Browse publications by year: 2013

Fulltext Molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 infection in the central region of Taiwan from 2002 to 2012

Wu WH, Kuo TC, Lin YT, Huang SW, Liu HF, Wang J, et al.

PLoS One, 2013;8(12):e83711.
PMID: 24391812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083711

Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease can be classified into three genotypes and many subtypes. The objectives of this study were to conduct a molecular epidemiological study of EV71 in the central region of Taiwan from 2002-2012 and to test the hypothesis that whether the alternative appearance of different EV71 subtypes in Taiwan is due to transmission from neighboring countries or from re-emergence of pre-existing local strains. We selected 174 EV71 isolates and used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to amplify their VP1 region for DNA sequencing. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using Neighbor-Joining, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian methods. We found that the major subtypes of EV71 in Taiwan were B4 for 2002 epidemic, C4 for 2004-2005 epidemic, B5 for 2008-2009 epidemic, C4 for 2010 epidemic and B5 for 2011-2012 epidemic. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the 2002 and 2008 epidemics were associated with EV71 from Malaysia and Singapore; while both 2010 and 2011-2012 epidemics originated from different regions of mainland China including Shanghai, Henan, Xiamen and Gong-Dong. Furthermore, minor strains have been identified in each epidemic and some of them were correlated with the subsequent outbreaks. Therefore, the EV71 infection in Taiwan may originate from pre-existing minor strains or from other regions in Asia including mainland China. In addition, 101 EV71 isolates were selected for the detection of new recombinant strains using the nucleotide sequences spanning the VP1-2A-2B region. No new recombinant strain was found. Analysis of clinical manifestations showed that patients infected with C4 had significantly higher rates of pharyngeal vesicles or ulcers than patients infected with B5. This is the first study demonstrating that different EV 71 genotypes may have different clinical manifestations and the association of EV71 infections between Taiwan and mainland China.

MeSH terms: Bayes Theorem; Enterovirus Infections/complications; Enterovirus Infections/epidemiology*; Enterovirus Infections/virology; Genotype; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/diagnosis; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/etiology; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/epidemiology*; Humans; Phylogeny; RNA, Messenger/genetics; RNA, Viral/genetics; Taiwan/epidemiology; Time Factors; Molecular Epidemiology*; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Enterovirus A, Human/classification; Enterovirus A, Human/genetics; Enterovirus A, Human/isolation & purification*; Epidemics*; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Fulltext Acquisition of HIV by African-born residents of Victoria, Australia: insights from molecular epidemiology

Lemoh C, Ryan CE, Sekawi Z, Hearps AC, Aleksic E, Chibo D, et al.

PLoS One, 2013;8(12):e84008.
PMID: 24391866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084008

African-born Australians are a recognised "priority population" in Australia's Sixth National HIV/AIDS Strategy. We compared exposure location and route for African-born people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Victoria, Australia, with HIV-1 pol subtype from drug resistance assays and geographical origin suggested by phylogenetic analysis of env gene. Twenty adult HIV positive African-born Victorian residents were recruited via treating doctors. HIV exposure details were obtained from interviews and case notes. Viral RNA was extracted from participant stored plasma or whole blood. The env V3 region was sequenced and compared to globally representative reference HIV-1 sequences in the Los Alamos National Library HIV Database. Twelve participants reported exposure via heterosexual sex and two via iatrogenic blood exposures; four were men having sex with men (MSM); two were exposed via unknown routes. Eight participants reported exposure in their countries of birth, seven in Australia, three in other countries and two in unknown locations. Genotype results (pol) were available for ten participants. HIV env amplification was successful in eighteen cases. HIV-1 subtype was identified in all participants: eight both pol and env; ten env alone and two pol alone. Twelve were subtype C, four subtype B, three subtype A and one subtype CRF02_AG. Reported exposure location was consistent with the phylogenetic clustering of env sequences. African Australians are members of multiple transnational social and sexual networks influencing their exposure to HIV. Phylogenetic analysis may complement traditional surveillance to discern patterns of HIV exposure, providing focus for HIV prevention programs in mobile populations.

MeSH terms: Adult; Africa/ethnology; Australia/ethnology; Female; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phylogeny; Sexual Behavior/ethnology*; HIV-1/genetics; HIV-1/pathogenicity*; HIV Infections/diagnosis*; HIV Infections/epidemiology*; Molecular Epidemiology*; Evolution, Molecular; Emigrants and Immigrants/statistics & numerical data*
Fulltext Beta-blocker administration protocol for prospectively ECG-triggered coronary CT angiography

Sabarudin A, Sun Z

World J Cardiol, 2013 Dec 26;5(12):453-8.
PMID: 24392189 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v5.i12.453

The aim of this article is to discuss the protocol of beta-blockers that is commonly used for prospectively ECG-triggered coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). It is essential to ensure a low and regular heart rate in patients undergoing prospectively ECG-triggered CCTA for optimal visualization of coronary arteries. Although early generations of computed tomographyscanners are not applicable to be tailored according to patients' heart rate, a low and regular heart rate is possible to be achieved by the administration of medications according to the beta-blocker protocol. Beta-blocker can be safely administered to reduce patients' heart rate for CCTA examination if patients are screened for certain contraindications.
Fulltext Radiation dose measurements in coronary CT angiography

Sabarudin A, Sun Z

World J Cardiol, 2013 Dec 26;5(12):459-64.
PMID: 24392190 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v5.i12.459

Coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography is associated with high radiation dose and this has raised serious concerns in the literature. Awareness of various parameters for dose estimates and measurements of coronary CT angiography plays an important role in increasing our understanding of the radiation exposure to patients, thus, contributing to the implementation of dose-saving strategies. This article provides an overview of the radiation dose quantity and its measurement during coronary CT angiography procedures.
Fulltext Coronary CT angiography: Dose reduction strategies

Sabarudin A, Sun Z

World J Cardiol, 2013 Dec 26;5(12):465-72.
PMID: 24392191 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v5.i12.465

With the introduction of 64- and post-64 slice computed tomography (CT) technology, coronary CT angiography has been increasingly used as a less invasive modality for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Despite its high diagnostic value and promising results compared to invasive coronary angiography, coronary CT angiography is associated with high radiation dose, leading to potential risk of radiation-induced cancer. A variety of dose-reduction strategies have been reported recently to reduce radiation dose with effective outcomes having been achieved. This article presents an overview of the various methods currently used for radiation dose reduction.
Fulltext Coronary CT angiography: Diagnostic value and clinical challenges

Sabarudin A, Sun Z

World J Cardiol, 2013 Dec 26;5(12):473-83.
PMID: 24392192 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v5.i12.473

Coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography has been increasingly used in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease due to improved spatial and temporal resolution with high diagnostic value being reported when compared to invasive coronary angiography. Diagnostic performance of coronary CT angiography has been significantly improved with the technological developments in multislice CT scanners from the early generation of 4-slice CT to the latest 320- slice CT scanners. Despite the promising diagnostic value, coronary CT angiography is still limited in some areas, such as inferior temporal resolution, motion-related artifacts and high false positive results due to severe calcification. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the technical developments of multislice CT and diagnostic value of coronary CT angiography in coronary artery disease based on different generations of multislice CT scanners. Prognostic value of coronary CT angiography in coronary artery disease is also discussed, while limitations and challenges of coronary CT angiography are highlighted.
Fulltext Interventions to promote physical activity in older people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review

Sazlina SG, Browning C, Yasin S

Front Public Health, 2013;1:71.
PMID: 24392445 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2013.00071

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among people aged 60 years and above is a growing public health problem. Regular physical activity is one of the key elements in the management of T2DM. Recommendations suggest that older people with T2DM will benefit from regular physical activity for better disease control and delaying complications. Despite the known benefits, many remain sedentary. Hence, this review assessed interventions for promoting physical activity in persons aged 65 years and older with T2DM.
Fulltext Solid-state characterization studies and effect of PEG 20000 and P90G on particle size reduction and stability of complexed glimepiride nanocrystals

Sajeev Kumar B, Saraswathi R, Dhanaraj SA

J Young Pharm, 2013 Sep;5(3):83-9.
PMID: 24396247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jyp.2013.08.002

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study is to formulate and characterize the properties of complexed glimepiride nanocrystals (GLP) by various techniques at different stages of its development, and to study the effect of PEG 20000 and P90G on particle size reduction and stability of nanocrystals.
METHOD: Precipitated (GLP-PEG) and complexed NCs (GLP-PEG-P90G) of glimepiride were characterized for particle size, size distribution, zeta potential and stability assessment using photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). The crystallinity was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction spectroscopy (XRPD). The surface morphology and chemical stability were assessed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
RESULTS: A formulation with drug-polymer ratio of 1:1 was most ideal in developing stable NCs as it exhibited smaller particle size and high stability. A high zeta potential was observed in all NCs after complexation indicating improved stability. DSC and XRPD studies showed no change in crystallinity after complexation. SEM analysis of complexed NCs showed presence of spherical shape particles (size below 1 μm) with a lipid coat on the surface. Stability studies on optimized formulation (F1) revealed no change in particle size during 3-month period. FTIR studies prove that the chemical identity of GLP was preserved in the samples and the formulation was stable.
CONCLUSION: Solid-state characterization studies reveal that complexed GLP NCs are promising carriers for drug delivery and they can be safely and effectively used in design of various formulations. Also, PEG 20000 and P90G are excellent polymer and lipid for particle size reduction (nanonization) and stabilization of nanocrystals.
Fulltext Diversity of endophytic bacteria in Malaysian plants as revealed by 16S rRNA encoding gene sequence based method of bacterial identification

Loh CY, Tan YY, Rohani R, Weber JF, Bhore SJ

J Young Pharm, 2013 Sep;5(3):95-7.
PMID: 24396249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jyp.2013.07.001

Bacterial endophytes do have several potential applications in pharmacy, medicine and agricultural biotech industry. The main objective of this study was to understand types of bacterial endophytes associated with dicotyledonous (dicot) and monocotyledonous (monocot) plant species. Isolation of the endophytic bacteria was performed using surface-sterilized various tissue samples, and identification of the endophytic bacterial isolates (EBIs) was completed using 16S rRNA encoding gene sequence similarity based method. In total, 996 EBIs were isolated and identified from 1055 samples of 31 monocot and 65 dicot plant species from Peninsular Malaysia. The 996 EBIs represented 71 different types of bacterial species. Twelve (12) out of 71 species are reported as endophytes for the first time. We conclude that diverse types of bacterial endophytes are associated with dicot and monocot plants, and could be useful in pharmacy, medicine and agricultural biotechnology for various potential applications.
Fulltext Simple and sensitive method for the analysis of ketorolac in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography

Muralidharan S, Jayaraja Kumar K, Parasuraman S

J Young Pharm, 2013 Sep;5(3):98-101.
PMID: 24396250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jyp.2013.06.007

To develop a simple and sensitive method of ketorolac in drug free human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC).

MeSH terms: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Plasma; Ketorolac
Fulltext Naive Bayes-guided bat algorithm for feature selection

Taha AM, Mustapha A, Chen SD

ScientificWorldJournal, 2013;2013:325973.
PMID: 24396295 DOI: 10.1155/2013/325973

When the amount of data and information is said to double in every 20 months or so, feature selection has become highly important and beneficial. Further improvements in feature selection will positively affect a wide array of applications in fields such as pattern recognition, machine learning, or signal processing. Bio-inspired method called Bat Algorithm hybridized with a Naive Bayes classifier has been presented in this work. The performance of the proposed feature selection algorithm was investigated using twelve benchmark datasets from different domains and was compared to three other well-known feature selection algorithms. Discussion focused on four perspectives: number of features, classification accuracy, stability, and feature generalization. The results showed that BANB significantly outperformed other algorithms in selecting lower number of features, hence removing irrelevant, redundant, or noisy features while maintaining the classification accuracy. BANB is also proven to be more stable than other methods and is capable of producing more general feature subsets.

MeSH terms: Algorithms*; Animals; Artificial Intelligence*; Bayes Theorem*; Chiroptera/physiology*; Echolocation/physiology*; Pattern Recognition, Automated/methods*; Biomimetics/methods*
Fulltext New result of analytic functions related to Hurwitz zeta function

Ghanim F, Darus M

ScientificWorldJournal, 2013;2013:475643.
PMID: 24396297 DOI: 10.1155/2013/475643

By using a linear operator, we obtain some new results for a normalized analytic function f defined by means of the Hadamard product of Hurwitz zeta function. A class related to this function will be introduced and the properties will be discussed.

MeSH terms: Data Interpretation, Statistical; Mathematics; Models, Statistical*; Linear Models
Fulltext Characterisation of Asian snakehead murrel Channa striata (Channidae) in Malaysia: an insight into molecular data and morphological approach

Song LM, Munian K, Abd Rashid Z, Bhassu S

ScientificWorldJournal, 2013;2013:917506.
PMID: 24396312 DOI: 10.1155/2013/917506

Conservation is imperative for the Asian snakeheads Channa striata, as the species has been overfished due to its high market demand. Using maternal markers (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI)), we discovered that evolutionary forces that drove population divergence did not show any match between the genetic and morphological divergence pattern. However, there is evidence of incomplete divergence patterns between the Borneo population and the populations from Peninsular Malaysia. This supports the claim of historical coalescence of C. striata during Pleistocene glaciations. Ecological heterogeneity caused high phenotypic variance and was not correlated with genetic variance among the populations. Spatial conservation assessments are required to manage different stock units. Results on DNA barcoding show no evidence of cryptic species in C. striata in Malaysia. The newly obtained sequences add to the database of freshwater fish DNA barcodes and in future will provide information relevant to identification of species.

MeSH terms: Animals; Base Sequence; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics; Fishes/classification*; Fishes/genetics; Genetic Markers; Malaysia; Species Specificity; Polymerase Chain Reaction; DNA Primers
Fulltext Efficient dielectrophoretic cell enrichment using a dielectrophoresis-well based system

Abdul Razak MA, Hoettges KF, Fatoyinbo HO, Labeed FH, Hughes MP

Biomicrofluidics, 2013;7(6):64110.
PMID: 24396544 DOI: 10.1063/1.4842395

Whilst laboratory-on-chip cell separation systems using dielectrophoresis are increasingly reported in the literature, many systems are afflicted by factors which impede "real world" performance, chief among these being cell loss (in dead spaces, attached to glass and tubing surfaces, or sedimentation from flow), and designs with large channel height-to-width ratios (large channel widths, small channel heights) that make the systems difficult to interface with other microfluidic systems. In this paper, we present a scalable structure based on 3D wells with approximately unity height-to-width ratios (based on tubes with electrodes on the sides), which is capable of enriching yeast cell populations whilst ensuring that up to 94.3% of cells processed through the device can be collected in tubes beyond the output.
Fulltext Comparative effects of biodynes, tocotrienol-rich fraction, and tocopherol in enhancing collagen synthesis and inhibiting collagen degradation in stress-induced premature senescence model of human diploid fibroblasts

Makpol S, Jam FA, Khor SC, Ismail Z, Mohd Yusof YA, Ngah WZ

Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2013;2013:298574.
PMID: 24396567 DOI: 10.1155/2013/298574

Biodynes, tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF), and tocopherol have shown antiaging properties. However, the combined effects of these compounds on skin aging are yet to be investigated. This study aimed to elucidate the skin aging effects of biodynes, TRF, and tocopherol on stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) model of human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs) by determining the expression of collagen and MMPs at gene and protein levels. Primary HDFs were treated with biodynes, TRF, and tocopherol prior to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure. The expression of COL1A1, COL3A1, MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, and MMP9 genes was determined by qRT-PCR. Type I and type III procollagen proteins were measured by Western blotting while the activities of MMPs were quantified by fluorometric Sensolyte MMP Kit. Our results showed that biodynes, TRF, and tocopherol upregulated collagen genes and downregulated MMP genes (P < 0.05). Type I procollagen and type III procollagen protein levels were significantly increased in response to biodynes, TRF, and tocopherol treatment (P < 0.05) with reduction in MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-9 activities (P < 0.05). These findings indicated that biodynes, TRF, and tocopherol effectively enhanced collagen synthesis and inhibited collagen degradation and therefore may protect the skin from aging.

MeSH terms: Child; Collagen/biosynthesis*; Collagen/genetics; Diploidy; Fibroblasts/drug effects; Fibroblasts/enzymology; Fibroblasts/pathology*; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects; Humans; Male; Models, Biological; Stress, Physiological/drug effects*; Cell Aging/drug effects*; Matrix Metalloproteinases/genetics; Matrix Metalloproteinases/metabolism; Tocopherols/pharmacology*; Tocotrienols/pharmacology*; Proteolysis/drug effects*
Fulltext In vivo evaluation of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale rhizomes for its protective effect against liver cirrhosis

Abdulaziz Bardi D, Halabi MF, Abdullah NA, Rouhollahi E, Hajrezaie M, Abdulla MA

Biomed Res Int, 2013;2013:918460.
PMID: 24396831 DOI: 10.1155/2013/918460

Zingiber officinale is a traditional medicine against various disorders including liver diseases.The aim of this study was to assess the hepatoprotective activity of the ethanolic extract of rhizomes of Z. officinale (ERZO) against thioacetamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Five groups of male Sprague Dawley have been used. In group 1 rats received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of normal saline while groups 2-5 received thioacetamide (TAA, 200 mg/kg; i.p.) for induction of liver cirrhosis, thrice weekly for eight weeks. Group 3 received 50 mg/kg of silymarin. The rats in groups 4 and 5 received 250 and 500 mg/kg of ERZO (dissolved in 10% Tween), respectively. Hepatic damage was assessed grossly and microscopically for all of the groups. Results confirmed the induction of liver cirrhosis in group 2 whilst administration of silymarin or ERZO significantly reduced the impact of thioacetamide toxicity. These groups decreased fibrosis of the liver tissues. Immunohistochemistry assessment against proliferating cell nuclear antigen did not show remarkable proliferation in the ERZO-treated rats when compared with group 2. Moreover, factions of the ERZO extract were tested on Hep-G2 cells and showed antiproliferative activity (IC50 38-60 μ g/mL). This study showed hepatoprotective effect of ERZO.

MeSH terms: Ethanol; Animals; Humans; Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/chemically induced; Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/pathology; Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/prevention & control*; Male; Plant Extracts/pharmacology*; Plants, Medicinal/chemistry; Silymarin/pharmacology; Thioacetamide/toxicity; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism; Ginger/chemistry*; Rhizome/chemistry; Cell Proliferation/drug effects; Rats; Hep G2 Cells
Fulltext Improving the Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes of Children with Pneumonia: Where are the Gaps?

Chang AB, Ooi MH, Perera D, Grimwood K

Front Pediatr, 2013;1:29.
PMID: 24400275 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2013.00029

Pneumonia is the greatest contributor to childhood mortality and morbidity in resource-poor regions, while in high-income countries it is one of the most common reasons for clinic attendance and hospitalization in this age group. Furthermore, pneumonia in children increases the risk of developing chronic pulmonary disorders in later adult life. While substantial advances in managing childhood pneumonia have been made, many issues remain, some of which are highlighted in this perspective. Multiple studies are required as many factors that influence outcomes, such as etiology, patient characteristics, and prevention strategies can vary between and within countries and regions. Also, outside of vaccine studies, most randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on pneumonia have been based in resource-poor countries where the primary aim is usually prevention of mortality. Few RCTs have focused on medium to long-term outcomes or prevention. We propose different tiers of primary outcomes, where in resource-rich countries medium to long-term sequelae should also be included and not just the length of hospitalization and readmission rates.
Fulltext Congestive heart failure: experimental model

Corno AF, Cai X, Jones CB, Mondani G, Boyett MR, Jarvis JC, et al.

Front Pediatr, 2013;1:33.
PMID: 24400279 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2013.00033

Surgically induced, combined volume and pressure overload has been used in rabbits to create a simplified and reproducible model of acute left ventricular (LV) failure.
Effects of Methanol Extract of Wedelia chinensis Osbeck (Asteraceae) Leaves against Pathogenic Bacteria with Emphasise on Bacillus cereus

Darah I, Lim SH, Nithianantham K

Indian J Pharm Sci, 2013 Sep;75(5):533-9.
PMID: 24403653

The antibacterial activity of the methanol extract of Wedelia chinensis leave was studied and tested against three pathogenic Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis and Stapylococcus aureus) and three pathogenic Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Proteus rettgeri and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) by the disk diffusion assay and broth dilution methods. The extract exhibited favourable antibacterial activity against the bacterial cells but was more potent against Gram positive bacteria with the minimum inhibition concentration of 3.12 to 6.25 mg/ml compared to the Gram negative bacteria which had minimum inhibition concentration values of 25 mg/ml. The time-kill study suggested that the extract possessed bactericidal properties at higher concentrations and eradicated the growth of bacterial cells. The major abnormalities occurred to the bacterial cells after exposed to the extract were complete alterations in their morphology and collapsed of the cells beyond repair. The methanol extract of W. chinensis may be an effective antibacterial agent to treat bacterial infections.

MeSH terms: Methanol; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus cereus; Bacterial Infections; Escherichia coli; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Proteus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Spores, Bacterial; Wedelia
Fulltext Combined soft and hard tissue augmentation for a localized alveolar ridge defect

Rana R, Ramachandra SS, Lahori M, Singhal R, Jithendra KD

Contemp Clin Dent, 2013 Oct;4(4):556-8.
PMID: 24403810 DOI: 10.4103/0976-237X.123090

Ideal alveolar ridge width and height allows placement of a natural appearing pontic, which provides maintenance of a plaque-free environment. The contour of a partially edentulous ridge should be thoroughly evaluated before a fixed partial denture is undertaken. Localized alveolar ridge defect refers to a volumetric deficit of the limited extent of bone and soft-tissue within the alveolar process. These ridge defects can be corrected by hard tissue and/or soft-tissue augmentation. A 30-year-old male patient was referred to the Department of Periodontology for correction of Seibert's Class III ridge defect in the lower anterior region. Granulation tissue/connective tissue present at the base of the defect was removed after elevation of full thickness flap. MucoMatrixX, an animal derived, collagen based soft-tissue graft was sutured to the labial flap and bone graft was placed into the defect. If a soft-tissue graft material could be used to replace the palatal grafts, then all the possible complications associated with donor site would be eliminated and above all periodontal plastic surgery and ridge augmentation would be better accepted by patients.

MeSH terms: Adult; Alveolar Process; Animals; Collagen; Connective Tissue; Denture, Partial, Fixed; Granulation Tissue; Humans; Male; Surgery, Plastic; Surgical Flaps; Bone Transplantation

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