Physicochemical and thermal characteristics of choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents

Sazali AL 1 , AlMasoud N 2 , Amran SK 1 , Alomar TS 2 , Pa'ee KF 1 , El-Bahy ZM 3 Show all authors , Yong TK 4 , Dailin DJ 5 , Chuah LF 6

Affiliations 

  • 1 Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian, Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (UniKL MICET), 78000, Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia
  • 2 Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
  • 3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, 11884, Cairo, Egypt. Electronic address: zeinelbahy@azhar.edu.eg
  • 4 Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian, Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering Technology (UniKL MICET), 78000, Alor Gajah, Melaka, Malaysia. Electronic address: kytlen@unikl.edu.my
  • 5 Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
  • 6 Faculty of Maritime Studies, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia. Electronic address: lfchuah@umt.edu.my
Chemosphere, 2023 Oct;338:139485.
PMID: 37442394 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139485

Abstract

It is essential to investigate the physicochemical and thermal properties of choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) with various hydrogen bond donor (HBD) functional groups, such as α-hydroxy acid (lactic acid) or polyol (glycerol). It is important to consider how molar ratios impact these properties, as they may be altered for particular applications. This study aimed to examine the physicochemical and thermal properties of ChCl-based DESs with lactic acid (LA) or glycerol (Gly) at different molar ratios (1:2-1:10). The pH of ChCl:LA (0-1.0) is lower than that of ChCl:Gly (4.0-5.0) because of the hydrogen bonds between ChCl and LA. A higher amount of LA/Gly resulted in higher densities of ChCl:Gly (1.20-1.22 g cm-3) and ChCl:LA (1.16-1.19 g cm-3) due to the stronger hydrogen bonds and tighter packing of the molecules. The refractive index of ChCl:Gly (1.47-1.48) was higher than ChCl:LA (1.44-1.46), with a trend similar to density. The viscosities of ChCl:Gly (0.235-0.453 Pa s) and ChCl:LA (0.04-0.06 Pa s) increased with increasing LA/Gly molar ratio but decreased with temperature due to the high kinetic energy from heating, lowering the attractive forces between molecules. The activation energy for ChCl:LA (15.29-15.55 kJ mol-1) is greater than for ChCl:Gly (7.77-8.78 kJ mol-1), indicating that ChCl:LA has a greater viscosity-temperature dependence than ChCl:Gly. The DESs decomposition temperatures are 179.73-192.14 °C for ChCl:LA and 189.69-197.41 °C for ChCl:Gly. Freezing temperatures are correlated with the molecular weight of HBDs, with lower values causing a larger decrease in freezing temperatures. The interactions of polyols with anions were stronger than those of α-hydroxy acids with anions. The variations in HBA to HBD molar ratios affected DESs properties, providing a fundamental understanding of the properties critical for their diverse applications.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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