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  1. Lim SP, Zainal Aalam N, Chik Z, Musa S
    Eur Arch Paediatr Dent, 2023 Dec;24(6):737-749.
    PMID: 37923916 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-023-00837-8
    PURPOSE: Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is a medication used for the arrestment of dental caries. This study aims to determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) of silver and fluoride following SDF application in healthy children with dental caries.

    METHODS: A total of 15 subjects, aged 4 to 10 years, with at least one cavity on a primary tooth, were recruited for this study. Urine samples were collected at baseline, first 24 h (F1) and second 24 h (F2) after SDF treatment for analysis of silver and fluoride content. Hair samples were also collected at baseline and at 7, 14, 30, 60, 75, and 90 days after SDF treatment to analyze silver content.

    RESULTS: Participants with under or over-collection of urine, or failure to provide urine collection were excluded for fluoride analysis. As a result, eight subjects' urine samples were eligible for fluoride analysis. Significant correlations were observed between baseline urinary fluoride levels and F1/F2 levels. Pairwise comparisons from Friedman's test showed significant differences between baseline and F1 fluoride levels. For silver analysis, 15 subjects were studied. F1 urinary silver levels were higher than baseline and F2 levels. Subsequent to SDF treatment, hair silver levels displayed fluctuations around the baseline. None of the participants reported adverse effects, and all caries teeth ceased progression within 30 days.

    CONCLUSIONS: The urinary fluoride levels after SDF treatment, although higher, were not clinically significant. Urinary and hair silver levels were negligible. Therefore, SDF appears safe to be used among children.

    Matched MeSH terms: Fluorides/therapeutic use
  2. He S, Choong EKM, Duangthip D, Chu CH, Lo ECM
    Int J Paediatr Dent, 2023 Sep;33(5):507-520.
    PMID: 36718540 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.13055
    BACKGROUND: Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases among preschool children globally. Different preventive agents and combinations have been studied. However, the rank of the effectiveness of clinical interventions is equivocal.

    AIM: To summarize and rank the effectiveness of clinical interventions using different agents for primary prevention of early childhood caries (ECC).

    DESIGN: Two reviewers independently searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library to identify randomized controlled trials with at least 12-month follow-up. The network meta-analysis (NMA) on different agents was based on a random-effects model and frequentist approach. Standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% CI of the caries increment were calculated in terms of either dmft or dmfs and used in the NMA. Caries incidences at the child level were compared using odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CI. The effectiveness of the agents was ranked using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA).

    RESULTS: After screening 3807 publications and selection, the NMA finally included 33 trials. These trials used either a single or combination of agents such as fluorides, chlorhexidine, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate, probiotics, xylitol, and triclosan. Compared with control, fluoride foam (FF; SMD -0.69, 95% CI: -1.06, -0.32) and fluoride salt (F salt; SMD -0.66, 95% CI: -1.20, -0.13) were effective in preventing caries increment. Probiotic milk plus low fluoride toothpaste (PMLFTP; OR 0.34, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.77), FF (OR 0.48, 95% CI: 0.37, 0.63), fluoride varnish (FV; OR 0.63, 95% CI: 0.48, 0.81), and fluoride varnish plus high fluoride toothpaste (FVHFTP; OR 0.73, 95% CI: 0.57, 0.93) were effectively preventing caries incidence. According to the SUCRA, FF ranked first in preventing caries increment, whereas PMLFTP ranked first in preventing caries incidence.

    CONCLUSION: Fluoride foam, F salt, PMLFTP, FV, and FVHFTP all effectively reduce caries increment or caries incidence in preschool children, but the evidence indicates low degree of certainty. Considering the relatively small number of studies, confidence in the findings, and limitations in the study, clinical practitioners and readers should exercise caution when interpreting the NMA results.

    Matched MeSH terms: Fluorides/therapeutic use
  3. Ngeow WC, Chai WL
    Med J Malaysia, 1999 Mar;54(1):146-50.
    PMID: 10972020
    This paper reviews the oral and dental lesions that are seen during pregnancy. Trimester approach should be adopted in the management of the pregnant patients. A good dental preventive programme is essential. The significance of prescribing fluoride supplements and the use of dental radiography during pregnancy is also briefly reviewed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fluorides/therapeutic use
  4. Nazita Y, Jaafar N, Doss JG, Rahman MM
    Community Dent Health, 2013 Mar;30(1):30-3.
    PMID: 23550504
    To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of Imams (Islamic clerics) concerning fluoride toothpaste and fluoridated water to improve oral health in Kelantan.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fluorides/therapeutic use*
  5. Chai WL, Ngeow WC, Ramli R, Rahman RA
    Singapore Dent J, 2006 Dec;28(1):4-6.
    PMID: 17378334
    Head and neck cancer is becoming a more recognizable pathology to the general population and dentists. The modes of treatment include surgery and/or radiation therapy. Where possible, pretreatment dental assessment shall be provided for these patients before they undergo radiation therapy. There are occasions, however, whereby head and neck cancer patients are not prepared optimally for radiation therapy. Because of this, they succumb to complicated oral complications after radiation therapy. The management of xerostomia has been reviewed in Part I of this series. In this article, the management of dental caries, a sequalae of xerostomia following radiation therapy is reviewed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fluorides/therapeutic use
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