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Green Communication for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks: Triangle Metric Based Multi-Layered Routing Protocol

Khasawneh AM 1 , Kaiwartya O 2 , Lloret J 3 , Abuaddous HY 1 , Abualigah L 1 , Shinwan MA 1 Show all authors , Al-Khasawneh MA 4 , Mahmoud M 5 , Kharel R 6

Affiliations 

  • 1 Department of Mobile Computing, Amman Arab University, Amman 11953, Jordan
  • 2 Department of Computer Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
  • 3 Department of Communications, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain
  • 4 Faculty of Computer & Information Technology, Al-Madinah International University, Kuala Lumpur 57100, Malaysia
  • 5 Department of Computer and Information Technology, Faculty of Applied Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
  • 6 Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK
Sensors (Basel), 2020 Dec 18;20(24).
PMID: 33353003 DOI: 10.3390/s20247278

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a non-localization routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs), namely, the triangle metric based multi-layered routing protocol (TM2RP). The main idea of the proposed TM2RP is to utilize supernodes along with depth information and residual energy to balance the energy consumption between sensors. Moreover, TM2RP is the first multi-layered and multi-metric pressure routing protocol that considers link quality with residual energy to improve the selection of next forwarding nodes with more reliable and energy-efficient links. The aqua-sim package based on the ns-2 simulator was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed TM2RP. The obtained results were compared to other similar methods such as depth based routing (DBR) and multi-layered routing protocol (MRP). Simulation results showed that the proposed protocol (TM2RP) obtained better outcomes in terms of energy consumption, network lifetime, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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