Universality of the Triangular Theory of Love: Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Triangular Love Scale in 25 Countries

Sorokowski P 1 , Sorokowska A 1 , Karwowski M 1 , Groyecka A 1 , Aavik T 2 , Akello G 3 Show all authors , Alm C 4 , Amjad N 5 , Anjum A 5 , Asao K 6 , Atama CS 7 , Atamtürk Duyar D 8 , Ayebare R 9 , Batres C 10 , Bendixen M 11 , Bensafia A 12 , Bizumic B 13 , Boussena M 12 , Buss DM 14 , Butovskaya M 15 , Can S 16 , Cantarero K 17 , Carrier A 18 , Çetinkaya H 16 , Chabin D 19 , Conroy-Beam D 20 , Croy I 21 , Cueto RM 22 , Czub M 1 , Dronova D 15 , Dural S 16 , Duyar I 8 , Ertugrul B 23 , Espinosa A 22 , Estevan I 24 , Esteves CS 25 , Frackowiak T 1 , Graduño JC 26 , Guemaz F 27 , Ha Thu T 28 , Haľamová M 29 , Herak I 18 , Horvat M 30 , Hromatko I 31 , Hui CM 32 , Jaafar JL 33 , Jiang F 34 , Kafetsios K 35 , Kavcic T 36 , Kennair LEO 11 , Kervyn N 18 , Köbis NC 37 , Kostic A 38 , Krasnodębska A 39 , Láng A 40 , Lennard GR 13 , León E 22 , Lindholm T 4 , Lopez G 41 , Alhabahba MM 42 , Mailhos A 24 , Manesi Z 43 , Martinez R 44 , Sainz Martinez M 44 , McKerchar SL 13 , Meskó N 40 , Misra G 45 , Monaghan C 13 , Mora EC 46 , Moya-Garófano A 44 , Musil B 30 , Natividade JC 47 , Nizharadze G 48 , Oberzaucher E 49 , Oleszkiewicz A 1 , Omar Fauzee MS 50 , Onyishi IE 7 , Özener B 8 , Pagani AF 41 , Pakalniskiene V 51 , Parise M 41 , Pawłowski B 1 , Pazhoohi F 52 , Pejičić M 38 , Pisanski A 46 , Pisanski K 1 , Plohl N 30 , Ponciano E 53 , Popa C 54 , Prokop P 55 , Przepiórka A 56 , Quang Lam T 28 , Rizwan M 57 , Różycka-Tran J 58 , Salkičević S 31 , Sargautyte R 51 , Sarmany-Schuller I 59 , Schmehl S 49 , Shahid A 5 , Shaikh R 60 , Sharad S 61 , Simonetti F 62 , Tadinac M 31 , Thi Khanh Ha T 28 , Ugalde González K 63 , Vauclair CM 25 , Vega LD 63 , Widarini DA 64 , Wojciszke B 28 , Yoo G 65 , Zadeh ZF 66 , Zaťková M 29 , Zupančič M 67 , Sternberg RJ 68

Affiliations 

  • 1 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, University of Wroclaw and Smell and Taste Clinic
  • 2 University of Tartu
  • 3 Gulu University
  • 4 Stockholm University
  • 5 University of the Punjab
  • 6 Westminster College
  • 7 University of Nigeria
  • 8 Istanbul University
  • 9 THETA-Uganda
  • 10 Franklin and Marshall College
  • 11 Norwegian University of Technology and Science (NTNU)
  • 12 University Algiers 2
  • 13 Australian National University
  • 14 University of Texas at Austin
  • 15 Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences
  • 16 Department of Psychology, Ankara University
  • 17 SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities
  • 18 Université Catholique De Louvain
  • 19 University of Wrocław
  • 20 University of California Santa Barbara
  • 21 Technische Universität Dresden Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine
  • 22 Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
  • 23 Sivas Cumhuriyet University
  • 24 Universidad de la República (Uruguay)
  • 25 Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL
  • 26 Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, UNAM
  • 27 University Setif2
  • 28 University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University
  • 29 Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra
  • 30 University of Maribor
  • 31 University of Zagreb
  • 32 Chinese University of Hong Kong
  • 33 University of Malaya
  • 34 Huaqiao University
  • 35 Palacký University
  • 36 University of Primorska
  • 37 University of Amsterdam
  • 38 University of Niš
  • 39 Opole University
  • 40 University of Pécs
  • 41 Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
  • 42 Middle East University
  • 43 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
  • 44 School of Psychology, University of Monterrey
  • 45 University of Delhi
  • 46 University of Havana
  • 47 Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro
  • 48 K.Bendukidze Free University
  • 49 University of Vienna
  • 50 Universiti Utara Malaysia
  • 51 Vilnius University
  • 52 University of British Columbia
  • 53 Rio de Janeiro State University
  • 54 UNATC-CINETIc Bucharest
  • 55 Comenius University and Slovak Academy of Sciences
  • 56 The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin
  • 57 The Delve Pvt Ltd
  • 58 University of Gdańsk
  • 59 Center of Social and Psychological Sciences SAS
  • 60 Aga Khan University Hospital
  • 61 Vivekananda College, University of Delhi
  • 62 Universidad Catolica de Chile
  • 63 Universidad Latina de Costa Rica
  • 64 University of Prof. Dr. Moestopo (Beragama)
  • 65 Kyung Hee University
  • 66 Bahria University Karachi Campus
  • 67 University of Ljubljana
  • 68 Cornell University
J Sex Res, 2021 01;58(1):106-115.
PMID: 32783568 DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2020.1787318

Abstract

The Triangular Theory of Love (measured with Sternberg's Triangular Love Scale - STLS) is a prominent theoretical concept in empirical research on love. To expand the culturally homogeneous body of previous psychometric research regarding the STLS, we conducted a large-scale cross-cultural study with the use of this scale. In total, we examined more than 11,000 respondents, but as a result of applied exclusion criteria, the final analyses were based on a sample of 7332 participants from 25 countries (from all inhabited continents). We tested configural invariance, metric invariance, and scalar invariance, all of which confirmed the cultural universality of the theoretical construct of love analyzed in our study. We also observed that levels of love components differ depending on relationship duration, following the dynamics suggested in the Triangular Theory of Love. Supplementary files with all our data, including results on love intensity across different countries along with STLS versions adapted in a few dozen languages, will further enable more extensive research on the Triangular Theory of Love.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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