Non-fouling refers to the prevention of undesirable biological or chemical reactions on sensing surfaces, which enhances the performance of sensing systems. Biofouling poses a significant challenge in achieving specific interactions in biosensors, particularly in the context of serological biomarker analysis. When analyzing clinical samples, implementing anti-biofouling measures is crucial. However, the criteria for selecting appropriate anti-biofouling options remain inadequately defined. To overcome these issues, the significance of blocking agents on bioreceptor-modified surfaces to enhance specificity is emphasized. Besides, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterial-hybrid biosensors have been desired for analyzing human serological biomarkers, as TiO2 enhances the non-fouling nature of sensing surfaces. TiO2 is a semiconductor material used in biosensing applications due to its high surface area, excellent chemical stability, and biocompatibility. To utilize TiO2 in a non-fouling environment, surface modifications have been implemented to reduce the undesirable adhesion of biological molecules. Biosensors based on TiO2 nanomaterials have exhibited remarkable sensitivity and specificity, along with rapid detection capabilities. These TiO2 biosensors can analyze human serum in as little as 2 s, achieving average sample concentrations in the nanomolar range and a correlation coefficient of 0.99. This overview provides an update on TiO2 electrical biosensors for detecting serological markers and demonstrating excellent performance in clinical diagnosis. Besides, discusses unresolved issues, including the limitations of electrical biosensors in real-time point-of-care applications and the importance of Internet of Things.
* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.