Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 547 in total

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  1. Optimization of keratinase production by Bacillus cereus HD1 using feather waste and its laboratory scale validation in bioreactor with oxygen and carbon supplementation
    Sim KL, Mohamed MS, Sabri S, Phang LY
    Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 2026;56(10):1902-1914.
    PMID: 41838888 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2026.2640059
    The global expansion of chicken meat production has generated substantial feather waste, representing 5-7% of total body weight. Conventional disposal methods such as landfilling and open dumping, raise environmental concerns because feathers contain recalcitrant keratin. Nevertheless, chicken feathers are an inexpensive substrate for keratinase production, an enzyme with diverse industrial applications. Most previous studies optimized keratinase in shake flasks, with limited validation in controlled bioreactors. This study optimized keratinase production from Bacillus cereus HD1 using chicken feathers in 250 mL flasks, then validated the process in a 2 L bioreactor under controlled dissolved oxygen (DO). Optimal flask conditions were pH 8, 37 °C, 1% substrate, 0.5 g/L sucrose, and 10% inoculum. Sucrose supplementation enhanced growth and minimized substrate inhibition. During scale-up, maintaining 30% DO yielded the highest keratinase activity of 30 U/mL, exceeding flask production. Controlled aeration improved biomass formation and enzyme synthesis compared with lower or higher oxygen levels. The optimized bioreactor system enhances productivity and offers a sustainable approach for feather waste valorization, reducing pollution and supporting circular bioeconomy strategies aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. These findings demonstrate the importance of oxygen regulation for efficient industrial bioprocess development and scalable keratinase production from agroindustrial residues at a commercial scale.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chickens
  2. Chicken feather valorization by thermal alkaline pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis for protein-rich hydrolysate production
    Cheong CW, Lee YS, Ahmad SA, Ooi PT, Phang LY
    Waste Manag, 2018 Sep;79:658-666.
    PMID: 30343798 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.029
    A huge amount of feathers is generated as a waste every year. Feathers can be a protein source if it is treated with an appropriate method. The present study investigates feasibility of autoclave alkaline and microwave alkaline pretreatments to be combined with enzymatic treatment for feather solubilization and protein production. Hydrolysis of chicken feather by autoclave alkaline pretreatment followed by an enzymatic method (AAS) or microwave alkaline pretreatment followed by an enzymatic method (MAS) was optimized by response surface methodology. Various NaOH concentrations for autoclave alkaline pretreatment (0.01-0.1 M) and microwave-alkaline pretreatment (0.01-0.05 M) were applied. The holding time for both pretreatments ranged from 1 to 10 min. The pretreated feathers were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using a commercial enzyme prior to analysis of protein content, feather solubilization, functional groups, and elemental composition (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur) of the treated feathers. The results revealed that both autoclave alkaline pretreatment and microwave alkaline pretreatment under optimized conditions of 0.068 M NaOH, 2 min holding time, 105 °C and 450 W, 0.05 M NaOH for 10 min, respectively, enhanced the subsequent Savinase hydrolysis of chicken feathers to achieve more than 80% degradation and more than 70% protein recovery. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that both thermal-alkaline pretreatments weakened the structure of the feather. Reduction of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur occurred in both thermal-alkaline pretreatments of feathers indicating degradation of the feather as well as protein release. Thermal-alkaline pretreatment may be a promising method for enhancing the enzymatic hydrolysis of chicken feathers and for producing a protein-rich hydrolysate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chickens*
  3. Do different vaccination regimes affect the growth performance, immune status, carcase characteristics and meat quality of broilers?
    Chung ELT, Alghirani MM, Kamalludin MH, Nayan N, Jesse FFA, Wei OTA, et al.
    Br Poult Sci, 2021 Feb;62(1):32-37.
    PMID: 32875813 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1817327
    1. A vaccination regime is a schedule for the administration of vaccines which may vary according to country or even by farm. This study aimed to measure the production and health performance of broilers treated with different vaccination regimes. 2. A total of 108 Cobb 500 broiler birds were randomly divided into three treatment groups, with six replicates consisting of six birds per replicate. Each treatment group was administered with different vaccination regimes against Newcastle Disease (ND), Infectious Bronchitis (IB) and Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD). Treatment 1 (T1) broilers were vaccinated against ND+IB and IBD on days 7 and 14 of age, respectively (control); Treatment 2 (T2) broilers were vaccinated against ND+IB on days 3 and 7 of age, and IBD on day 14; and Treatment 3 (T3) broilers were vaccinated against ND+IB on days 7 and 21 and IBD on day 14. Throughout the 42-day study period, data and samples were collected to determine the growth performance, immune status, carcase characteristics and meat quality. 3. There were significant differences (P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Chickens*
  4. Fulltext Functional prediction of de novo uni-genes from chicken transcriptomic data following infectious bursal disease virus at 3-days post-infection
    Azli B, Ravi S, Hair-Bejo M, Omar AR, Ideris A, Mat Isa N
    BMC Genomics, 2021 Jun 19;22(1):461.
    PMID: 34147086 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07690-3
    BACKGROUND: Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an economically very important issue to the poultry industry and it is one of the major threats to the nation's food security. The pathogen, a highly pathogenic strain of a very virulent IBD virus causes high mortality and immunosuppression in chickens. The importance of understanding the underlying genes that could combat this disease is now of global interest in order to control future outbreaks. We had looked at identified novel genes that could elucidate the pathogenicity of the virus following infection and at possible disease resistance genes present in chickens.

    RESULTS: A set of sequences retrieved from IBD virus-infected chickens that did not map to the chicken reference genome were de novo assembled, clustered and analysed. From six inbred chicken lines, we managed to assemble 10,828 uni-transcripts and screened 618 uni-transcripts which were the most significant sequences to known genes, as determined by BLASTX searches. Based on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis, 12 commonly upregulated and 18 downregulated uni-genes present in all six inbred lines were identified with false discovery rate of q-value

    Matched MeSH terms: Chickens/genetics
  5. Mesoporous SO42- / kit-6-catalyzed hydrocracking of waste chicken oil
    Shanmuganathan R, Sharma A, Alshehri MA, Kamarudin SK, Arivalagan P
    Environ Res, 2024 Oct 01;258:119482.
    PMID: 38914252 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119482
    In this study, we studied the hydrocracking of waste chicken oil (WCO) catalyzed by mesoporous SO42-/KIT-6. The study included WCO extraction, SO42-/KIT-6 catalyst synthesis, hydrocracking, and catalytic characterization. XRD patterns revealed intense peaks in the low-angle region, with shoulder peaks showing an increase in sulphate loading from 10% to 30%. The BET-specific surface area for the pure KIT-6 supports measured at 1003 m2/g, indicative of a well-defined mesoporous structure. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed a two-stage weight loss, attributed to the elimination of hydrated water (about 200 °C) and decomposition of sulphate ions (400-450 °C). SEM analysis highlighted the surface morphology of the active SK-2 catalyst. Hydrocatalytic and catalytic cracking reactions were performed, and about 99.8% conversion was achieved with 20 mL/H H2 flow, whereas higher production of bioliquids was observed at a flow of 15 mL/h. The hydrocracking mechanism was also studied to understand the formation of lower hydrocarbons. GC analyses of simulated distilled gasoline, kerosene, and diesel showed diverse hydrocarbon compositions. For engine testing, non-hydrocracked fuel rose to 28 kW at 3000 rpm and declined to 21 kW at 3500 rpm. Emission analysis revealed decreasing trends in NOX emissions of hydrogen-rich blends, with values of 65 ppm, 54 ppm, and 48 ppm for petrol, NHBL, and HBL, respectively. Similarly, SO2 emissions reduced from petrol to NHBL and HBL at 910 ppm, 800 ppm, and 600 ppm, respectively, suggesting reduced environmental impact. CO emissions exhibited a substantial reduction in NHBL (0.90%) and HBL (0.54%) compared to petrol (2.70%), emphasizing the cleaner combustion characteristics. Our results provide a comprehensive exploration of waste chicken oil hydrocracking, emphasizing catalyst synthesis, fuel characterization, engine performance, and environmental impact, thereby contributing valuable insights to the field of sustainable bioenergy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chickens*
  6. Whole-Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strain UPM 260, Isolated from a Broiler Chicken in Perak, Malaysia
    Roslan NS, Jabeen S, Mat Isa N, Omar AR, Bejo MH, Ideris A
    Genome Announc, 2017 Nov 16;5(46).
    PMID: 29146857 DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.01272-17
    Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium is one of several well-categorized Salmonella serotypes recognized globally. Here, we report the whole-genome sequence of S Typhimurium strain UPM 260, isolated from a broiler chicken.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chickens
  7. Growth performance, intestinal microbial populations, and serum cholesterol of broilers fed diets containing Lactobacillus cultures
    Jin LZ, Ho YW, Abdullah N, Jalaludin S
    Poult Sci, 1998 Sep;77(9):1259-65.
    PMID: 9733111
    A study was conducted to determine the effects of adherent Lactobacillus culture on growth performance, intestinal microbial population, and serum cholesterol level of broilers. Four dietary treatments, consisting of the basal diet (control), basal diet + 0.05, 0.10, or 0.15% Lactobacillus culture (LC), were fed to 2,000 Arbor Acres broiler chicks from 1 to 42 d of age (DOA). The chicks were randomly assigned to 40 cages (50 chicks per cage, 10 cages per diet). The experimental period was 42 d. Body weights and feed to gain ratio were measured at 21 and 42 DOA. The intestinal microbial populations and serum cholesterol levels were determined at 10, 20, 30, and 40 DOA. The results showed that body weights and feed to gain ratios were improved significantly (P < 0.05) when compared to control broilers for broilers fed diets containing 0.05 or 0.10% LC, but not 0.15% LC, at 21 and 42 DOA. Coliform counts in the cecum of birds receiving 0.05% LC at 10, 20, and 30 DOA, and 0.10% at 10 and 20 DOA were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of the control birds. The total aerobes, total anaerobes, lactobacilli, and streptococci in the small intestines and ceca of the control birds were not significantly different from those of the treated groups. Serum cholesterol levels were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in broilers fed the three diets containing LC at 30 DOA, and in the birds fed 0.05 or 0.10% LC at 20 DOA.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chickens/blood; Chickens/growth & development*; Chickens/microbiology
  8. Fulltext Reply to C. Stewart's Letter to the Editor Re: Teoh SL et al., Nutrients 2016, 8, 57
    Teoh SL, Sudfangsai S, Lumbiganon P, Laopaiboon M, Lai NM, Chaiyakunapruk N
    Nutrients, 2016;8(4).
    PMID: 27104559 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040228
    In a recent systematic review and meta-analysis report (Nutrients 2016, 8, 57), we critically appraised and summarized current evidence to determine the effects of chicken essence in improving cognitive functions as well as its safety. [...].
    Matched MeSH terms: Chickens
  9. Assessing the comparative advantage of broiler production in Peninsular Malaysia using policy analysis matrix
    Benalywa ZA, Ismail MM, Shamsudin MN, Yusop Z
    Trop Anim Health Prod, 2019 Feb;51(2):321-327.
    PMID: 30112733 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1690-8
    Broiler meat is the largest and cheapest protein source in Malaysia. Using the policy analysis matrix (PAM), this study examines the comparative advantage of broiler production in Peninsular Malaysia. Three hundred and ten farms in Peninsular Malaysia were involved in a field survey. The results of the domestic resource cost (DRC) show that Malaysia has a comparative advantage in all scales of broiler production. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the changes in input prices have a significant effect on comparative advantage. Nonetheless, the industry should reduce its dependence on corn-based feed, which is expensive and has an unstable price, to increase competitiveness in further securing its comparative advantage.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chickens*
  10. Tanaisia fedtschenkoi from body cavity of Gallus gallus
    Sinniah B
    Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 1980 Sep;11(3):423.
    PMID: 7444591
    Matched MeSH terms: Chickens/parasitology*
  11. Fulltext Detrimental Effect of Tannin on Growth Performance, Visceras Weight and Blood Biochemistry in Broiler Chickens Reared Under Tropical Area
    Pertiwi H, Rochmy SE, Chwen LT
    Arch Razi Inst, 2023 Aug;78(4):1269-1275.
    PMID: 38226375 DOI: 10.32592/ARI.2023.78.4.1269
    Restriction of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in Indonesia reduces broiler production due to bacterial diseases. Some poultry farmers have attempted to replace AGP with phytogenic compounds, such as tannin as an in-feed additive. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the effects of tannin administration on the production performance, viscera weight, and lipoprotein levels of tropically-raised broiler chickens. Cobb Strain broiler chicks aged one day were used in an experiment with a completely random design, three treatments, and four replicate pens, each containing nine birds. Three dietary treatments were assigned to the birds: basal diet (negative control), basal diet+0.03% Zn Bacitracyn (positive control), and basal diet+0.05% tannin for the starter phase of 1-21 days and the grower phase of 22-42 days, respectively. Tannin supplementation significantly increased the feed conversion ratio in all phases relative to the control group. Tannin supplementation in the diet significantly reduced daily feed intake during the grower phase, final body weight, carcass weight, intestine weight, liver weight, and total visceral weight, compared to the control group. Tannin had lower levels of aspartate aminotransferase but higher levels of low-density lipoprotein and alanine aminotransferase. Tannin addition in broiler diets might not improve growth performance and health. Therefore, it is not suggested as a substitute for AGPs in broiler diets.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chickens*
  12. Perceptions, practices and drivers of antibiotic use among commercial broiler farmers in Northern Peninsular Malaysia
    Yusof YM, Hassan L, Rasdi RM, Sani NFA, Ramanoon SZ, Ahmad NI
    Prev Vet Med, 2026 Dec;257:107026.
    PMID: 42832958 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2026.107026
    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health threat, exacerbated by imprudent antimicrobial usage (AMU) in agriculture and livestock production. A qualitative study was conducted involving in-depth interviews with 22 commercial broiler farmers and farm managers in Northern Peninsular Malaysia. Data were analysed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis (RTA), informed by the Health Belief Model (HBM) framework to capture behavioural threats, perceived benefits, and operational cues to action. Analysis generated six overarching conceptual themes detailing the social and economic logic of on-farm AMU. Farmers reported using antibiotics for either treatment, prevention and/or growth promotion. Risky practices identified were prophylactic use of antibiotics in day-old chicks, use of multiple antibiotic combinations without veterinary prescription, and self-prescription of antibiotics based on personal experience. Analysis indicated business and commercial pressures on farms to achieve target bird weights within a short timeframe and concerns over the health and quality of day-old chicks and feed as drivers of antimicrobial use. The perceived flock susceptibility to disease, perceived benefits of antimicrobials for growth and prophylaxis, and high reliance on personal experience interact to shape daily farm practices. Findings underscore the need for targeted interventions, including mandatory veterinary oversight, routine farmer training on AMR, and improved enforcement of regulations to reduce unnecessary AMU in the poultry sector.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chickens*
  13. Prevalence of Salmonella in broilers at retail outlets, processing plants and farms in Malaysia
    Rusul G, Khair J, Radu S, Cheah CT, Yassin RM
    Int J Food Microbiol, 1996 Dec;33(2-3):183-94.
    PMID: 8930704
    A study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella among broilers retailed at wet-markets and processing plants. Litter and feed samples obtained from both broiler and breeder farms were also examined for Salmonella. A total of 158 out of 445 (35.5%) and 52 out of 104 (50.0%) broiler carcasses obtained from wet-markets and processing plants were contaminated with Salmonella, respectively. Salmonella was isolated from 14 out of 98 (14.3%) samples of intestinal content. Litter samples from broiler and breeder farms were positive for Salmonella, 8/40 (20%) and 2/10 (20%), respectively. Salmonella isolates (230) belonging to 15 different serovars were isolated. Predominant serovars were S. enteritidis, S. muenchen, S. kentucky and S. blockley.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chickens/microbiology*
  14. Genotype by environment interactions in laying hens based on relationship between breeding values of sires in temperate and tropical environments
    Mathur PK, Horst P
    Poult Sci, 1994 Dec;73(12):1777-84.
    PMID: 7877933
    This study was conducted to evaluate the significance of genotype by environment (G x E) interactions for tropical poultry breeding. Three environmental conditions were considered: controlled normal-temperature (20 +/- 2 C, CN) and controlled high-temperature (32 C, CH) housing in Germany as well as natural open tropical housing in Malaysia (22 to 34 C, TO). Eighty-four sires were considered as genotypes. Their 5,352 progeny were tested simultaneously over three environments. For each sire, its part breeding value (BV) was estimated within each environment for each performance trait. Correlations between these BV for a pair of environments were used to estimate the magnitude of G x E interactions and the degree of relationship between them to demonstrate their implications on breeding strategies. Differences between observed and expected genetic correlations of BV for body weight, egg weight, egg number, egg mass, feed intake, and production efficiency as a fraction of the expected correlation were 5.1, 4.0, 36.7, 36.5, 17.7, and 31.6%, respectively, suggesting greater significance of G x E interactions for reproduction and production efficiency. The relationships between BV over the three environments were linear for most of the traits studied, but the coefficients of determination were dependent upon the magnitude of interactions involved. Relative efficiencies of indirect selection in CN or CH for performance in TO were also very low.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chickens/genetics*
  15. Broiler runting/stunting syndrome in Malaysia
    Chooi KF, Chulan U
    Vet Rec, 1985 Mar 30;116(13):354.
    PMID: 4002545
    Matched MeSH terms: Chickens*
  16. Sequence analysis and molecular characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza H9N2 virus isolated from chickens in Sabah
    Shohaimi SA, Leow BL, Mohd Yusop FF, Sidik MR, Barker Z, Mohd Saeid FH
    Trop Biomed, 2024 Jun 01;41(2):183-189.
    PMID: 39154271 DOI: 10.47665/tb.41.2.008
    Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) subtype H9N2 is a causative agent that has raised increasing concern about its impact on poultry and potential public health threats. Even though H9N2 is endemic in Peninsular Malaysia, it was first reported in Sabah in August 2022, after an outbreak associated with high mortality in broiler chickens. In the present study, based on the hemagglutinin (HA) gene, we report the genetic variations and phylogenetic analysis of a H9N2 virus isolated from broiler chickens in Sabah. The sequence analysis of the HA gene revealed a 98% similarity to the H9N2 virus recently isolated from China in 2018. The amino acids in the HA cleavage site displayed a characteristic LPAI motif (PARSSR/ GLF). Notably, at position 226, the isolate had amino acid Leucine (L) demonstrating its ability to bind to the receptor of mammals, resulting in the potential risk of transmission to humans. In addition, the H9N2 isolate harboured seven potential N-glycosylation sites. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate belonged to clade h9.4.2.5 in the Y280 lineage, similar to previously reported in Malaysia. However, we observed that the isolate in this study falls in a different cluster compared with previous Malaysian isolates, suggesting different source of H9N2 introduction into the country. This prompts us to propose continuous and thorough surveillance of poultry across the country and the necessity of implementing farm biosecurity to minimize economic losses and potential threats to public health.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chickens*
  17. Development of a recombinant non-replicating Newcastle disease virus
    Cheow PS, Tan TK, Song AA, Yusoff K, Chia SL
    Avian Pathol, 2025 Feb;54(1):149-157.
    PMID: 39318350 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2403412
    Development of nr-NDV.Reverse transfection was applied for the recovery of nr-NDV.Propagation of nr-NDV was done by sub-passaging transfected BSR T7/5 cells.Safety profile was done to prove that the nr-NDV is non-replicating.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chickens/virology
  18. Fulltext Assessing the effects of partially substituting chicken breast meat with oyster mushroom stalk powder on the quality attributes of mushroom-chicken burgers
    Mounir S, Mohamed R, Sunooj KV, El-Saidy S, Farid E
    Sci Rep, 2025 Feb 05;15(1):4361.
    PMID: 39910073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-86127-3
    This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a partial substitution of chicken breast meat with oyster mushroom stalk powder on the quality attributes of mushroom-chicken burgers. Chicken breast meat was substituted with oyster mushroom stalk powder at different levels ranging from 2.5 to 10%, with an interval increase of 2.5%. The substitution level had a significant effect on the different characteristics studied. A decrease in both crude protein and crude lipid was observed as the substitution level increased from 2.5 to 10%. However, a contradictory trend was observed for crude fiber, ash, carbohydrates, antioxidant properties, water-binding capacity, and browning index. The cooking loss and shrinkage were reduced by about 81.6% and 72.6%, respectively, for the formulation prepared with 10% compared to the control sample. The formulation prepared with 2.5% showed the lowest hardness, chewiness, and shear force, which increased as the substitution level increased to 10%. The oyster mushroom stalk powder can be used at a level ranging from 2.5 to 5% to substitute chicken breast meat in the preparation of healthier and more functional chicken burgers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chickens*
  19. Fulltext A protocol for assessing the adhesion potential of lactic acid bacteria on various cell types
    Jayaram L, Ramu R, Puttegowda D, M K J, Kumari V B C, Goh KW
    STAR Protoc, 2025 Mar 21;6(1):103619.
    PMID: 39913288 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2025.103619
    Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a large group produced during carbohydrate fermentation, resulting in lactic acid. Here, we present a protocol for probiotic adhesion and interaction into buccal epithelial cells, chicken epithelial cells, and HT-29 cells, as well as for autoaggregation and coaggregation. We describe steps for visualizing LAB adhesion by imaging cell adhesion using a light microscope. We then detail procedures for performing an adhesion assay. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Kumari et al.1.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chickens*
  20. Salmonella serovars trend in poultry Malaysia from 2011 to 2020
    Ibrahim MM, Jusoh MB, Rose FZC, Azami MM, Roslee R
    Vet Res Commun, 2024 Jun;48(3):1791-1802.
    PMID: 38238509 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10303-5
    Data and geographical trend of Salmonella serovars infecting poultry in Malaysia is limited. In this study, the trend of Salmonella serovars infection was presented for the past ten years from 2011 to 2020 and the predominant serovars were mapped based on geographical distribution. Analysis of passive surveillance data demonstrated a shift of Salmonella serovars that infected poultry in Malaysia. The Salmonella serovars varied within ten years of registered cases with the Veterinary Research Institute, Ipoh, Malaysia involving samples from live and dead birds. Total number of cases found from the year 2011 to 2020 were 391 cases, involving 73 Salmonella serovars with an additional one group of unclassified serovars known as Salmonella spp. Further analysis revealed that eight serovars were found predominant throughout the ten-year period. These included S. Albany, S. Braenderup, S. Brancaster, S. Corvallis, S. Enteritidis, S. Kentucky, S. Typhimurium and S. Weltevreden. Salmonella spp. (Salmonella that is incapable to be identified based on serotyping) were also one of the major groups observed throughout the years. This study could help the authorities to improvise policies for better disease control programs through the establishment of diagnostic tools for rapid Salmonella screening in poultry.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chickens/microbiology
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