Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries

Sorokowski P 1 , Kowal M 2 , Sternberg RJ 3 , Aavik T 4 , Akello G 5 , Alhabahba MM 6 Show all authors , Alm C 7 , Amjad N 8 , Anjum A 9 , Asao K 10 , Atama CS 11 , Atamtürk Duyar D 12 , Ayebare R 13 , Conroy-Beam D 14 , Bendixen M 15 , Bensafia A 16 , Bizumic B 17 , Boussena M 18 , Buss DM 19 , Butovskaya M 20 , Can S 21 , Carrier A 22 , Cetinkaya H 23 , Croy I 24 , Cueto RM 25 , Czub M 2 , Dronova D 20 , Dural S 21 , Duyar I 12 , Ertugrul B 12 , Espinosa A 25 , Estevan I 26 , Esteves CS 27 , Frackowiak T 2 , Garduño JC 28 , González KU 29 , Guemaz F 18 , Halamová M 30 , Herak I 22 , Horvat M 31 , Hromatko I 32 , Hui CM 33 , Jaafar JL 34 , Jiang F 35 , Kafetsios K 36 , Kavčič T 37 , Kennair LEO 15 , Kervyn N 22 , Ha TTK 38 , Khilji IA 39 , Köbis NC 40 , Kostic A 41 , Lan HM 38 , Láng A 42 , Lennard GR 17 , León E 25 , Lindholm T 7 , Linh TT 38 , Lopez G 43 , Van Luot N 38 , Mailhos A 26 , Manesi Z 44 , Martinez R 45 , McKerchar SL 17 , Meskó N 42 , Pejičić M 41 , Misra G 46 , Monaghan C 17 , Mora EC 47 , Moya-Garófano A 45 , Musil B 31 , Natividade JC 48 , Nizharadze G 49 , Oberzaucher E 50 , Oleszkiewicz A 2 , Omar-Fauzee MS 51 , Onyishi IE 11 , Özener B 12 , Pagani AF 52 , Pakalniskiene V 53 , Parise M 43 , Pazhoohi F 54 , Pisanski A 47 , Pisanski K 2 , Ponciano E 55 , Popa C 56 , Prokop P 57 , Rizwan M 58 , Sainz M 59 , Salkičević S 32 , Sargautyte R 53 , Sarmány-Schuller I 60 , Schmehl S 50 , Shahid A 9 , Sharad S 46 , Siddiqui RS 61 , Simonetti F 59 , Tadinac M 32 , Vauclair CM 62 , Vega LD 29 , Walter KV 14 , Widarini DA 63 , Yoo G 64 , Zaťková M 30 , Zupančič M 37 , Sorokowska A 2

Affiliations 

  • 1 University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland. sorokowskipiotr@yahoo.co.uk
  • 2 University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
  • 3 Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
  • 4 University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  • 5 Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
  • 6 Middle East University, Amman, Jordan
  • 7 Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
  • 8 NUR International University, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 9 University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 10 Westminster College, Salt Lake City, USA
  • 11 University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
  • 12 Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
  • 13 THETA Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
  • 14 University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
  • 15 Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
  • 16 University of Algiers 2, Algiers, Algeria
  • 17 Australian National University AU, Canberra, Australia
  • 18 University of Sétif2, Setif, Algeria
  • 19 University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
  • 20 Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Moscow, Russia
  • 21 Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, Turkey
  • 22 Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
  • 23 Yaşar University, Izmir, Turkey
  • 24 TU Dresden, Izmir, Germany
  • 25 Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Perú
  • 26 Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
  • 27 Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisbona, Portugal
  • 28 Unidad Morelia UNAM, Morelia, Mexico
  • 29 Universidad Latina de Costa Rica, Costa Rica, Costa Rica
  • 30 Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
  • 31 University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
  • 32 University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
  • 33 Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  • 34 University of Malaya, Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 35 University of Greenwich, London, UK
  • 36 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  • 37 University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  • 38 University of Social Sciences and Humanities (VNU-Hanoi), Hanoi, Vietnam
  • 39 Islamabad Model College for Boys, Islamabad, Pakistan
  • 40 University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  • 41 University of Niš, Niš, Serbia
  • 42 University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
  • 43 Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
  • 44 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  • 45 University of Granada, Grenada, Spain
  • 46 University of Delhi, Delhi, India
  • 47 University of Havana, Havana, Cuba
  • 48 Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 49 Free University of Tbilisi, Tbilisi, Georgia
  • 50 University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
  • 51 Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Malaysia
  • 52 University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
  • 53 Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
  • 54 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
  • 55 University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Coimba, Brazil
  • 56 Romanian Academy - Institute of Philosophy and Psychology "C. Rădulescu-Motru", Bucharest, Romania
  • 57 Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
  • 58 University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
  • 59 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
  • 60 Institute of Experimental Psychology SAS, Bratislava, Slovakia
  • 61 DHA Suffa University, Karachi, Pakistan
  • 62 ISCTE - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
  • 63 Universitas Prof. Dr Moestopo (Beragama), Jakarta, Indonesia
  • 64 Kyung Hee University, Kyung Hee, South Korea
Sci Rep, 2023 Jan 14;13(1):773.
PMID: 36641519 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26663-4

Abstract

Recent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries' modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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