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  1. Fulltext Idiopathic portal hypertension associated with autoimmune thyroiditis
    Azian M, Goh KL
    Med J Malaysia, 1993 Dec;48(4):443-5.
    PMID: 8183170
    We report a case of idiopathic portal hypertension (IPH) in association with autoimmune thyroiditis occurring in a 39 year old woman. Ultrasonography revealed a normal liver echotexture. Spleno-portogram confirmed portal hypertension and liver biopsy showed features in keeping with IPH. She was also found to be biochemically hypothyroid with markedly elevated thyroid autoantibodies. These findings may suggest an autoimmune link in the pathogenesis of IPH.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/complications*
  2. Fulltext Painful thyroiditis in postpartum period
    Sakinah SO, Sharifah NA, Yusoff K
    Med J Malaysia, 1993 Mar;48(1):83-5.
    PMID: 8341177
    Destructive thyroiditis commonly occurs during the postpartum period, with a prevalence rate of 5% to 16%, and is mainly due to postpartum autoimmune thyroiditis (PPT) and, very rarely, to subacute thyroiditis. The thyroiditis is similar to Hashimoto's thyroiditis and is generally painless in nature, although cases with painful thyroiditis have been described. We report a case of painful destructive thyroiditis occurring during the postpartum period, which was clinically and biochemically indistinguishable from the variant of painful PPT or subacute thyroiditis. Fine needle aspiration cytology showed multi-nucleated giant cells diagnostic of subacute thyroiditis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/diagnosis*; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/pathology; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/physiopathology
  3. Treatment of chronic urticaria with thyroxine in an euthyroid patient with thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies
    Koh CK, Hew FL, Chiu CL
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 2000 Jul;29(4):528-30.
    PMID: 11056786
    INTRODUCTION: The association of chronic urticaria and thyroid autoimmunity is not well recognised and the potential use of thyroxine in the treatment of chronic urticaria in patients with thyroid autoimmunity is even less well known.

    CLINICAL PICTURE: We report a case of chronic urticaria in an euthyroid patient with evidence of significantly elevated levels of thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies.

    TREATMENT AND OUTCOME: Treatment with thyroxine has brought about clinical remission of the chronic urticaria but no change in the thyroid antibody levels could be demonstrated.

    CONCLUSION: Patients with chronic urticaria should be screened for evidence of thyroid autoimmunity. A closely monitored trial of thyroxine therapy for those who have thyroid autoimmunity can be rewarding.

    Matched MeSH terms: Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/blood; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/complications*; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/drug therapy*; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/immunology
  4. Fulltext Autoimmune thyroid disease in a cohort of Malaysian SLE patients: frequency, clinical and immunological associations
    Ong SG, Choy CH
    Lupus, 2016 Jan;25(1):67-74.
    PMID: 26113361 DOI: 10.1177/0961203315593164
    Autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) has been associated with other systemic autoimmune diseases. To date, there is limited data on thyroid disorders and autoimmune thyroid disease in Malaysia. The frequency of ATD among 189 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients was 6.3%, with 2.6% in the hyperthyroid group and 3.7% in the hypothyroid group. Hypothyroidism developed at a much younger mean age (24.3 years), suggesting that SLE might be a predisposing factor for the development of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. There was a higher rate of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO) positivity compared with anti-thyroglobulin antibody (Tg) in the hyperthyroid subgroup. This study also demonstrated a greater proportion of ATD patients who demonstrated high titres (≥ 1:6400) of TPO compared with high titres of Tg. Although there was an association between ATD and the presence of anti-Ro/SSA and/or anti-La/SSB antibodies, the absence of sicca symptoms and negative Schirmer's tests suggest a lack of association with secondary Sjogren's syndrome. A novel association between ATD and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) was detected in our cohort. Hence we propose that patients affected by APS be routinely screened for ATD.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thyroiditis, Autoimmune*
  5. High prevalence of thyroid function test abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia
    Othman SS, Abdul Kadir K, Hassan J, Hong GK, Singh BB, Raman N
    Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 1994 Dec;28(4):620-4.
    PMID: 7794205
    The thyroid status of 249 patients with chronic schizophrenia (males = 136, females = 113) with a median age of 36 years (range: 16 to 58 years) and a median duration of hospitalisation of 10 years (range: 1 to 30 years) was assessed. Thyroid antibodies (TAb) were found in 51 patients (20%). In female patients, 32 (28%) were TAb positive compared to 13% (n = 152, p = 0.01) in healthy female blood donors. In male patients, the prevalence of TAb was 14% compared to 7% (n = 449, p = 0.01) in healthy male blood donors. Of the 183 patients who had thyroid hormone measurements, 60% had normal test, 5% had elevated TSH and 17% had low TSH. The T4, FT41 and FT31 were significantly lower in those with low or high TSH (p < 0.001) compared to those with normal TSH. Of the 143 patients with normal TSH, 33 (23%) had low T3. In conclusion, there is a spectrum of thyroid function test abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia; this may be related to an abnormality in the central regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary thyroid axis as well as at the peripheral level. However the association between chronic schizophrenia and the presence of thyroid antibodies, and the clinical relevance of these biochemical abnormalities, are still not clear.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/diagnosis; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/physiopathology; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/psychology
  6. Usefulness and limitations of thyrotropin measurements as a first-line test for follow-up of Graves' patients
    Ng ML, Tan TT, Roslan BA, Rajna A, Khalid BA
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 1993 Jul;22(4):569-72.
    PMID: 7504901
    We evaluated the usefulness of sensitive thyrotrophin hormone (TSH) measurements in determining the thyroid status in the follow-up of Graves' patients undergoing medical treatment with thionamides. Out of a total of 186 serum samples tested, TSH levels were suppressed in 123 (66.1%), normal in 32 (17.2%) and elevated in 31 (16.7%) cases. Total T4, or T3 or both were elevated only in 97 (74.8%) cases of TSH-suppressed patients, indicating that TSH is less discriminatory as a first-line test for patients under treatment due to the hypothalamic-pituitary lag period. No comparisons with free T4 or free T3 were done in this study. Both total T4 (120 +/- 28 nmol/l) and TBII (23 +/- 21%) levels were significantly greater (p < 0.02) in the euthyroid group with suppressed TSH. This may suggest that persistence of a thyrotoxic state may still be present.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/diagnosis; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/drug therapy; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/immunology
  7. Fulltext Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a rare cause for rhinosinusitis
    Jeevanan J, Gendeh BS, Satpal S
    Med J Malaysia, 2004 Aug;59(3):428-30.
    PMID: 15727394
    Rhinosinusitis is a common disorder with various etiological factors. In our clinical practice allergy seems to be a predominant cause followed by other less common causes like infection, drugs and aspirin hypersensitivity. We present a case of chronic rhinosinusitis secondary to hypothyroidism. Although hormonal causes like hypothyroidism have been proven to cause nasal congestion and rhinosinusitis, this is the first reported case of chronic rhinosinusitis in Hashimoto's thyroiditis in our center. This is a diagnosis of exclusion for chronic rhinosinusitis not responding to optimal medical therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/complications*
  8. Autoimmune antithyroid antibodies with special reference to their presence in human patients in Singapore
    STEIN J, STEIN B, YU M, CHEE M, CHEW BK
    Med J Malaysia, 1963 Dec;18:116-21.
    PMID: 14117279
    Matched MeSH terms: Thyroiditis, Autoimmune*
  9. Fulltext Subclinical hypothyroidism among patients with depressive disorders
    Siti Yazmin Zahari Sham, Nor Aini Umar, Zarida Hambali, Rosdinom Razali, Mohd Rizal Abdul Manaf
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2014;10(2):71-78.
    MyJurnal
    Subclinical hypothyroidism (SHT) is a biochemical diagnosis, defined as an elevated Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) with normal free thyroxine (FT4). It affects 4-10% of the adult population and is more prevalent in elderly women. Its commonest cause is autoimmune thyroiditis, detected by anti- thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab). About 2-5% of SHT patients progress to overt hypothyroidism annually. The SHT prevalence among depressed patients ranges between 3% and 17%. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of SHT and TPO-Ab positivity among patients diagnosed with depressive disorders. It was a cross-sectional study carried out in the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre over a 12 months period. Serum TSH, FT4 and TPO-Ab were measured. Results showed that 82% of depressed patients were euthyroid, 4% had SHT, 11% had subclinical hyperthyroidism and 2% had discordant thyroid function. TPO-Ab positivity among the subjects was 7%, one of whom had SHT. In conclusion, the prevalence of SHT and TPO-Ab positivity in the study population, at 4% and 7%, respectively, were comparable to previous findings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thyroiditis, Autoimmune
  10. Fulltext Autoimmune Thyroiditis as Initial Presentation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Complicated by Massive Ascites: A Case Report
    Abdullah NRA, Akbar RZA
    J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc, 2017;32(1):50-53.
    PMID: 33442085 DOI: 10.15605/jafes.032.01.09
    Autoimmune thyroiditis in the course of other autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is common because these disorders are attributed to the production of autoantibodies against various autoantigens. Beyond this association, autoimmune thyroiditis can occur before, during or after the development of SLE. In this report, we describe a female who presented with facial puffiness, lethargy and progressive abdominal distension. She was diagnosed with autoimmune thyroiditis followed by the diagnosis of SLE complicated by a massive ascites, a rare form of lupus peritonitis, which is sterile ascites that results from severe serositis. Her presentation was complex and posed a diagnostic challenge and dilemma to the physicians involved in her care.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thyroiditis, Autoimmune
  11. Racial disparity in the prevalence of thyroid disorder during pregnancy
    Sakinah SO, Khalid BA, Aishah AB
    Ann Acad Med Singap, 1993 Jul;22(4):563-6.
    PMID: 8257059
    A study to determine the prevalence of goitre and abnormal thyroid status during pregnancy in Malaysian women was conducted. Two hundred and three women (Malay = 85, Chinese = 47 and Indian = 71) in the third trimester and with no known thyroid disease were studied. There was a marked racial disparity in the prevalence of goitre: Indian 61%, Malay 28% and Chinese 29% (p = 0.001). The serum thyrotropic hormone (TSH) was significantly higher in Indians (median: 1.36 uIU/ml) compared to Malays (1.14 uIU/ml, p = 0.009). The serum albumin was also significantly lower in Indians (mean +/- sd; 36.12 +/- 3.9 mmol/l) compared to Malays (39.3 +/- 4.8 mmol/l) or Chinese (39.1 +/- 5.2) (p < 0.001). Thyroid antibody was detected in 14.6% of these women with no significant racial difference in its prevalence. Three women were found to be thyrotoxic but none were hypothyroid. This study found a high prevalence of goitre among the pregnant Indian women, probably related to the protein malnutrition state. The high prevalence of positive thyroid antibody in our population indicates that a high percentage of women are at risk of developing postpartum thyroiditis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/blood; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/diagnosis; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/epidemiology
  12. Fulltext Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome presenting with jaundice and thrombocytopenia
    Norasyikin AW, Rozita M, Mohd Johan MJ, Suehazlyn Z
    Med Princ Pract, 2014;23(4):387-9.
    PMID: 24401542 DOI: 10.1159/000357645
    OBJECTIVE: To report an uncommon presentation of a rare case of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type IIIb in an elderly woman.
    CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND INTERVENTION: A 62-year-old woman presented with anaemic symptoms and jaundice. Blood tests showed macrocytic anaemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency with Coombs negative haemolysis. A thyroid function test was consistent with hypothyroidism. Autoimmune antibody assays were positive for anti-parietal cell, anti-intrinsic factor and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies. A final diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis with pernicious anaemia, which constituted autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type IIIb, was made and the patient was treated with L-thyroxine, vitamin B12 injection and a blood transfusion. She was discharged uneventfully after a week of hospitalization.
    CONCLUSION: This case showed that the presence of one autoimmune endocrine disease should prompt clinicians to look for other coexisting autoimmune diseases which may be asymptomatic despite positive autoantibodies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thyroiditis, Autoimmune
  13. Fulltext An association of myasthenia gravis with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in a patient with a multinodular goitre
    Mohamed N, Mohd Zin F, Mohd Yusoff SS
    Malays Fam Physician, 2017;12(2):29-31.
    PMID: 29423128
    Introduction: The association of myasthenia gravis (MG) with other autoimmune diseases including autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) is well recognised, although rare. The occurrence of both diseases can occur in two ways: either disease preceding the other, or concurrently. The presentation of MG in association with ATD can range from ocular to generalised disease.

    Case Summary: A 26-year-old Malay female with persistent hyperthyroidism secondary to Hashimoto's thyroiditis in multinodular goitre was diagnosed with generalised MG after 2 years. She presented with right eye ptosis (ocular) and difficulty in swallowing and chewing (bulbar). The diagnosis of MG was confirmed by fatigability testing, electromyography and the presence of AChR antibodies. Her symptoms showed improvement with pyridostigmine (Mestinon) 60 mg 6-hourly. Her antithyroid drug was tapered down according to her thyroid function test. Throughout a year of follow-ups, her hyperthyroidism and fatigability symptoms improved with treatment. She was later counselled for total thyroidectomy and thymectomy.

    Conclusion: Myasthenia gravis and hyperthyroidism may present with similar symptoms such as dysphagia due to neuromuscular weakness or fatigue. When the diseases occur together, one of the diagnoses may be missed. Therefore, the occurrence of new symptoms in a patient with underlying ATD should should trigger the early identification of other autoimmune diseases by primary care doctors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thyroiditis, Autoimmune
  14. Fulltext Post-hemithyroidectomy hypothyroidism in non autoimmune thyroiditis patients: Incidence, risk factors and duration of follow up
    Chong SS, Hoh SY, Huang SM
    Asian J Surg, 2019 Nov;42(11):957-962.
    PMID: 30987945 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2019.01.015
    BACKGROUND: Hemithyroidectomy has a known but less predictable sequelae of hypothyroidism. Presence of anti-thyroid antibody is known, well studied risk factor. Other postulated risk factors include higher pre-operative TSH level and lower ratio of post-operative thyroid remnant to the patient's weight. We reviewed our data to address the above mentioned risk factors.

    METHOD: This was a retrospective study done in National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan from 2015 to 2017. 125 patients underwent hemithyroidectomy, but 24 patients were excluded due to autoimmune thyroiditis, which was determined as the exclusion criteria. Standard panel of blood investigations were taken in each clinic visit before and after operation. A neck ultrasound was done 2 months post-operatively to assess the thyroid remnant. Chi-square test was used for categorical data analysis. Independent student t-test was used for continuous data with parametric distribution and Mann-Whitney U test for non parametric data. p 2.0 uIU/mL was a risk factor as Chi square test showed p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Thyroiditis, Autoimmune
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