Browse publications by year: 2013

  1. Fulltext {[Eth-yl(pyridin-4-ylmeth-yl)carbamo-thio-yl]sulfanido-κ(2) S,S'}(1,4,7,10,13,16-hexa-oxa-cyclo-octa-decane-κ(6) O)potassium
    Arman HD, Poplaukhin P, Tiekink ER
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013;69(Pt 9):m479-80.
    PMID: 24426981 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813021569
    The asymmetric unit of title salt co-crystal, [K(C9H11N2S2)(C12H24O6)], comprises a K(+) cation, an (-)S2CN(Et)py anion and a 18-crown-6 mol-ecule. Substantial delocalization of π-electron density is evident in the di-thio-carbamate anion, as indicated by the equivalent C-S bond lengths. The K(+) cation sits within an O6S2 donor set lying 0.7506 (6) Å out of the least-squares plane through the six O atoms (r.m.s. deviation = 0.1766 Å) of the 18-crown-6 mol-ecule with the two S atoms being on one side of this plane. Supra-molecular layers in the bc plane, sustained by C-H⋯O and C-H⋯π inter-actions, feature in the crystal packing.
  2. Fulltext 1-[3-({[Bis(2-methyl-prop-yl)carbamo-thio-yl]amino}-carbon-yl)benzoyl]-3,3-bis-(2-methyl-prop-yl)thio-urea
    Selvakumaran N, Karvembu R, Ng SW, Tiekink ER
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013;69(Pt 9):o1368.
    PMID: 24427014 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813021053
    The title compound, C26H42N4O2S2, adopts a shallow U-shape as both pendant arms of the 1,3-substituted benzene ring are orientated in the same direction. The thione S atoms lie to the same side of the benzene ring and the carbonyl O atoms to the other. The most prominent feature of the crystal packing is the formation of inversion dimers mediated by N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds. One of the 2-methyl-propyl groups is statistically disordered over two positions.
  3. Fulltext N,N'-Bis(phenyl-carbamo-thio-yl)benzene-1,3-dicarboxamide
    Ngaini Z, Mohd Ariff MA, Wan Zullkiplee WS, Hussain H, Rosli MM
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013;69(Pt 9):o1374-5.
    PMID: 24427019 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813020163
    The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C22H18N4O2S2, contains two mol-ecules. In one of them, the dihedral angles between the central benzene ring and the phenyl rings are 16.97 (8) and 20.97 (8)°, while the phenyl rings make a dihedral angle of 37.87 (8)°. In the other mol-ecule, the corresponding values are 34.92 (7), 53.90 (7) and 60.68 (8)°, respectively. In each mol-ecule, two intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate S(6) rings and a short C-H⋯S contact also occurs. In the crystal, N-H⋯S, N-H⋯O, C-H⋯O and C-H⋯S inter-actions link the mol-ecules into a three-dimensional network.
  4. Fulltext (2E)-3-(2-Chloro-benzo[h]quinolin-3-yl)-1-(2-methyl-4-phenyl-quinolin-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one
    Prasath R, Sarveswari S, Ng SW, Tiekink ER
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013;69(Pt 9):o1393.
    PMID: 24427034 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813021545
    In the title compound, C32H21ClN2O, an almost planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.033 Å) prop-2-en-1-one bridge links quinolinyl and benzoquinolinyl residues; the latter are twisted out of the plane of the bridge [dihedral angles = 75.94 (5) and 20.20 (5)°, respectively]. In the crystal, a three-dimensional architecture arises as a result of C-H⋯O, C-H⋯π and π-π [centroid-centroid distances involving pyridine rings = 3.5806 (7)-3.7537 (7) Å] interactions.
  5. Fulltext (2E)-3-(2-Chloro-7-methyl-quinolin-3-yl)-1-(6-chloro-2-methyl-4-phenyl-quinolin-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one ethanol monosolvate
    Prasath R, Sarveswari S, Ng SW, Tiekink ER
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013;69(Pt 9):o1414-5.
    PMID: 24427050 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813022022
    In the title ethanol solvate, C29H20Cl2N2O·C2H5OH, the quinolinyl residues form a dihedral angle of 46.41 (4)° with each other, and each is inclined [Cp-C-C=O and C=C-C-Cp (p = pyridyl) torsion angles = 54.8 (2) and 144.44 (19)°, respectively] with respect to the almost planar bridging prop-2-en-1-one residue [O=C-C=C torsion angle = -4.1 (3)°]. The ethanol solvent mol-ecule is disordered over two positions of equal occupancy and is located close to a centre of inversion. These mol-ecules reside in cavities defined by the organic mol-ecules, which are connected into a three-dimensional architecture by C-H⋯Cl, C-H⋯O and C-H⋯N inter-actions, as well as π-π contacts [inter-centroid distances = 3.5853 (10) and 3.8268 (11) Å], each involving pyridyl rings.
  6. Fulltext A second monoclinic polymorph of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hy-droxy-benzaldehyde
    Ng SW
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013;69(Pt 9):o1427.
    PMID: 24427059 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813022010
    In the title mol-ecule, C15H22O2, there is an intra-molecular hydrogen bond involving the hy-droxy and aldehyde groups and forming an S(6) ring. The mean plane of the non-H atoms of this ring [(H)O-C C-C=O, with a maximum deviation of 0.013 (1) Å] are essentially coplanar with the benzene ring, forming a dihedral angle of 2.29 (8)°.
  7. Fulltext Benzene-1,2,4,5-tetra-carb-oxy-lic acid bis-(1,3,7-trimethyl-2,3,6,7-tetra-hydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione)
    Arman HD, Tiekink ER
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013;69(Pt 9):o1443.
    PMID: 24427071 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813022563
    The asymmetric unit of the title co-crystal, C10H6O8·2C8H10N4O2, comprises a centrosymmetric benzene-1,2,4,5-tetra-carb-oxy-lic acid (LH4) mol-ecule and a mol-ecule of caffeine in a general position. LH4 is nonplanar, with the dihedral angles between the ring and pendent carb-oxy-lic acid groups being 44.22 (7) and 49.74 (7)°. By contrast, the caffeine mol-ecule is planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.040 Å). Supra-molecular layers parallel to (-1-10) are sustained by carb-oxy-lic acid O-H⋯O(carbon-yl) and O-H⋯N(imidazole) hydrogen bonds, as well as by meth-yl-carbonyl C-H⋯O inter-actions. These stack via π-π inter-actions between the benzene and imidazole rings [inter-centroid distance = 3.4503 (10) Å].
  8. Fulltext Bis(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium) 2,5-di-carb-oxy-benzene-1,4-di-carb-oxyl-ate-2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline-benzene-1,2,4,5-tetra-carb-oxy-lic acid (1/2/1)
    Arman HD, Kaulgud T, Tiekink ER
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013;69(Pt 9):o1445-6.
    PMID: 24427073 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813022691
    The asymmetric unit of the title co-crystal, 2C14H13N2 (+)·C10H4O8 (2-)·2C14H12N2·C10H6O8, comprises a 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium cation (Me2PhenH(+)) and a 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline mol-ecule (Me2Phen), each in a general position, and half each of a 2,5-di-carb-oxy-benzene-1,4-di-carboxyl-ate dianion (LH2 (2-)) and a benzene-1,2,4,5-tetra-carb-oxy-lic acid mol-ecule (LH4), each being disposed about a centre of inversion. Small twists are evident in the dianion [the C-C-C-O torsion angles are 168.41 (18) and 16.2 (3)°], whereas a major twist is found for one carb-oxy-lic acid group in the neutral mol-ecule [C-C-C-O = 66.3 (2) and 18.2 (3)°]. The most prominent feature of the crystal packing is the formation of linear supra-molecular chains along [001] mediated by charge-assisted O-H⋯O(-) hydrogen bonding between alternating LH4 and LH2 (2-). These are connected to the Me2PhenH(+) and Me2Phen species by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, respectively. A three-dimensional architecture is formed by C-H⋯O and π-π inter-actions [inter-centroid distance = 3.5337 (17) Å].
  9. Fulltext 2-Amino-benzoic acid-4,4'-bi-pyridine (2/1)
    Arman HD, Tiekink ER
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013;69(Pt 9):o1447.
    PMID: 24427074 DOI: 10.1107/S160053681302271X
    The asymmetric unit of title co-crystal, C10H8N2·2C7H7NO2, comprises a centrosymmetric 4,4'-bi-pyridine mol-ecule, and a 2-amino-benzoic acid mol-ecule in a general position. The latter is effectively planar [C-C-C-O torsion angle = 5.0 (3)°] owing to an intra-molecular N-H⋯O(carbon-yl) hydrogen bond. Three-mol-ecule aggregates are formed via O-H⋯N(pyrid-yl) hydrogen bonds and these are connected into supra-molecular layers in the bc plane by N-H⋯O(carbon-yl) hydrogen bonds and π-π inter-actions between pyridyl and benzene rings [inter-centroid distance = 3.634 (2) Å]. Layers are connected along the a axis by weak π-π inter-actions between benzene rings [3.964 (2) Å].
  10. Fulltext Racemic 2'-hydroxy-4',4'-dimethylpyran-1,5-dihydroxyxanthone monohydrate
    Boonnak N, Chantrapromma S, Fun HK
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013;69(Pt 9):o1456-7.
    PMID: 24427082 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813021223
    3,6,11-trihy-droxy-1,1-dimethyl-2,3-di-hydro-chromeno[2,3-f]chromen-7-one monohydrate), known as pruniflorone N, crystallized as a monohydrate, C18H16O6·H2O. The three ring systems of the xanthone skeleton are approximately coplanar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.0270 (1) Å from the plane through the 14 non-H atoms. The O atoms of the two hy-droxy substituents on the benzene rings also lie close to this plane, with deviations of 0.019 (1) and 0.070 (1) Å. The 2'-hy-droxy-4',4'-di-methyl-pyran ring is disordered over two positions with a 0.798 (3):0.202 (3) site-occupancy ratio. An intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, the xanthone and water mol-ecules are linked into a three-dimensional network by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and weak C-H⋯O inter-actions. π-π inter-actions, with centroid-centroid distances of 3.5982 (7), 3.6081 (7) and 3.6456 (7) Å, are also observed.
  11. Fulltext (4-Fluoro-phen-yl)thio-urea-1,10-phenanthroline (1/1)
    Yamin BM, Salem HF, Yusoff SF
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013;69(Pt 9):o1468.
    PMID: 24427090 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813023222
    Refluxing a mixture of 1,10-phenanthroline, (4-fluoro-phen-yl)thio-urea and cadmium(II) chloride did not produce the expected mixed-ligand complex but formed a co-crystal of the two ligands, C12H8N2·C7H7FN2S. The asymmetric unit consists of two pairs of the co-crystal mol-ecules. In each (4-fluoro-phen-yl)thio-urea mol-ecule, the planes of the N2CS thio-urea units are almost perpendicular to the corresponding fluoro-benzene rings, subtending angles of 76.53 (7) and 85.25 (7)°. In the crystal, N-H⋯N and N-H⋯S hydrogen bonds form inversion dimers from the co-crystal pairs. A weak π-π inter-action between the phenanthroline rings [centroid-centroid distance = 3.7430 (15)Å] is also observed.
  12. Fulltext Ethyl (2Z)-3-oxo-2-(3,4,5-tri-meth-oxy-benzyl-idene)butano-ate
    Zukerman-Schpector J, Hino CL, Moran PJ, de Paula BR, Ng SW, Tiekink ER
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013;69(Pt 9):o1474.
    PMID: 24427096 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813023374
    In the title compound, C16H20O6, the conformation about the C=C double bond [1.344 (2) Å] is Z. With respect to this bond, the ketone is almost coplanar [C-C-C-O torsion angle = -179.60 (10)°] and the ester is almost perpendicular [C-C-C-O = 78.42 (13)°]. The meth-oxy substituents of the central benzene ring are either almost coplanar [C-C-O-C = 3.54 (15) and 177.70 (9)°] or perpendicular [C-C-O-C = 80.08 12)° for the central substituent]. In the crystal, the three-dimensional architecture features C-H⋯O and π-π [inter-centroid distance = 3.6283 (6) Å] inter-actions.
  13. Fulltext 3,3-Dimethyl-cis-9a,13a-diphenyl-2,3,9a,11,12,13a-hexa-hydro-1H-benzo[h][1,4]dioxino[2',3':5,6][1,4]dioxino[2,3-f]chromene
    Bernardes BO, Ferreira AB, Wardell JL, Wardell SM, Netto-Ferreira JC, Tiekink ER
    Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online, 2013;69(Pt 9):o1487-8.
    PMID: 24427106 DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813023660
    In the title di-hydro-dioxin, C31H28O5, the dioxane ring has a chair conformation, whereas each of the pyran and dioxine rings has an envelope conformation with methyl-ene and quaternary C atoms, respectively, being the flap atoms. The phenyl rings are cis and form a dihedral angle of 82.11 (10)°. The molecular structure is stabilized by C-H⋯O contacts. In the crystal packing, supra-molecular layers parallel to (101) are sustained by C-H⋯π inter-actions.
  14. Bereavement in the elderly: the role of primary care
    Hashim SM, Eng TC, Tohit N, Wahab S
    Ment Health Fam Med, 2013 Sep;10(3):159-62.
    PMID: 24427183
    Bereavement in the elderly is a concern to primary care physicians (PCPs) as it can lead to psychological illness such as depression. Most people are able to come to terms with their grief without any intervention, but some people are not. This case highlights the importance of early recognition of bereavement-related depressive illness in elderly people. PCPs need to optimise support and available resources prior to, and throughout, the bereavement period in order to reduce the family members' burden and suffering.
  15. Fulltext Surgical outcome of bone anchored hearing aid (baha) implant surgery: a 10 years experience
    Asma A, Ubaidah MA, Hasan SS, Wan Fazlina WH, Lim BY, Saim L, et al.
    Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2013 Jul;65(3):251-4.
    PMID: 24427576 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-013-0621-2
    Bone anchored hearing aid (Baha) implant is an option for patient with canal atresia, single sided deafness(SSD) and chronically discharging ears despite treatments. This retrospective study was conducted from 2001 to 2011 to evaluate the surgical outcome of Baha implant surgery. Thirty-three patients were identified during this study period. Their age at implantation ranged from 5 to 40 years. Of 33 patients, 29 (87.9 %) patients had bilateral microtia and canal atresia, 3 (9.1 %) patients had unilateral microtia and canal atresia and 1 (3.0 %) patients have SSD following labyrinthitis. One patient (3.2 %) had major complication which is lost of implant due to failure of osseointegration. Soft tissue reactions were seen 7 patients (21.1 %). Of these 7 patients, 4 patients required 3-4 procedures as day care operation for excision of the skin overgrowth surrounding the abutment. Recurrent antibiotic treatment was required in 3 patients (9.7 %). None of our patient had history of intraoperative or peri-operative complication following Baha surgery. The commonest complications are local infection and inflammation at the implant site. None of our patient had history of intraoperative or peri-operative complication following Baha implant surgery.
    MeSH terms: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Day Care, Medical; Ear Diseases; Hearing Aids; Humans; Inflammation; Labyrinth Diseases; Labyrinthitis; Retrospective Studies; Silver Sulfadiazine; Skin; Osseointegration; Treatment Outcome; Prostheses and Implants; Congenital Microtia
  16. Fulltext "High frequency presbycusis"-is there an earlier onset?
    Arvin B, Prepageran N, Raman R
    Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2013 Dec;65(Suppl 3):480-4.
    PMID: 24427701 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-011-0356-x
    The objective of this study is to determine whether presbycusis occurs much earlier than previously believed if the high frequency (above 8 kHz) are included. Tertiary referral center (a teaching University). This is a cross-sectional observational study. Healthy adults from 20 to 49 years of age who had essentially normal hearing were included into the study. They were subjected to high frequency pure tone audiometry (until 16 kHz). Participants were grouped based on age ranges of 10 years (e.g., 20-29, 30-39, and 40-49) and the presence of symmetrical high frequency sensor neural hearing loss were documented. There is a significant presence of symmetrical high frequency sensor neural hearing loss (not attributed to any known risk factors) as early as from the age group of 40 to 49 years. Seven of 43 participants (16%) from age group of 20 to 29 years and 12 of 24 participants (50%) from age group of 30 to 39 years had significant high frequency hearing loss. High frequency hearing loss (high frequency Presbycusis) may occur much earlier than previously believed.
    MeSH terms: Adult; Audiometry, Pure-Tone; Auditory Threshold; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Data Collection; Hearing Loss, High-Frequency; Humans; Middle Aged; Presbycusis; Risk Factors; Universities; Young Adult; Tertiary Care Centers; Educational Personnel
  17. Fulltext The Correlation Between Pre and Postoperative Hearing Level with High Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT) Findings in Congenital Canal Atresia (CAA) Patients
    Asma A, Abdul Fatah AW, Hamzaini AH, Mazita A
    Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2013 Dec;65(Suppl 3):526-31.
    PMID: 24427708 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-011-0438-9
    In managing patient with congenital congenital aural atresia (CAA), preoperative high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan and hearing assessment are important. A grading system based on HRCT findings was first introduced by Jahrsdoefer in order to select appropriate candidates for operation and to predict the postoperative hearing outcome in CAA patients. The score of eight and more was considered as a good prognostic factor for hearing reconstruction surgery. However previously in our center this score was not used as the criteria for surgical procedure. This study was conducted at Center A to evaluate the correlation between pre and postoperative hearing level with HRCT based on a Jahrsdoefer grading system in patients with CAA. All records and HRCT films with CAA from January 1997 until December 2007 at Center A were evaluated. The demographic data, operative records, pre and post operative hearing levels and HRCT findings were analyzed. Hearing level in this study was based on a pure tone average of air-bone gap at 500 Hz, 1 kHz and 2 kHz or hearing level obtained from auditory brainstem response eudiometry. This study was approved by Research Ethics Committee (code number, FF-197-2008). Thirty-two ears were retrospectively evaluated. The postoperative hearing level of 30 dB and less was considered as successful hearing result postoperatively. Of the six ears which underwent canalplasty, three had achieved successful hearing result. However, there was no significant correlation between preoperative hearing level (HL) with HRCT score and postoperative HL with HRCT score at 0.05 significant levels (correlation coefficient = -0.292, P = 0.105 and correlation coefficient = -0.127, P = 0.810) respectively. Hearing evaluation and HRCT temporal bone are two independent evaluations for the patients with CAA before going for hearing reconstructive surgery.
    MeSH terms: Demography; Ear; Hearing; Hearing Tests; Humans; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Temporal Bone; Tomography; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures; Ethics Committees, Research
  18. Isolation, characterization and sensory evaluation of a Hexa beta-D-glucopyranosyl diterpene from Stevia rebaudiana
    Prakash I, Chaturvedula VS, Markosyan A
    Nat Prod Commun, 2013 Nov;8(11):1523-6.
    PMID: 24427932
    From the extract of the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, a diterpene glycoside was isolated which was identified as 13-[(2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy] ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-(2-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranosyl) ester (1). The complete 1H and 13C NMR assignment of 1 is reported for the first time, from extensive NMR (1H and 13C, COSY, HSQC, and HMBC) and mass spectral data. Also, we report the sensory evaluation of 1 against sucrose for the sweetness property of this molecule.
    MeSH terms: Diterpenes/isolation & purification*; Diterpenes/chemistry; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Sucrose; Taste; Stevia/chemistry*
  19. In vitro inhibitory effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extract and its major components on chemiluminescence and chemotactic activity of phagocytes
    Vongsak B, Gritsanapan W, Wongkrajang Y, Jantan I
    Nat Prod Commun, 2013 Nov;8(11):1559-61.
    PMID: 24427941
    The ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves and its major constituents, crypto-chlorogenic acid, quercetin 3-O-glucoside and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, were investigated on the respiratory burst of human whole blood and isolated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) using a luminol-based chemiluminescence assay. The chemotactic migration of PMNs was also investigated using the Boyden chamber technique. The ethanol extract demonstrated inhibitory activities on the oxidative burst and the chemotactic migration of PMNs. Quercetin 3-O-glucoside, crypto-chlorogenic acid, and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, isolated from the extract, expressed relatively strong inhibitory activity on the oxidative burst of PMNs with IC50 values of 4.1, 6.7 and 7.0 microM, respectively, comparable with that of aspirin. They also demonstrated strong inhibition of chemotatic migration of PMNs with IC50 values of 9.5, 15.9 and 18.2 microM, respectively. The results suggest that M. oleifera leaves could modulate the immune response of human phagocytes, linking to its ethnopharmacological use as an anti-inflammatory agent. The immunomodulating activity of the plant was mainly due to its major components.
    MeSH terms: Chemotaxis/drug effects*; Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects*; Chlorogenic Acid/pharmacology; Flavonoids/pharmacology; Humans; Monosaccharides/pharmacology; Neutrophils/drug effects*; Neutrophils/immunology; Phagocytes/drug effects*; Plant Extracts/pharmacology*; Respiratory Burst/drug effects; Plant Leaves; Kaempferols/pharmacology; Luminescence
  20. Fulltext Oral Hypoglycemic Agents in pregnancy: An Update
    Kavitha N, De S, Kanagasabai S
    J Obstet Gynaecol India, 2013 Apr;63(2):82-7.
    PMID: 24431611 DOI: 10.1007/s13224-012-0312-z
    INTRODUCTION: Traditionally, insulin has been the gold standard in the management of Type 2 diabetes in pregnancy and gestational diabetes. However, insulin therapy can be inconvenient because of the needs for multiple injections, its associated cost, pain at the injection site, need for refrigeration, and skillful handling of the syringes. This has led to the exploration of oral hypoglycemic agents as an alternative to insulin therapy.

    OBJECTIVES: This review examines and evaluates the evidences on the efficacy, safety, and current recommendations of oral hypoglycemic agents.

    CONCLUSION: The evidence of this study supports the use of glyburide and metformin in the management of Type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes with no increased risk of neonatal hypoglycemia or congenital anomalies. The safety of these oral hypoglycemic agents are limited to the prenatal period and more randomized controlled trials are required to provide information on the long-term follow up on neonatal and cognitive development.

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