Combined environmental relevant exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid and zinc sulfate enhances apoptosis through binding with endogenous antioxidants in Daphnia magna

Hamid N 1 , Junaid M 2 , Salim NB 3 , Manzoor R 4 , Chuan OM 5

Affiliations 

  • 1 Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Ocean Pollution and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia. Electronic address: naimahamid2010@yahoo.com
  • 2 College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510641, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China
  • 3 Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
  • 4 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, China
  • 5 Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Ocean Pollution and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Malaysia
Food Chem Toxicol, 2024 Dec;194:115074.
PMID: 39461501 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.115074

Abstract

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a long-chain legacy congener of the per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) family, notorious as a "forever chemical" owing to its environmental persistence and toxic nature. Essential elements such as zinc (Zn) can cause toxic effects when they change their metal speciation and become bioavailable, such as zinc sulfate (ZnSO4). Combined toxicity assessment is a realistic approach and a challenging task to evaluate chemical interactions and associated risks. Therefore, the present study aims to elucidate the acute mixture toxicity (12-48 h) of PFOA and ZnSO4 in Daphnia magna at environment-relevant concentrations (ERCs, low dose: PFOA 10 μg/L ZnSO4 20 μg/L; high dose: PFOA 20 μg/L ZnSO4 50 μg/L) in terms of developmental impact, apoptosis induction, and interaction with major endogenous antioxidants. Our results showed that deformity rates significantly increased (p 

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