, Khalid BA

Clin Chem, 1987 Dec;33(12):2286-8.
PMID: 3690847

A combined enzyme immunoassay (micro-ELISA) technique was established for measuring autoantibodies against thyroglobulin and thyroid microsome, involving the immuno-dot blot technique. Thyroglobulin and thyroid microsome antigens (1 g/L each) prepared from normal thyroids were spotted separately onto nitrocellulose membrane filter discs. Results by this method and those by immunofluorescence correlated well. The percentages of confirmed positives were 30% and 48% and the negatives were 58% and 46% (n = 50) for thyroglobulin and microsome, respectively. Testing these samples by gelatin agglutination gave a high percentage of false positives (up to 20%, n = 128) and hemagglutination testing yielded a high percentage of false negatives (up to 20%, n = 45). The titer of autoantibodies by the micro-ELISA technique was greater than by agglutination. This technique is highly specific and sensitive.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroglobulin/immunology*
Fulltext Clinical use of PET/CT in thyroid cancer diagnosis and management

Sundram F

Biomed Imaging Interv J, 2006 Oct;2(4):e56.
PMID: 21614336 MyJurnal DOI: 10.2349/biij.2.4.e56

The incidence of thyroid cancer is low, but when it occurs, it is mainly of the papillary histopathological type. Although PET/CT has a limited role in the diagnosis, it plays a significant role in the overall post-surgery management of a patient with thyroid cancer. This follow-up role is important, especially in patients with elevated serum thyroglobulin, but negative radioiodine whole body scans. There is increasing evidence that PET/CT should be a part of routine care in the Tg positive Radioiodine scan negative patient.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroglobulin
Incidental Finding of Endometrioid Adenocarcinoma of the Ovary on 131I Whole-Body Scan

Mohd Rohani MF, Amir Hassan SZ

Clin Nucl Med, 2022 Jan 01;47(1):e20-e22.
PMID: 34028418 DOI: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000003698

A 57-year-old woman was referred for radioactive iodine therapy 12 weeks after completion thyroidectomy and left modified radical neck dissection for pT2N1Mx follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinoma. After 4 weeks of l-thyroxine withdrawal, stimulated serum thyroglobulin level was less than 0.1 ng/mL with positive thyroglobulin antibody. Posttherapy 131I scintigraphy with SPECT/CT of the head and abdominopelvic region showed thyroid residual in the neck, occipital bone metastasis, and heterogenous tracer uptake in a large peritoneal mass, likely arising from the left ovary. Left salpingo-oophorectomy was performed, and histopathologic examination revealed endometrioid carcinoma of left ovary.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroglobulin
Treatment of chronic urticaria with thyroxine in an euthyroid patient with thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies

Koh CK, Hew FL, Chiu CL

Ann Acad Med Singap, 2000 Jul;29(4):528-30.
PMID: 11056786

INTRODUCTION: The association of chronic urticaria and thyroid autoimmunity is not well recognised and the potential use of thyroxine in the treatment of chronic urticaria in patients with thyroid autoimmunity is even less well known.
CLINICAL PICTURE: We report a case of chronic urticaria in an euthyroid patient with evidence of significantly elevated levels of thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies.
TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Treatment with thyroxine has brought about clinical remission of the chronic urticaria but no change in the thyroid antibody levels could be demonstrated.
CONCLUSION: Patients with chronic urticaria should be screened for evidence of thyroid autoimmunity. A closely monitored trial of thyroxine therapy for those who have thyroid autoimmunity can be rewarding.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroglobulin/immunology*
Thyroid autoantibodies and associated complications during pregnancy

Nor Azlin MI, Bakin YD, Mustafa N, Wahab NA, Johari MJ, Kamarudin NA, et al.

J Obstet Gynaecol, 2010;30(7):675-8.
PMID: 20925608 DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2010.503908

This study was undertaken to determine the presence of thyroid autoantibodies and associated pregnancy complications from 49 pregnant women with thyroid disease. There were 31 (63%) women with Graves' disease (GD) and 18 (37%) with primary hypothyroidism (PHT). A total of 26 (53.1%) women, 19 (61%) with GD and seven (39%) with PHT, had positive antibodies. Six had thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO), one with thyroglobulin antibody (TG) and eight had TSH receptor antibodies (TR). Two had a mixture of antibodies involving TG/TPO (one GD vs one PHT), four with TG/TPO/TR (all had GD) and five with TPO/TR (four with GD vs one with PHT). There were associations in women with positive thyroid antibodies and pre-eclampsia (15.4%), abruptio placenta (4%), caesarean deliveries (31%), postpartum thyroiditis (19.2%) and abnormal neonatal thyroid function (15.4%). Women with positive thyroid antibodies in pregnancy need close care during and after pregnancy, as they can develop complications affecting both mother and fetus.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroglobulin/immunology
High prevalence of thyroid function test abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia

Othman SS, Abdul Kadir K, Hassan J, Hong GK, Singh BB, Raman N

Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 1994 Dec;28(4):620-4.
PMID: 7794205

The thyroid status of 249 patients with chronic schizophrenia (males = 136, females = 113) with a median age of 36 years (range: 16 to 58 years) and a median duration of hospitalisation of 10 years (range: 1 to 30 years) was assessed. Thyroid antibodies (TAb) were found in 51 patients (20%). In female patients, 32 (28%) were TAb positive compared to 13% (n = 152, p = 0.01) in healthy female blood donors. In male patients, the prevalence of TAb was 14% compared to 7% (n = 449, p = 0.01) in healthy male blood donors. Of the 183 patients who had thyroid hormone measurements, 60% had normal test, 5% had elevated TSH and 17% had low TSH. The T4, FT41 and FT31 were significantly lower in those with low or high TSH (p < 0.001) compared to those with normal TSH. Of the 143 patients with normal TSH, 33 (23%) had low T3. In conclusion, there is a spectrum of thyroid function test abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia; this may be related to an abnormality in the central regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary thyroid axis as well as at the peripheral level. However the association between chronic schizophrenia and the presence of thyroid antibodies, and the clinical relevance of these biochemical abnormalities, are still not clear.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroglobulin/immunology
Intrathyroidal oxyphilic parathyroid carcinoma: A potential diagnostic caveat in cytology?

Wong YP, Sharifah NA, Tan GC, Gill AJ, Ali SZ

Diagn Cytopathol, 2016 May 26.
PMID: 27229757 DOI: 10.1002/dc.23493

Oxyphilic (oncocytic) parathyroid lesions are very uncommon and their cytological features are rarely described. Due to the similarities in anatomical location and indistinguishable cytomorphological features, these lesions are easily confused with neoplastic and non-neoplastic thyroid lesions on fine needle aspiration (FNA). The diagnosis becomes more challenging in cases of unusual intrathyroidal location of the parathyroid lesions in the absence of clinical evidence of hyperparathyroidism, which simulate thyroid nodules clinically. We describe a case of intrathyroidal oxyphilic parathyroid carcinoma in a 66-year-old female, who presented with a dominant left "thyroid" nodule. FNA smears were cellular, comprising predominantly of oxyphilic cells arranged in papillary-like architecture with occasional nuclear grooves, which was mistaken for oncocytic variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. The histological diagnosis of oxyphilic parathyroid "adenoma" was made following total thyroidectomy. The tumor, unfortunately, recurred 7 years later with associated multiple lung metastases. When dealing with thyroid lesions comprising predominantly of oncocytic cells, one should consider oxyphilic parathyroid neoplasms as one of the differential diagnosis. In difficult equivocal cases, a panel of immunocytochemical stains (PTH, GATA3, TTF-1, PAX8, and thyroglobulin) can be helpful. In addition, a combination of valuable clinical, radiological, and laboratory data, including serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels are key to arriving at an accurate cytological diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroglobulin
Concurrent Benign Iodine-Avid Thymic and Liver Cysts Mimicking Metastatic Disease on 131I Whole-Body Scintigraphy

Kamarulzaman K, Mohd Rohani MF, Mat Nawi N, Amir Hassan SZ

Clin Nucl Med, 2024 Mar 01;49(3):250-252.
PMID: 38306377 DOI: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000005037

A 57-year-old woman received radioiodine therapy post total thyroidectomy for pT3aNxMx follicular thyroid carcinoma. Posttherapy 131I whole-body scan showed 131I concentration in the chest, mediastinum, and left upper thigh with stimulated thyroglobulin (Tg) of 89 μg/L. Subsequent radioiodine therapies showed persistent 131I accumulation in the anterior mediastinal soft tissue lesions and a hypodense segment VII liver lesion visualized on SPECT/CT, suggestive of iodine-avid metastatic disease despite the undetectable serum Tg (<1.0 μg/L) with no Tg antibody interference. Biopsy of the liver lesion revealed liver cyst, and consequent removal of the mediastinal lesions showed benign thymic cysts.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroglobulin
Clinical determinants of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in differentiated thyroid cancer patients with elevated thyroglobulin and negative (131)iodine whole body scans after (131)iodine therapy

Shamim SE, Nang LB, Shuaib IL, Muhamad NA

Malays J Med Sci, 2014 May;21(3):38-46.
PMID: 25246834

A cross-sectional prospective study has been conducted on differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients using negative (131)Iodine ((131)I) whole body scans and elevated thyroglobulin (Tg) levels. The main objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of the conversion of differentiated to dedifferentiated thyroid cancer patients during follow up at the Hospital Kuala Lumpur. It has been demonstrated that fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake is inversely proportional to the iodine concentration and to differentiation of the cells.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroglobulin
Side population cells in anaplastic thyroid cancer and normal thyroid

Mahkamova K, Latar NM, Aspinall S, Meeson A

Exp Cell Res, 2019 01 01;374(1):104-113.
PMID: 30465733 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.11.012

Comparison of studies of cells derived from normal and pathological tissues of the same organ can be fraught with difficulties, particular with cancer where a number of different diseases are considered cancer within the same tissue. In the thyroid, there are 4 main types of cancer, three of which arise from follicular epithelial cells; papillary and follicular which are classified as differentiated, and anaplastic which is classified as undifferentiated. One assay that can be utilised for isolation of cancer stem cells is the side population (SP) assay. However, SP studies have been limited in part due to lack of optimal isolation strategies and in the case of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) are further compounded by lack of access to ATC tumors. We have used thyroid cell lines to determine the optimal conditions to isolate viable SP cells. We then compared SP cells and NSP cells (bulk tumour cells without the SP) of a normal thyroid cell line N-thy ori-3-1 and an anaplastic thyroid cancer cell line SW1736 and showed that both SP cell populations displayed higher levels of stem cell characteristics than the NSP. When we compared SP cells of the N-thy ori-3-1 and the SW1736, the SW1736 SP had a higher colony forming potential, expressed higher levels of stem cell markers and CXCR4 and where more migratory and invasive, invasiveness increasing in response to CXCL12. This is the first report showing functional differences between ATC SP and normal thyroid SP and could lead to the identification of new therapeutic targets to treat ATC.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroglobulin/metabolism