Mammal responses to global changes in human activity vary by trophic group and landscape

Burton AC 1 , Beirne C 2 , Gaynor KM 3 , Sun C 2 , Granados A 2 , Allen ML 4 Show all authors , Alston JM 5 , Alvarenga GC 6 , Calderón FSÁ 7 , Amir Z 8 , Anhalt-Depies C 9 , Appel C 10 , Arroyo-Arce S 11 , Balme G 12 , Bar-Massada A 13 , Barcelos D 6 , Barr E 14 , Barthelmess EL 15 , Baruzzi C 16 , Basak SM 17 , Beenaerts N 18 , Belmaker J 19 , Belova O 20 , Bezarević B 21 , Bird T 22 , Bogan DA 23 , Bogdanović N 24 , Boyce A 25 , Boyce M 26 , Brandt L 27 , Brodie JF 28 , Brooke J 29 , Bubnicki JW 30 , Cagnacci F 31 , Carr BS 32 , Carvalho J 33 , Casaer J 34 , Černe R 35 , Chen R 36 , Chow E 37 , Churski M 30 , Cincotta C 38 , Ćirović D 24 , Coates TD 39 , Compton J 40 , Coon C 41 , Cove MV 42 , Crupi AP 43 , Farra SD 31 , Darracq AK 14 , Davis M 44 , Dawe K 45 , De Waele V 46 , Descalzo E 47 , Diserens TA 30 , Drimaj J 48 , Duľa M 48 , Ellis-Felege S 49 , Ellison C 50 , Ertürk A 51 , Fantle-Lepczyk J 52 , Favreau J 38 , Fennell M 2 , Ferreras P 47 , Ferretti F 53 , Fiderer C 54 , Finnegan L 55 , Fisher JT 56 , Fisher-Reid MC 57 , Flaherty EA 29 , Fležar U 35 , Flousek J 58 , Foca JM 26 , Ford A 59 , Franzetti B 60 , Frey S 56 , Fritts S 61 , Frýbová Š 62 , Furnas B 63 , Gerber B 64 , Geyle HM 65 , Giménez DG 66 , Giordano AJ 66 , Gomercic T 67 , Gompper ME 68 , Gräbin DM 6 , Gray M 69 , Green A 70 , Hagen R 71 , Hagen RB 72 , Hammerich S 69 , Hanekom C 73 , Hansen C 74 , Hasstedt S 75 , Hebblewhite M 28 , Heurich M 54 , Hofmeester TR 76 , Hubbard T 77 , Jachowski D 78 , Jansen PA 79 , Jaspers KJ 80 , Jensen A 78 , Jordan M 81 , Kaizer MC 82 , Kelly MJ 83 , Kohl MT 32 , Kramer-Schadt S 84 , Krofel M 85 , Krug A 86 , Kuhn KM 75 , Kuijper DPJ 30 , Kuprewicz EK 44 , Kusak J 67 , Kutal M 48 , Lafferty DJR 77 , LaRose S 87 , Lashley M 88 , Lathrop R 89 , Lee TE 90 , Lepczyk C 52 , Lesmeister DB 91 , Licoppe A 46 , Linnell M 91 , Loch J 92 , Long R 80 , Lonsinger RC 93 , Louvrier J 84 , Luskin MS 8 , MacKay P 80 , Maher S 94 , Manet B 46 , Mann GKH 12 , Marshall AJ 95 , Mason D 88 , McDonald Z 41 , McKay T 55 , McShea WJ 25 , Mechler M 96 , Miaud C 97 , Millspaugh JJ 74 , Monteza-Moreno CM 98 , Moreira-Arce D 99 , Mullen K 22 , Nagy C 100 , Naidoo R 101 , Namir I 19 , Nelson C 102 , O'Neill B 103 , O'Mara MT 104 , Oberosler V 105 , Osorio C 106 , Ossi F 31 , Palencia P 107 , Pearson K 108 , Pedrotti L 109 , Pekins CE 110 , Pendergast M 111 , Pinho FF 6 , Plhal R 48 , Pocasangre-Orellana X 7 , Price M 112 , Procko M 2 , Proctor MD 113 , Ramalho EE 6 , Ranc N 31 , Reljic S 67 , Remine K 80 , Rentz M 114 , Revord R 87 , Reyna-Hurtado R 115 , Risch D 112 , Ritchie EG 116 , Romero A 103 , Rota C 117 , Rovero F 105 , Rowe H 118 , Rutz C 119 , Salvatori M 105 , Sandow D 120 , Schalk CM 121 , Scherger J 59 , Schipper J 122 , Scognamillo DG 123 , Şekercioğlu ÇH 70 , Semenzato P 124 , Sevin J 125 , Shamon H 25 , Shier C 126 , Silva-Rodríguez EA 127 , Sindicic M 67 , Smyth LK 12 , Soyumert A 51 , Sprague T 118 , St Clair CC 26 , Stenglein J 9 , Stephens PA 128 , Stępniak KM 129 , Stevens M 130 , Stevenson C 26 , Ternyik B 128 , Thomson I 11 , Torres RT 33 , Tremblay J 44 , Urrutia T 106 , Vacher JP 97 , Visscher D 131 , Webb SL 132 , Weber J 133 , Weiss KCB 122 , Whipple LS 134 , Whittier CA 135 , Whittington J 136 , Wierzbowska I 17 , Wikelski M 98 , Williamson J 137 , Wilmers CC 138 , Windle T 139 , Wittmer HU 140 , Zharikov Y 141 , Zorn A 142 , Kays R 42

Affiliations 

  • 1 Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. cole.burton@ubc.ca
  • 2 Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
  • 3 Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
  • 4 Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
  • 5 School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
  • 6 Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé, Brazil
  • 7 Fundación Naturaleza El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador
  • 8 School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
  • 9 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI, USA
  • 10 College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
  • 11 Coastal Jaguar Conservation, Heredia, Costa Rica
  • 12 Panthera, New York, NY, USA
  • 13 Department of Biology and Environment, University of Haifa at Oranim, Kiryat Tivon, Israel
  • 14 Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, Murray, KY, USA
  • 15 St. Lawrence University, Canton, NY, USA
  • 16 School of Forest, Fisheries and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
  • 17 Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
  • 18 Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
  • 19 School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
  • 20 Institute of Forestry, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Kėdainių, Lithuania
  • 21 National Park Tara, Mokra Gora, Serbia
  • 22 Hogle Zoo, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
  • 23 Siena College, Loudonville, NY, USA
  • 24 Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 25 Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
  • 26 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
  • 27 Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, USA
  • 28 Division of Biological Sciences & Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
  • 29 Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
  • 30 Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Białowieża, Poland
  • 31 Animal Ecology Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trento, Italy
  • 32 Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
  • 33 Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
  • 34 Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Brussels, Belgium
  • 35 Slovenia Forest Service, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  • 36 Hamaarag, Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
  • 37 British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Cranbrook, British Columbia, Canada
  • 38 Paul Smith's College, Paul Smiths, NY, USA
  • 39 Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 40 Springfield College, Springfield, MA, USA
  • 41 Felidae Conservation Fund, Mill Valley, CA, USA
  • 42 North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA
  • 43 Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, AK, USA
  • 44 University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
  • 45 Quest University Canada, Squamish, British Columbia, Canada
  • 46 Service Public of Wallonia, Gembloux, Belgium
  • 47 Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Ciudad Real, Spain
  • 48 Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
  • 49 University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
  • 50 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Austin, TX, USA
  • 51 Hunting and Wildlife Program, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
  • 52 College of Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
  • 53 National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
  • 54 Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
  • 55 fRI Research, Hinton, Alberta, Canada
  • 56 University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
  • 57 Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA
  • 58 Krkonoše Mountains National Park, Vrchlabí, Czech Republic
  • 59 Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
  • 60 Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Rome, Italy
  • 61 Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
  • 62 Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  • 63 California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Sacramento, CA, USA
  • 64 University of Rhode Island, Kingstown, RI, USA
  • 65 Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
  • 66 Society for the Preservation of Endangered Carnivores and their International Ecological Study (S.P.E.C.I.E.S.), Ventura, CA, USA
  • 67 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
  • 68 New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
  • 69 Pepperwood, Santa Rosa, CA, USA
  • 70 University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
  • 71 Agricultural Center for Cattle, Grassland, Dairy, Game and Fisheries of Baden-Württemberg, Aulendorf, Germany
  • 72 University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
  • 73 Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, Pietermartizburg, South Africa
  • 74 University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
  • 75 US Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
  • 76 Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
  • 77 Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI, USA
  • 78 Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
  • 79 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Republic of Panama
  • 80 Woodland Park Zoo, Seattle, WA, USA
  • 81 Seattle University, Seattle, WA, USA
  • 82 National Institute of the Atlantic Forest, Santa Teresa, Brazil
  • 83 Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
  • 84 Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
  • 85 Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  • 86 BUND Niedersachsen, Hanover, Germany
  • 87 University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
  • 88 Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
  • 89 Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
  • 90 Abilene Christian University, Abilene, TX, USA
  • 91 United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR, USA
  • 92 Scientific Laboratory of Gorce National Park, Niedźwiedź, Poland
  • 93 South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
  • 94 Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
  • 95 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
  • 96 City of Issaquah, Issaquah, WA, USA
  • 97 CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-PSL University, IRD, Montpellier, France
  • 98 Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behaviour, Konstanz, Germany
  • 99 Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH) and Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Santiago, Chile
  • 100 Mianus River Gorge, Bedford, MA, USA
  • 101 World Wildlife Fund-USA, Washington, DC, USA
  • 102 Effigy Mounds National Monument, Harper's Ferry, WV, USA
  • 103 University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, Whitewater, WI, USA
  • 104 Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA, USA
  • 105 Museo delle Scienze (MUSE), Trento, Italy
  • 106 Carnivoros Australes, Talca, Chile
  • 107 University of Castilla-La Mancha Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Ciudad Real, Spain
  • 108 Parks Canada-Waterton Lakes National Park, Waterton Park, Alberta, Canada
  • 109 Stelvio National Park, Bormio, Italy
  • 110 United States Army, Fort Hood, TX, USA
  • 111 Sageland Collaborative, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
  • 112 University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
  • 113 Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, USA
  • 114 Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
  • 115 El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Campeche, Mexico
  • 116 Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 117 West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
  • 118 McDowell Sonoran Conservancy, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
  • 119 Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
  • 120 Northern and Yorke Landscape Board, Clare, South Australia, Australia
  • 121 United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Nacogdoches, TX, USA
  • 122 Arizona State University, West, Glendale, AZ, USA
  • 123 Stephen F Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX, USA
  • 124 Research, Ecology and Environment Dimension (D.R.E.A.M.), Pistoia, Italy
  • 125 University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA
  • 126 Planning and Environmental Services, City of Edmonton, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
  • 127 Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio & Programa Austral Patagonia, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
  • 128 Conservation Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, UK
  • 129 Department of Ecology, Institute of Functional Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
  • 130 Parks Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 131 The King's University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
  • 132 Natural Resources Institute and Department of Rangeland, Wildlife and Fisheries Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
  • 133 Oeko-Log Freilandforschung, Friedrichswalde, Germany
  • 134 University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
  • 135 Tufts University, Grafton, MA, USA
  • 136 Parks Canada, Banff, Alberta, Canada
  • 137 Wildlife Habitat Council, Silver Spring, MD, USA
  • 138 Environmental Studies Department, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
  • 139 Parks Canada, Alberni-Clayoquot, British Columbia, Canada
  • 140 Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
  • 141 Parks Canada, Ucluelet, British Columbia, Canada
  • 142 University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH, USA
Nat Ecol Evol, 2024 Mar 18.
PMID: 38499871 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02363-2

Abstract

Wildlife must adapt to human presence to survive in the Anthropocene, so it is critical to understand species responses to humans in different contexts. We used camera trapping as a lens to view mammal responses to changes in human activity during the COVID-19 pandemic. Across 163 species sampled in 102 projects around the world, changes in the amount and timing of animal activity varied widely. Under higher human activity, mammals were less active in undeveloped areas but unexpectedly more active in developed areas while exhibiting greater nocturnality. Carnivores were most sensitive, showing the strongest decreases in activity and greatest increases in nocturnality. Wildlife managers must consider how habituation and uneven sensitivity across species may cause fundamental differences in human-wildlife interactions along gradients of human influence.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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