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Validation of the Short Version (TLS-15) of the Triangular Love Scale (TLS-45) across 37 Languages

Kowal M 1 , Sorokowski P 2 , Dinić BM 3 , Pisanski K 2 , Gjoneska B 4 , Frederick DA 5 Show all authors , Pfuhl G 6 , Milfont TL 7 , Bode A 8 , Aguilar L 9 , García FE 10 , Roberts SC 11 , Abad-Villaverde B 12 , Kavčič T 13 , Miroshnik KG 14 , Ndukaihe ILG 15 , Šafárová K 16 , Valentova JV 17 , Aavik T 18 , Blackburn AM 19 , Çetinkaya H 20 , Duyar I 21 , Guemaz F 22 , Ishii T 23 , Kačmár P 24 , Natividade JC 25 , Nussinson R 26 , Omar-Fauzee MSB 27 , Pacquing MCT 28 , Ponnet K 29 , Wang AH 30 , Yoo G 31 , Amin R 32 , Pirtskhalava E 33 , Afhami R 34 , Arvanitis A 35 , Duyar DA 21 , Besson T 36 , Boussena M 22 , Can S 37 , Can AR 38 , Carneiro J 39 , Castro R 39 , Chubinidze D 40 , Čunichina K 41 , Don Y 27 , Dural S 37 , Etchezahar E 42 , Fekih-Romdhane F 43 , Frackowiak T 2 , Moharrampour NG 44 , Yepes TG 42 , Grassini S 45 , Jovic M 46 , Kertechian KS 47 , Khan F 48 , Kobylarek A 49 , Križanić V 50 , Lins S 39 , Mandzyk T 51 , Manunta E 52 , Martinac Dorčić T 53 , Muthu KN 54 , Najmussaqib A 55 , Otterbring T 56 , Park JH 57 , Pavela Banai I 50 , Perun M 51 , Reyes MES 28 , Röer JP 58 , Şahin A 21 , Sahli FZ 59 , Šakan D 60 , Singh S 61 , Smojver-Azic S 53 , Söylemez S 62 , Spasovski O 63 , Studzinska A 64 , Toplu-Demirtas E 65 , Urbanek A 49 , Volkodav T 66 , Wlodarczyk A 67 , Yaakob MFMY 27 , Yusof MR 27 , Zumárraga-Espinosa M 68 , Zupančič M 13 , Sternberg RJ 69

Affiliations 

  • 1 IDN Being Human Lab, University of Wrocław, Dawida 1, 50-529, Wrocław, Poland. marta7kowal@gmail.com
  • 2 Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
  • 3 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
  • 4 Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, North Macedonia
  • 5 Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
  • 6 Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
  • 7 School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
  • 8 School of Archaeology and Anthropology, ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
  • 9 School of Psychology, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
  • 10 Division of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
  • 11 IDN Being Human Lab, University of Wrocław, Dawida 1, 50-529, Wrocław, Poland
  • 12 Faculty of Humanities and Education, Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
  • 13 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  • 14 Faculty of Psychology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
  • 15 Department of Psychology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Nigeria
  • 16 Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
  • 17 Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
  • 18 Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  • 19 Department of Psychology and Communication, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, TX, USA
  • 20 Department of Psychology, Yasar University, İzmir, Turkey
  • 21 Department of Anthropology, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
  • 22 Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University Mohamed Lamine Debaghine Setif2, Setif, Algeria
  • 23 Department of Psychology, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
  • 24 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
  • 25 Department of Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 26 Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel, Raanana, Israel
  • 27 School of Education, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Malaysia
  • 28 Department of Psychology, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
  • 29 Faculty of Social Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
  • 30 Department of Political Science, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
  • 31 Department of Child & Family Studies, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
  • 32 Department of Professional Psychology, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan
  • 33 Department of Psychology, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
  • 34 Department of Art Studies, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  • 35 Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece
  • 36 Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
  • 37 Department of Psychology, İzmir University of Economics, İzmir, Turkey
  • 38 Department of Anthropology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
  • 39 Center for Psychology at the University of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 40 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
  • 41 Institute of Psychology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
  • 42 Department of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 43 Department of Psychiatry Ibn Omrane, Razi Hospital, Manouba, Tunisia
  • 44 School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
  • 45 Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  • 46 Department of Marketing Management and Public Relations, Faculty of Organizational Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 47 Department of Organization, Management, and Human Resources, ESSCA School of Management, Paris, France
  • 48 Institute of Education & Research, Women University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
  • 49 Department of Pedagogy, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
  • 50 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
  • 51 Department of Psychology, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
  • 52 Cognition, Langues, Langage, and Ergonomie, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
  • 53 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
  • 54 Department of Psychology and Counselling, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
  • 55 Department of Applied Psychology, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan
  • 56 Department of Strategy, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
  • 57 Department of Child and Family Studies, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
  • 58 Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
  • 59 Institute of Sport Professions, University of Ibn Tofail, Kenitra, Morocco
  • 60 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Law and Business Studies Dr Lazar Vrkatić, Union University, Novi Sad, Serbia
  • 61 Department of Strategy and Management, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
  • 62 Department of Psychology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
  • 63 Department of Psychology, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius, Trnava, Slovakia
  • 64 Department of Humanities, Icam School of Engineering, Toulouse Campus, Toulouse Cedex, France
  • 65 Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Mef University, İstanbul, Turkey
  • 66 Department of Pedagogy and Psychology, Kuban State University, Krasnodar, Russia
  • 67 Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
  • 68 Psychology Career, Salesian Polytechnic University, Quito, Ecuador
  • 69 Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Arch Sex Behav, 2024 Feb;53(2):839-857.
PMID: 37884798 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02702-7

Abstract

Love is a phenomenon that occurs across the world and affects many aspects of human life, including the choice of, and process of bonding with, a romantic partner. Thus, developing a reliable and valid measure of love experiences is crucial. One of the most popular tools to quantify love is Sternberg's 45-item Triangular Love Scale (TLS-45), which measures three love components: intimacy, passion, and commitment. However, our literature review reveals that most studies (64%) use a broad variety of shortened versions of the TLS-45. Here, aiming to achieve scientific consensus and improve the reliability, comparability, and generalizability of results across studies, we developed a short version of the scale-the TLS-15-comprised of 15 items with 5-point, rather than 9-point, response scales. In Study 1 (N = 7,332), we re-analyzed secondary data from a large-scale multinational study that validated the original TLS-45 to establish whether the scale could be truncated. In Study 2 (N = 307), we provided evidence for the three-factor structure of the TLS-15 and its reliability. Study 3 (N = 413) confirmed convergent validity and test-retest stability of the TLS-15. Study 4 (N = 60,311) presented a large-scale validation across 37 linguistic versions of the TLS-15 on a cross-cultural sample spanning every continent of the globe. The overall results provide support for the reliability, validity, and cross-cultural invariance of the TLS-15, which can be used as a measure of love components-either separately or jointly as a three-factor measure.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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